起重机总电源短路保护问题探讨

TSGQ7015《起重机械定期检验规则》对于短路保护的要求如下：B7．4总电源回路的短路保护至少设置一级短路保护,自动断路器或者熔断器应完好。起重机械短路保护的目的在于当起重机械上电气设备发生绝缘破坏,发生相线碰壳或相间短路时．总电源的短路保护装置能够迅速切断总电源。     

RVVB护套线过电流诱发短路故障发生概率与起火燃烧过程分析*

为深入研究电气火灾中护套线因过电流诱发短路故障的转化过程,搭建RVVB护套线过电流诱发短路故障电路,统计短路发生概率,借助高速影像,获取短路发生的时间和次数,分析护套线起火燃烧过程。结果表明:在过电流故障发生1 h内,I≤16 A时护套线仅线芯发热、绝缘炭化,无法诱发短路;I=24 A时护套线发生短路概率为40%,在973 s内发生初次短路;32 A≤I<48 A时护套线发生多次短路的概率随电流值增大而增大,在I=48 A时达到50%,发生初次短路的时间随电流值增大而减小,最短时间为28 s;短路引发绝缘层燃烧的概率随电流值增大呈指数递增,I=24 A时护套线在短路后发生燃烧的概率为62.5%,在48 A时达到100%,短路后1 618 ms内火焰可蔓延至护套线两端,形成全线燃烧现象。研究结果可对溯源电气火灾发生的根本原因提供数据支撑。     

铜导线短路熔痕微观形貌特征分析与研究

采用模拟实验的方法制备了铜导线一次短路熔痕和二次短路熔痕,利用KYKY-2800B型扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对铜导线一次短路熔痕和二次短路熔痕的微观形貌进行了观察,并对内部气孔的数量、大小、分布等进行了统计分析,发现了一次短路气孔的数量、分布与二次短路之间的差别与长期采用的鉴定依据不同.     

PVC护套线过电流诱发短路过程及绝缘燃烧速率研究

为深入研究护套线过电流诱发短路过程及绝缘燃烧特征与引发火灾危险的关系,搭建电源护套线过电流诱发短路故障电路,统计初次短路的发生时间和位置,借助高速摄像机获取短路发生的过程,分析绝缘燃烧特征。结果表明：护套线在受到过电流作用后,其绝缘层逐渐失效,诱发短路故障,短路电弧引起绝缘层燃烧;短路后绝缘发生燃烧的最低概率为62.5%,发生在24 A时,48 A时燃烧持续时间最长为51 s,持续时间约为24 A时的2倍,最大火焰蔓延速率为2.08 mm/s,燃烧持续时间与火焰蔓延速率均随电流增大呈指数递增。     

铜导线短路熔痕的SEM/EDS分析

在电气线路火灾原因的调查中,为更好地区分铜导线一次短路与二次短路的熔痕特征,用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X-射线能谱仪(EDS)对2种熔痕的形貌和相应的元素成分进行了试验研究。结果表明:铜导线一次短路与二次短路熔痕的表观形貌特征和元素成分具有明显的不同,二者的区别主要表现在熔痕表面所含的气孔、元素种类及导线本体与熔痕之间的过渡区方面,一次短路熔痕表面气孔多,元素种类少,导线与熔痕之间有明显界限,二次短路熔痕则相反。该研究结果可以区分短路熔痕形成的环境气氛,以此判断导线短路熔痕类型,为电气线路火灾原因的调查提供科学依据。     

又到电气火灾高发季 预防知识一定要学

正夏季,由于气温骤升,电气设备会出现发热、高温现象,再加上线路老化等原因,容易发生电气火灾。预防电气设备短路电线短路有三种情况:接地短路、线间短路、完全短路。1.安装使用电气设备时,应根据电路的电压、电流强度和使用性质,正确配线。2.在具有酸性、高温或潮湿场所,要配用耐酸防腐     

锂枝晶导致的锂离子电池内短路模拟研究

锂离子电池内短路是导致其热失控的主要原因之一,机械撞击、集流体边缘毛刺和锂枝晶生长等都可刺穿隔膜导致电池内短路。采用有限元数值模拟方法,对锂枝晶引起的锂离子电池内短路进行了研究,比较分析了不同锂枝晶半径、数量和中心距情况下电池的热响应特征。结果表明锂枝晶导致的电池内短路产热来源主要是正负极可逆和不可逆热。短路电流、产热功率和电池最高温度等都随锂枝晶半径的增大而增大。锂枝晶中心距增大时,短路电流和产热功率也随之变大,但由于受到电解液锂离子浓度的影响二者增加的幅度越来越小。锂枝晶中心距越大时虽然电池总产热量越大,电池平均温度更高,但由于此时短路点分布较分散,电池最高温度却较反而较小。     

多功能内燃设备电路保护系统

多功能内燃设备电路保护系统该装置在内燃设备发生短路、蓄电池大量放电将要发生火灾时，比以往的保护措施能更迅速、自动、长时间地切断短路电源，防止火灾发生。通过短路信号显示发生短路原因，以便尽快排除。在短路未排除之前，误认为已经排除，要恢复原线路工作时，保...     

不同受热温度下一次短路熔珠显微特征分析

为考查冷却条件对导线一次短路熔珠显微组织的影响,实验模拟室内火灾的热环境,对一次短路熔珠进行加热处理,观察温度、加热时间对不同线径铜导线一次短路熔珠金相组织的影响.实验结果表明:温度及加热时问对铜导线一次短路熔珠的金相组织有较大影响,随着温度的升高,时间的增加,在达到某一温度后,细小的柱状晶逐渐长大,一次短路熔珠的细小晶粒变成粗大的柱状晶或胞状晶,有的甚至表现为等轴晶,与铜导线的火烧熔珠的金相组织特征有些相似.     

基于Bayes判别模型的火场中铜导线短路熔痕 定量金相鉴定方法研究

借助计算机图像处理技术,改进了定量金相分析方法,测量了20个一次短路熔痕和20个二次短路熔痕的金相组织,对数据进行了主成分分析,提炼出了晶粒特征因子、气孔特征因子和复合因子三个主成分,基于Bayes判别法建立了火场中短路熔痕定量金相分析判别模型,经自身检验和交互检验,准确率均高于80%,充分满足鉴定要求,为更加有效地应用定量金相法鉴别短路熔痕提供了理论依据。     

A multi-criteria approach to screening alternatives for converting sewage sludge to biodiesel

The search for cheaper feedstock for use in the production of biofuels such as biodiesel has turned attention to various forms of waste products including animal fats, waste oils and now lipids in sludge. With the potential of obtaining sludge at a reduced cost, free, or possibly with incentives, sewage sludge is being investigated as a potential feedstock for biofuel production. For the extraction of oils from the sewage sludge and the subsequent processing, there are various alternatives that should be designed, analyzed, and screened. In developing and screening these alternatives, it is necessary to have a consistent basis for comparing alternatives based on key criteria. While most of the design studies focus on techno-economic criteria, it is also important to include safety metrics in the multi-criteria analysis. In this work, a detailed economic analysis and a safety evaluation are performed on a process involving extraction of triglycerides and fatty acids, pre-treatment of fatty acids (direct conversion to biodiesel), and transesterification of triglycerides to biodiesel. Four solvents, toluene, hexane, methanol and ethanol, are individually used in the extraction process. The resulting triglycerides and fatty acids from each extraction are modeled in the pre-treatment process. ASPEN Plus software is used to simulate the detailed process. Economic analysis is performed using ASPEN ICARUS, and scale-up of a previously analyzed process is used to estimate the cost of the biodiesel portion of the process. A new safety metric (referred to as the Safety Index “SI”) is introduced to enable comparison of the various solvent extraction processes. The SI is based on solvent criteria as well as process conditions. A case study is presented to demonstrate the insights and usefulness of the developed approach. The results of the techno-economic analysis reveal that of the four solvents used for the initial extraction, hexane and toluene were least costly (2.89 and 2.79 $/gal, respectively). Conversely, the safety analysis utilizing the SI reveals that methanol and ethanol are the safer solvent options. The issue of cost/safety tradeoffs is also discussed.     

Barriers to interlock implementation

This commentary reviews current and past vehicle interlock programs for impaired driving offenders with a focus on the challenges that courts and motor vehicle departments face in attempting to implement mandatory programs as required by current federal legislation. There are few offenders in interlock programs compared to the large number of impaired drivers arrested each year. This suggests that, to increase participation, courts will have to threaten more severe sanctions for those offenders who reject interlock programs. A combination of electronic house arrest with interlock programs is suggested as a method of maximizing interlock use.     

Barriers to interlock implementation

This commentary reviews current and past vehicle interlock programs for impaired driving offenders with a focus on the challenges that courts and motor vehicle departments face in attempting to implement mandatory programs as required by current federal legislation. There are few offenders in interlock programs compared to the large number of impaired drivers arrested each year. This suggests that, to increase participation, courts will have to threaten more severe sanctions for those offenders who reject interlock programs. A combination of electronic house arrest with interlock programs is suggested as a method of maximizing interlock use.     

Method to assess and optimise dependability of complex macro-systems: Application to a railway signalling system

Achieving a high degree of dependability in complex macro-systems is challenging. Because of the large number of components and numerous independent teams involved, an overview of the global system performance is usually lacking to support both design and operation adequately.A functional failure mode, effects and criticality analysis (FMECA) approach is proposed to address the dependability optimisation of large and complex systems. The basic inductive model FMECA has been enriched to include considerations such as operational procedures, alarm systems, environmental and human factors, as well as operation in degraded mode. Its implementation on a commercial software tool allows an active linking between the functional layers of the system and facilitates data processing and retrieval, which enables to contribute actively to the system optimisation.The proposed methodology has been applied to optimise dependability in a railway signalling system. Signalling systems are typical example of large complex systems made of multiple hierarchical layers. The proposed approach appears appropriate to assess the global risk- and availability-level of the system as well as to identify its vulnerabilities. This enriched-FMECA approach enables to overcome some of the limitations and pitfalls previously reported with classical FMECA approaches.     

Factors contributing to US chemical plant process safety incidents from 2010 to 2020

Process safety incidents can result in injuries, fatalities, environmental impacts, facility damage, downtime & lost production, as well as impacts on a company's and industry's reputation. This study is focused on an analysis of the most commonly reported contributing factors to process safety incidents in the US chemical manufacturing industry. The database for the study contained 79 incidents from 2010 to 2019, partly investigated by the Chemical Safety Board (CSB). To be included in the study, the CSB archive of incident investigations were parsed to include only incidents which occurred at a company classified as 325 in the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), assigned to businesses that participate in chemical manufacturing. For each incident, all of the identified contributing factors were catalogued in the database. From this list of identified contributing factors, it was possible to name the ‘top three’ contributing factors. The top three contributing factors cited for the chemical manufacturing industry were found to be: design; preventive maintenance; and safeguards, controls & layers of protection. The relationship between these top contributing factors and the most common OSHA citations was investigated as well. The investigation and citation history for NAICS 325 companies in the Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) citations database was then analysed to assess whether there was any overlap between the top reported contributing factors to process safety events and the top OSHA citations recorded for the industry. A database consisting of the inspection and citation history for the chemical manufacturing industry identified by NAICS code 325 was assembled for inspections occurring between 2010 and 2020 (August). The analysis of the citation history for the chemical manufacturing industry specifically, identified that the list of the top contributing factors to process safety incidents overlapped with the most common OSHA violations. This finding is relevant to industry stakeholders who are considering how to strategically invest resources for achieving maximum benefit – reducing process safety risk and simultaneously improving OSHA citation history.     

Vessel outflow sensitivity to composition

The vessel composition is important when considering vessel outflow because changes in composition change the density and potentially more importantly change the shape and location of the boundary of the two-phase envelope. The influence on the phase boundary can be significant on vessel outflow as the liquid phase density is typically two orders of magnitude larger than the gas phase density for pressures and temperatures remote from the thermodynamic critical point. In this article two issues are addressed, outflow sensitivity to composition of hydrocarbon systems with a large component of methane, and outflow from systems where a petroleum fraction representation of composition is used. It is shown that approximating multi-component systems with a large methane content by methane can result in significant discrepancies in the predicted mass flow rate and vessel pressure. When a vessels composition is characterised by petroleum fractions, and the Kesler–Lee equations are used to predict thermodynamic properties, the predicted outflow is almost comparable to the predicted outflow calculated using a mole fraction representation of composition.     

Tracking traffic citations through court adjudications to posting to public driver records

Research has shown that one of the best predictors of a driver's future crash risk is the number of prior moving traffic violations (e.g., speeding). Public driver records are used by government and nongovernment users to assess drivers' future crash risks. However, the adequacy of such records may be compromised by deficient recordkeeping systems and by court-based diversion programs (e.g., probation before judgment, traffic school election) that allow drivers presumed guilty to avoid convictions in court and posting of the violations to their driver records. Using a case study approach in four jurisdictions in three states, citations issued for traffic violations were tracked through court adjudication to placement on driver records. Individual court case records and driver history records were reviewed. The percentages of citations issued that appeared on driver records were 58-87% for moving violations, 30-94% for driving while impaired (DWI), and 67-95% for occupant restraint violations. Diversion programs were a significant factor in two states, where 21% and 35% of moving violation citations resulted in diversions. Almost all court convictions in each jurisdiction were recorded on driver records, but few citations resulting in diversions were recorded. Thus, diversion programs in some jurisdictions substantially reduce the utility of public driver records as reliable indicators of prior traffic violations and future crash risks. Recordkeeping inefficiencies and errors were less important factors in this study.     

BLEVE: A new approach to the superheat limit temperature

Several methods proposed for calculating the value of the superheat limit temperature were analysed. The results obtained indicate that the procedures based on the thermodynamic stability approach introduce a significant uncertainty into the final values, depending on which equation of state is used. We propose a new approach based on the energy balance in the initial liquid mass just before the explosion. The temperature obtained using this method, T_sl−E, corresponds to the situation in which the energy transferred adiabatically between the cooling liquid and the vaporising liquid fractions is at its maximum. This leads to a minimum content of energy in the remaining liquid. Although these two approaches are equivalent—the procedures based on the thermodynamic stability approach use also the minimum energy state as a criterion—the new proposed method only uses the properties of the substance to obtain T_sl−E. Thus, T_sl−E represents the behaviour of each substance as a function of its molecular structure, while this influence is lost if a simple equation of state is used. Finally, some considerations are made on the limitations of the superheat limit temperature as a criterion for establishing whether an explosion is or is not a BLEVE.     

季节趋势模型在气体泄漏扩散模拟预测中的应用

基于江苏工业学院油气储运安全综合实验模型平台,利用示踪技术,模拟了有害气体瞬时泄漏扩散的整个过程。结合趋势季节模型,以六号探头为研究对象,利用指数平滑法,进行时间序列预测,得到下一个时间段的有害气体扩散数据。研究表明泄漏物质浓度有下降的趋势,模型输出结果较好,拟合度高,一定程度上反映了泄漏后有害气体未来的扩散趋势。该研究结果对泄漏事故扩散趋势做出准确的预测,对建立有针对性的应急救援预案,实施有效的现场控制,具有一定的科学参考价值。     

Method for identifying contributors to chemical process accidents

The paper presents a new method for identifying contributors to chemical process accidents by exploiting knowledge on causes of past accident cases. Accident reports from the Failure Knowledge Database were analyzed and utilized for hazard identification. The accident information gathered was used as a basis to develop an accidents ranking and points-to-look-for approach for the safe design and operation of chemical process equipment. In the method, accident contributors including technical, design and operation errors of major process equipment types and piping are identified. The method is applicable throughout the process lifecycle, even for process changes in the early design stages. The Bhopal tragedy is used as a case study to demonstrate and test the method. The proposed method can predict on average up to 85% of accident causes and design and operation errors.