Toxicity and degradation of the insecticide monocrotophos

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Monocrotophos, commonly named Azodrin or Nuvacron, is an organophosphate insecticide, which in spite of ban is preferred due to its high efficacy against...     

Toxicity of the insecticide methoxychlor to the Dungeness crab Cancer magister

The toxicity of methoxychlor, determined in acute and chronic studies using larval, juvenile, and adult stages of the Dungeness crab, Cancer magister Dana, was inversely related to the age of the crabs after hatching and increased with the length of exposure. The 96-h LC₅₀'s for zoeae, juveniles, and adults were 0.42, 5.10, and 130 g/l, respectively. Levels causing decreased survival of these same stages during exposures of more than 60 days were 0.05, 0.40, and 4.0 g/l, respectively. Hatching of eggs was not adversely affected by methoxychlor concentrations up to 10 g/l, and molting from prezoeae to zoeae was reduced only 30% from controls at the latter exposure concentration. Methoxychlor concentrations of 0.05 and 4.0 g/l delayed motting of larval and juvenile crabs, respectively, and this delay was as much as 10 days for the juveniles. Sensitivity of adult and juvenile crabs to methoxychlor increased during ecdysis. In uptake experiments, juvenile crabs concentrated methoxychlor more rapidly than did adults. Juveniles exposed to 2.0 g/l of methoxychlor and adults exposed to 1.8 and 7.5 g/l had whole body methoxychlor concentrations after 12 days of 0.88, 0.10, and 0.51 mg/kg, respectively. Loss of the pesticide from adult crabs was rapid, and was 95% complete after 15 days of depuration. Concentrations of methoxychlor in individual tissues were found to be highest in the exoskeleton, gill, and hepatopancreas, in declining order, with less than a two-fold difference among these tissues. About 81% of the methoxychlor measured in whole body samples was associated with the exoskeleton, but it is not known whether or not the pesticide was transported through the culticle to internal tissues.Technical Paper No. 4133, Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station.     

Toxicity,residue, degradation and detection methods of the insecticide triazophos

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Organophosphorus pesticides were widely used in agricultural production and in public health as insecticides and acaricides. Triazophos, an organophosphorus...     

Induction of micronuclei in tadpoles of Odontophrynus americanus (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) by the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin

Cypermethrin (CY) is an active cyano pyrethroid effective against a wide range of pests encountered in agriculture and forestry. Although CY is not mutagenic in in vitro assays for gene mutation, in vivo assays showed conflicting results. In vivo genotoxicity of the synthetic pyrethroid CY in erythrocytes of Odontophrynus americanus tadpoles was examined. The frequency of micronuclei (MN) was recorded in blood smears obtained from tadpoles exposed in vivo to four different nominal concentrations 5, 10, 20 or 40?µg?L^?1 of the compound and fixed at two sampling times 48 and 96?h. As a positive control larvae were exposed to 40?mg?L^?1 of cyclophosphamide (CP). Tadpoles exposed to all CY treatments showed a significant increase in single small MN compared to the negative control group after 48?h and at 5 and 10?µg?L^?1 of CY at 96?h. Results obtained here demonstrated the genotoxic effects of the commercial formulation CY in the anuran larvae analyzed. Thus, data suggest that measurements of MN and other erythrocytes morphological aberrations performed in circulating blood samples of O. americanus tadpoles is a method for detecting cytogenetic damage in other native species.     

Toxicity of the acetamiprid insecticide for mammals: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Pesticides are a major class of pollutants of concern for the health of life and ecosystems. For instance, acetamiprid is a new-generation chloronicotinyl...     

Induction of micronuclei in bone marrow cells and hepatotoxicity of one of the most common over-the-counter pyrethroid insecticide products in Nigeria

Increasing environmental pollution in the tropics is creating a breeding ground for mosquitoes, leading to increasingly frequent use of insecticides to combat home infestation of mosquitoes, the vector of malarial parasites. Household members are therefore more prone to aerosol exposure and subsequent health effects. We assessed the hepatotoxic and clastogenic effects in rats exposed to different levels of aerosols of one of the insecticides most commonly in used in Nigeria. There were significant (p?2 in the groups of rats exposed to the aerosols when compared with the control group. In addition, rats exposed to the insecticide aerosols have elevated activities of serum enzymes: γ-glutamyl transferase, aspartate amino transferase and alanine amino transferase, as well as number of micronuclei scored in the bone marrow, at levels that are significantly (p?相似文献   

联苯菊酯在棉花和土壤中的残留和降解行为研究

为了评价为联苯菊酯在棉花上使用的安全性,于2010—2011年在济南、杭州两地采用田间试验和气相分析方法研究了联苯菊酯在棉叶、棉籽及土壤中的消解动态和最终残留。联苯菊酯在棉叶和土壤中的降解行为均符合一级降解动力学方程,其降解半衰期分别为4.2-6.7、10.6-16.0 d。联苯菊酯在棉籽和土壤中的最终残留质量分数均小于最低检出限0.01 mg.kg-1,低于联苯菊酯在棉花上的最高残留限量（MRL）0.5 mg.kg-1。建议10%联苯菊酯可溶液剂防治棉花蚜虫,用药次数1-2次,使用剂量是9-18 aig.hm-2,在棉花上的安全间隔期14 d。     

Biomarkers of pyrethroid toxicity in fish

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Pesticides contribute to human welfare by reducing vector-borne diseases and protecting crops against pests. Insecticides are the most widely employed pesticides...     

基于改性石墨烯固相萃取-液相色谱法测定联苯菊酯

以石墨粉末为原料通过Hummers法逐步合成磁性胺基化石墨烯(Fe3O4-NH2-G),分别用扫描电镜和FTIR对其表面形貌和化学结构进行表征,并对Fe3O4-NH2-G用于实际样品中联苯菊酯的吸附性能进行了研究.以高效液相色谱为检测手段,对洗脱液和淋洗液的选择、萃取时间和洗脱时间、离子强度、溶液p H、吸附剂总量等相关参数进行优化.实验结果表明,用1%乙酸乙腈溶液做洗脱液,50%甲醇水溶液作为淋洗液,吸附时间洗脱时间都是20 min,溶液p H值为7,不加Na Cl时吸附效果最好.在293 K下改性石墨烯的平衡吸附量136 mg·g-1.实验表明最优条件下检出限达到1.7 ng·m L-1,线性范围为0.005—10μg·m L-1,方法对实际样品的加标回收率91.8%—101.6%,可应用于痕量联苯菊酯的测定.该实验研究表明Fe3O4-NH2-G对联苯菊酯有很好的吸附能力.     

Influence of the organophosphorus insecticide phosphamidon on lentic water

The inland freshwater resources are being increasingly subjected to heavy stress as a result of indiscriminate dumping of industrial wastes, domestic sewage and agricultural run-off causing deterioration of the water quality and adverse impact on aquatic biota. Pesticides drained to the aquatic environment are primarily of agricultural origin. Phosphamidon (widely used organophosphate pesticide in paddy field) significantly reduced dissolved oxygen (DO) at 1.8 mg/l exposure and reduced alkalinity at 0.9 and 1.8 mg/l. Hardness also reduced gradually but not significantly. Free carbondioxide was increased significantly at 1.8 mg/l of the insecticide compared to control. The insecticide had no influence on pH and temperature. There was maximum reduction of phytoplankton and zooplankton population at 1.8 mg/l of phosphamidon. Though gradual reduction of plankton community was also noticed at different lower concentrations of pesticides but in case of phytoplankton an abrupt reduction (about 50% of the control) was observed. The normal behaviour and feeding rate of air breathing teleost, Channa punctatus was also hampered. Therefore, phosphamidon even at low concentrations may create disorders in the aquatic ecosystem.     

Effect of repeated oral administration of bifenthrin antioxidant status and acetylcholinesterase activity in brain of rats

The oxidative-stress-inducing potential of the pyrethroid, bifenthrin, in the brain of rats was evaluated following daily oral administration of 5.8 mg/kg body weight. Lipid peroxidation in the brain was increased, while the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione S-transferase decreased. The activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in erythrocytes and brain also decreased. Bifenthrin induces severe oxidative stress in brain, and inhibits brain and erythrocyte AChE.     

Acute toxicity of the synthetic pyrethroid pesticide fenvalerate to some air breathing fishes

Lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) of a synthetic pyrethroid pesticide, fenvalerate, for three species of air breathing fish Clarias batrachus, Channa punctatus and Heteropneustes fossilis were determined under water and acetone soluble condition in the laboratory using the static bioassay procedure of the American Public Health Association (APHA,1995). Acetone soluble fenvalerate was found more toxic than the water-soluble fenvalerate irrespective of species and exposure periods. The LC₅₀ value upon 96 days exposure to acetone soluble fenvalerate for C. batrachus, Channa C. punctatus and Heteropneustes H. fossilis were 1.35, 1.0 and 0.65?µg?L^?1, respectively. It is concluded from the present study that fenvalerate is highly toxic even to the hardy air breathing fishes and the pesticide, when dissolved in water, remains photostable and active to render toxicity for long duration.     

Photodegradation of the pure and formulated alpha-cypermethrin insecticide gives different products

Alpha-cypermethrin is a broad-spectrum insecticide widely used in the treatment of rice crops, mainly commercialized as a CONTEST^® formulation. The photodegradation of alpha-cypermethrin and of the commercial formulation has not yet been systematically investigated in paddy water under natural conditions. Here, paddy water solutions of alpha-cypermethrin and CONTEST^® formulation at 5.0 mg L^?1 were irradiated under simulated sunlight for 10 days. Hydrolysis experiments were carried out on the same solutions preserved in the dark. Analysis by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was developed for the identification of photodegradation products. Results show that degradation of pure alpha-cypermethrin and the formulation counterpart produces both common and different photodegradation products. Five out eleven photodegradation products were identified for the first time, in particular three in the alpha-cypermethrin paddy water solution and four in the formulation. Our findings underline the importance of carrying out photodegradation experiments directly on the commercial formulation, since degradation products could be different from the pure insecticide.     

某石化废水的综合毒性评价及其处理工艺对毒性的削减规律研究

利用生物毒性测试对环境中的污染物进行生态风险评价,是目前风险评价中的研究热点。本研究以明亮发光杆菌(Photobacterium phosphoreum)、斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)和大型溞(Daphina magna)为受试生物,对某石化厂废水的处理流程中5个主要单元出水的急性毒性进行了测试,分析了其急性毒性与理化指标间的相关性;同时,为了解不同处理单元毒性去除效果及主要毒性来源,结合毒性鉴别评价(toxicity identification evaluation,TIE)技术对各阶段出水的毒性削减及其主要致毒物质类别进行了分析。毒性测试结果表明,该废水处理厂对石化废水的毒性去除效果比较显著,其中进水对明亮发光杆菌、斜生栅藻和大型溞分别表现为中毒、高毒和剧毒,最终处理后出水的毒性分别为无急性毒、中毒和微毒,对毒性的去除效率分别为96.4%、74.3%和99.5%。TIE结果表明,石化废水中的主要致毒物质是非极性有机物和可滤型物质。本研究结果为石化废水的综合生物毒性评价提供了研究基础,为探讨废水生物毒性的去除提供了实例参考。     

Biomonitoring insecticide pollution using non-target soil microarthropods

The scope of biomonitoring insecticide pollution in soil is discussed with the help of field and laboratory findings on the density, prey-predator ratio and fecundity of non-target microarthropod fauna. Field experiments were conducted in small plots with mustard, wheat and lady's finger crops and insecticides namely heptachlor 20EC (3.25 kg ai/ha = 16.25 lit/ha) and endosulfan 35EC (0.875 kg ai/ha = 2.5 lit/ha) applied at the seedling stages. Soil microarthropod population estimated at fortnightly intervals in the treated and untreated control plots revealed a general trend of adverse effect of the insecticides, prominently on the density and relative abundance of major prey groups like Collembola and Acari leading to notable decline in prey-predator ratio. Comparison of the percentage reductions of major taxonomic and trophic groups between pre-treatment and post-treatment intervals also demonstrated the ill effect of both heptachlor and endosulfan, notably on Collembola and the prey category. In the laboratory the survival success and fecundity of Cyphoderus javanus (Collembola) and Archegozetes longisetosus (Acari) were compared by exposing freshly emerged adults to sub-lethal concentrations of heptachlor and endosulfan for varying durations. The untreated control sets recorded high fecundity for both C. javanus and A. longisetosus, but chronic toxicity of the insecticides on adults confined to the treated soil resulted into very low fecundity. Even short duration exposure to heptachlor and endosulfan treated soil for 24 or 72 hours only was found to delay the egg-laying and decrease the fecundity of both the species. It is concluded that population responses and reproductive sensitivity in non-target soil microarthropods are potential eco-toxicological parameters for detecting pesticide pollution in soil and for ecological health assessment since the results are based on the bioactivity of toxicants.     

Analysis of the insecticide hexachlorocyclohexane isomers in biological media. A review

Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and lindane were used as insecticides since 1949s. They were progressively banished in most of the nations in the world, because of the their persistence and their potential toxicity and carcinogenicity. They are still occurring in the environment. These insecticides and isomers (α-HCH, β-HCH…) were detected in all media, e.g. soils, sediments, potable water, vegetables, human and animal tissues and air. In this review, we present the synthesis of the analytical procedures and materials used to determine the HCHs isomers in media such as vegetables, human tissues, animals tissues and rations. The analytical techniques which are presented permit to select the best analytical conditions to detect HCHs isomers.     

Combined toxicity of pyrethroid insecticides and heavy metals: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Co-occurrence of pyrethroid insecticides and heavy metals in the environment may produce combined toxic effects that are higher or lower than toxic...     

Modelling effects of time-variable exposure to the pyrethroid beta-cyfluthrin on rainbow trout early life stages

Background

Available literature and regulatory studies show that the severity of effects of beta-cyfluthrin (a synthetic pyrethroid) on fish is influenced by the magnitude and duration of exposure. To investigate how the exposure pattern to beta-cyfluthrin (constant vs peak) may influence the response of the fish, we used a mechanistic effect model to predict the survival and growth of the rainbow trout over its early life stages (i.e. egg, alevin and swim-up fry). We parameterized a toxicokinetic–toxicodynamic (TKTD) module in combination with a dynamic energy budget model enabling us to describe uptake and elimination, as well as to predict the threshold concentration for survival and sublethal effects (feeding behaviour and growth). This effect model was calibrated using data from an early life stage experiment where trout was exposed to a constant concentration of cyfluthrin. The model was validated by comparing model predictions to independent data from a pulsed-exposure study with early life stages of rainbow trout.

Results

The co-occurrence of effects on behaviour and growth raised the possibility that these were interrelated, i.e. impairment of feeding behaviour may have led to reduced food intake and slower growth. We, therefore, included ‘effect on feeding’ as mode of action in the TKTD module. At higher concentrations, the constant exposure led to death. The model was able to adequately capture this effect pattern in the calibration. The model was able to adequately predict the response of fish eggs, alevins and swim-up fry, from both the qualitative (response pattern) and quantitative points of view.

Conclusions

Since the model was successfully validated, it can be used to predict survival and growth of early life stages under various realistic time-variable exposure profiles (e.g. profiles from FOCUS surface water modelling) of beta-cyfluthrin.