环境费税研究现状与展望

环境费税是环境保护经济手段的重要组成部分，对于控制污染、实现环境与经济的协调和可持续发展具有重要的意义。文章概述了环境费税研究的现状，并展望了未来发展的趋势。     

Environmental education and research in Greece

Conclusions  The particular characteristics of Greece’s natural environment (extended coastal areas, unique and protected species) and the indissoluble linkages between economic activities and natural resources, in combination with the worldwide growing concern for environmental protection, initiated a wide activity on issues related to environmental protection in Greece. Following the establishment of legislation for environmental protection and preservation, Greece has undertaken significant steps in research areas related to environmental chemistry, technology, engineering, biotechnology, management and ecology. This continuously growing research activity is closely followed by an expanding educational framework, which aids to the training of experts and scientists able to deal with the major (national and trans-boundary) environmental issues of our times. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2000.08.036     

Past and Present Permafrost Temperatures in the Abisko Area: Redrilling of Boreholes

Monitoring of permafrost has been ongoing since 1978 in the Abisko area, northernmost Sweden, when measurements of active layer thickness started. In 1980, boreholes were drilled in three mires in the area to record permafrost temperatures. Recordings were made twice per year, and the last data were obtained in 2002. During the International Polar Year (2007–2008), new boreholes were drilled within the ‘Back to the Future’ (BTF) and ‘Thermal State of Permafrost’ (TSP) projects that enabled year-round temperature monitoring. Mean annual ground temperatures (MAGT) in the mires are close to 0°C, ranging from −0.16 to −0.47°C at 5 m depth. Data from the boreholes show increasing ground temperatures in the upper and lower part by 0.4 to 1°C between 1980 and 2002. At one mire, permafrost thickness has decreased from 15 m in 1980 to ca. 9 m in 2009, with an accelerating thawing trend during the last decade.     

Environmental and biological monitoring of iridium in the city of Rome

The use of iridium in the latest catalytic converters to further reduce nitrogen oxide emission in the exhaust of lean-burn engines could result in increased atmospheric levels of this element in high-density vehicle traffic areas. The objective of this study is to assess environmental Ir pollution and its urinary levels in workers and an urban control group. Environmental monitoring inside a tram consisted in air samplings of total suspended particles (TSP), PM10 and PM2.5 carried out during November 2005. Urinary Ir levels were evaluated in 64 municipal tram drivers and in 58 administrative employees as controls. Quantification of Ir in air samples and urine was performed by means of Sector Field Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Means+/-standard deviation of Ir levels in TSP, in PM10 and PM2.5 fractions were 1.43+/-1.66, 0.44+/-0.27 and 0.36+/-0.19 pg m(-3), respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed among urinary Ir values in the exposed subjects and control group. The Ir levels in Rome air are still sufficiently low, even if the increased use of new Ir-based catalysts could be of some concern in the near future. The results of our study are of interest as they are a first attempt to explore airborne levels and urinary concentrations of Ir in an urban context at medium-high density of vehicle traffic. Particular attention should be given to the fact that Ir was found in the finest dust particles as the effects of fine particles containing Ir have not yet been studied.     

Wastewater and sludge management and research in Oman: An overview

It is well recognized that management of wastewater and sludge is a critical environmental issue in many countries. Wastewater treatment and sludge production take place under different technical, economic, and social contexts, thus requiring different approaches and involving different solutions. In most cases, a regular and environmentally safe wastewater treatment and associated sludge management requires the development of realistic and enforceable regulations, as well as treatment systems appropriate to local circumstances. The main objective of this paper is to provide useful information about the current wastewater and sludge treatment, management, regulations, and research in Oman. Based on the review and discussion, the wastewater treatment and sludge management in Oman has been evolving over the years. Further, the land application of sewage sludge should encourage revision of existing standards, regulations, and policies for the management and beneficial use of sewage sludge in Oman.

Implications: Wastewater treatment and sludge management in Oman have been evolving over the years. Sludge utilization has been a challenge due to its association with human waste. Therefore, composting of sewage sludge is the best option in agriculture activities. Sludge and wastewater utilization can add up positively in the economic aspects of the country in terms of creating jobs and improving annual income rate. The number of research projects done on wastewater reuse and other ongoing ones related to the land application of sewage sludge should encourage revision of existing standards, regulations, and policies for the management and beneficial use of sewage sludge in Oman.     

Environmental monitoring of alcohol sulfates and alcohol ethoxysulfates in marine sediments

The study describes the environmental monitoring of anionic surfactants―alcohol sulfates (AS) and alcohol ethoxysulfates (AES)—in marine sediments. Concentration values were obtained after pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis (LC–MS/MS). Samples were collected from a range of wastewater discharge points along the coast of the provinces of Huelva, Málaga, Granada and Almería. Urban, agricultural and industrial wastewaters are discharged at the selected 38 sampling sites. Principal component analysis was carried out in order to evaluate the distribution and behaviour of these compounds in these coastal environments. Evaluation of the data revealed that the behaviour and sources of AS and AES in marine sediments are different, and that the distribution of AES depends on the length of the alkyl chain, while the number of ethoxylated units is not relevant. Additionally, the 38 sampling sites can be grouped into only two types of outfalls according to their AS distribution. The concentration of compounds in sediment samples ranged from 7.52 to 13.50 mg kg^?1 for AS, from 3.04 to 10.68 mg kg^?1 for AES–C₁₂E_x and from 3.83 to 11.56 mg kg^?1 for AES–C₁₄E_x.     

溴代二噁英类化合物的环境研究进展

溴代二噁英类化合物是一类剧毒环境污染物,主要来源于溴系阻燃剂与含溴系阻燃剂聚合物的生产、使用和回收等过程.随着溴系阻燃剂的广泛使用,溴代二噁英类化合物的环境和健康风险日益增加,对其环境问题的研究已成为当今环境科学的一大热点,而中国在此方面的研究还相当薄弱.介绍了溴代二噁英类化合物的结构性质,综述了溴代二噁英类化合物的分析方法、污染来源和环境分布,重点探讨了溴代二噁英类化合物的生成机制,介绍了生成溴代二噁英类化合物的影响因素,讨论并总结了当前研究中溴代二噁英类化合物污染来源解析与生成机制所存在的问题,最后展望了未来溴代二噁英类化合物的环境研究趋势.     

Environmental and biological monitoring of endocrine disrupting chemicals.

Trends toward an increase of adverse health effects on reproductive organs have been reviewed. An urgent need has been recognised to establish validated in vivo and in vitro screening assays to test for hormonal activities of chemicals. Relevant existing OECD guidelines have been reviewed and enhancements of some of these have been identified, mainly to test for estrogenic and androgenic activity of chemicals. The problems connected to monitoring activities are outlined, particularly for ambient and biological monitoring. Indeed, the problem of assessing human exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals through environmental chemical analysis tends to a very high level of complexity. This has been illustrated through the example of one single subclass of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), the organohalogen compounds. Valid biological markers are also needed to be effectively used in epidemiological studies and risk assessment. A multidisciplinary approach and the collaboration among experts in the field of clinical biochemistry, toxicology, and epidemiology is required.     

Environmental toxicity monitoring using electrochemical biosensing systems

Environmental monitoring faces the challenge of measuring an increasing number of analytes at ever decreasing concentrations. Since not all species of a given analyte have the same detrimental impact on the environment, new analytical devices and techniques are required to distinguish between the different species of a pollutant or different groups of pollutants. This paper describes analytical techniques based on biomaterials that are toxically sensitive to pollutants. This approach permits the biomonitoring of certain compounds by looking at their toxic properties. Although these techniques are based on a sound analytical strategy, their applications are limited because most of the interactions between the biological material and the analyte are irreversible. Additionally, the immobilised biological material has a limited stability. Several biomonitoring strategies based on electrochemical biosensing are discussed here and how to recover the bioactivity of biosensing system, both in discrete and automated procedures, is also reviewed.     

The Steubenville comprehensive air monitoring program (SCAMP): overview and statistical considerations

Average concentrations of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 microm (PM2.5) in Steubenville, OH, have decreased by more than 10 microg/m3 since the landmark Harvard Six Cities Study associated the city's elevated PM2.5 concentrations with adverse health effects in the 1980s. Given the promulgation of a new National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for PM2.5 in 1997, a current assessment of PM2.5 in the Steubenville region is warranted. The Steubenville Comprehensive Air Monitoring Program (SCAMP) was conducted from 2000 through 2002 to provide such an assessment. The program included both an outdoor ambient air monitoring component and an indoor and personal air sampling component. This paper, which is the first in a series of four that will present results from the outdoor portion of SCAMP, provides an overview of the outdoor ambient air monitoring program and addresses statistical issues, most notably autocorrelation, that have been overlooked by many PM2.5 data analyses. The average PM2.5 concentration measured in Steubenville during SCAMP (18.4 microg/m3) was 3.4 microg/m3 above the annual PM2.5 NAAQS. On average, sulfate and organic material accounted for approximately 31% and 25%, respectively, of the total PM2.5 mass. Local sources contributed an estimated 4.6 microg/m3 to Steubenville's mean PM2.5 concentration. PM2.5 and each of its major ionic components were significantly correlated in space across all pairs of monitoring sites in the region, suggesting the influence of meteorology and long-range transport on regional PM2.5 concentrations. Statistically significant autocorrelation was observed among time series of PM2.5 and component data collected at daily and 1-in-4-day frequencies during SCAMP. Results of spatial analyses that accounted for autocorrelation were generally consistent with findings from previous studies that did not consider autocorrelation; however, these analyses also indicated that failure to account for autocorrelation can lead to incorrect conclusions about statistical significance.     

Environmental and biological monitoring of occupational exposure to organic micropollutants in gasoline.

An exposure risk assessment of workers in a refinery production unit was undertaken. Gasoline and its main components were investigated through environmental and biological monitoring. Measured variables were environmental benzene, toluene, pentane and hexane; benzene and toluene in blood and urine; tt-MA (metabolite of benzene) in urine. Multivariate statistical analysis of the data showed that worker's exposure to the above substances fell within the limits specified by organisations such as ACGIH. Also, biological values complied with reference values (RV) for non-occupationally-exposed population. Different values of biological variables were determined by separating smokers from non-smokers: smokers had hematic and urinary benzene values significantly higher than non-smokers. During a 3-yr sampling, it was possible to identify a significant decrease of benzene in the workplace air and of hematic benzene for non-smokers. The most exposed department, one in which tank-lorries were loaded, needs further investigation and extended monitoring.     

Environmental monitoring study of selected veterinary antibiotics in animal manure and soils in Austria

LC-MS/MS was used for determination of selected tetracyclines, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, and fluoroquinolones in manure samples of pig, chicken and turkey, as well as arable soils fertilized with manure. Recoveries from spiked samples ranged from 61 to 105%. Method quantification limits were set to 100 microg/kg for all substances. Analysis of 30 pig manure, 20 chicken and turkey dung, and 30 lyophilized soil samples taken in Austria revealed that in pig manure up to 46 mg/kg chlortetracycline, 29 mg/kg oxytetracycline and 23 mg/kg tetracycline could be detected. As representatives of the group of sulfonamides, sulfadimidine in pig manure and sulfadiazine in chicken and turkey dung were detected in significant amounts (maximum concentration, 20 and 91 mg/kg, respectively). Enrofloxacin was particularly observed in chicken and turkey samples. Positive detection of chlortetracycline, enrofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin, in soil samples should be outlined as most important results of this study.     

Environmental monitoring in the Mar Grande basin (Ionian Sea,Southern Italy)

Hydrodynamic and water quality data has been recorded since February 2014 by a meteo-oceanographic station installed in the inner part of the Gulf of Taranto, in the northeastern part of the Ionian Sea (Southern Italy). This monitoring action, managed by the research unit of the Technical University of Bari, DICATECh Department, could play a pivotal role in a vulnerable and sensitive area, affected by massive chemical and biological pollutant discharges due to the presence of heavy industry and intense maritime traffic. Monthly trends of winds, waves, currents, and biochemical parameters, such as dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll, and turbidity, are analyzed and discussed. The analysis exhibits that the wave regime is slightly controlled by wind forcing; rather, topography strongly affects the wave propagation direction. Surface currents appear wind induced in the measuring station, while near the bottom a quasi-steady current directed towards southwest is formed. The selected water quality indicators show monthly trends consistent with the typical seasonal convective fluxes and mixing.     

2022年度环境工程学科国家自然科学基金申请与资助综述

总结了2022年度国家自然科学基金环境工程学科各类科学基金项目的申请、评审与资助情况,并对资助特征进行了分析。2022年度环境工程学科共计接收项目申请3172项,较2021年增幅11.6%。面上项目、青年科学基金项目、地区科学基金项目共计资助466项,重点项目资助6项,优秀青年科学基金项目资助8项,杰出青年科学基金项目资助5项,创新研究群体项目资助1项,重大项目资助1项。本年度环境工程学科切实落实科学基金深化改革任务,聚焦推动科研范式变革和提升凝练科学问题能力,加强科学基金项目全过程管理,推动了学科创新发展。     

Environmental monitoring by gene expression biomarkers in Barbus graellsii: laboratory and field studies

Barbel (Barbus graellsii) is a freshwater fish used as a sentinel species in environmental monitoring programmes and ecotoxicological studies in northern Spain, particularly in the Ebro River basin, the largest freshwater resource in Spain. We developed specific primers for the quantification of CYP1A and metallothionein (MT)-1 and -2 gene expression by QRT-PCR in barbel in order to assess their suitability in biological effect monitoring of dioxin-like compounds and metals. All three genes responded as expected in laboratory tests, using model inducers. Hepatic CYP1A mRNA levels showed a twofold induction in fish injected intraperitoneally with beta-naphthoflavone, whereas MT-1 and MT-2 gene expression was strongly induced by cadmium (15- and 13-fold, respectively) and mercury (five- and eightfold). Barbel populations from different sites on the Ebro River basin showed a good correlation between the historical records of organochlorine pollution, CYP1A expression levels and EROD activity. Nevertheless, although metallothionein protein levels in the liver of wild fish correlated with hepatic levels of mercury, MT-1 and MT-2 gene expression did not correlate with the mercury content or with the concentration of metals in sediments from the sites inhabited by the fish. These results demonstrate the utility of barbel CYP1A-mRNA expression, but not that of MT-1 or MT-2, as a biomarker in field studies. The tools and protocols developed here are likely to apply to other species of the genus Barbus, with some 700 species distributed throughout most of the Old World.     

脱硫灰处理生命周期环境影响评价

随着半干法烟气脱硫技术的普及,其副产物脱硫灰的产量亦日益增加.大量堆存的脱硫灰导致了土地占用、环境污染等问题.氧化和填埋是半干法烟气脱硫灰主要的处理方式,采用生命周期评价(LCA)理论,对脱硫灰氧化和填埋处理进行清单分析,定量评价两种处理方式产生的环境影响和经济效益.结果表明,填埋处理环境代价虽低于脱硫灰氧化处理,但综...     

An overview of the gulf coast aerosol research and characterization study: the Houston fine particulate matter supersite

The Gulf Coast Aerosol Research and Characterization Study ([GC-ARCH], also known as the Houston Fine Particulate Matter [PM] Supersite) examined the spatial and temporal variability in fine PM source contributions and composition and the physical and chemical processes that govern PM formation and transformation in southeastern Texas. This was accomplished through the analysis of data collected in a 16-month field sampling program (August 2000 through November 2001). Three core sites and approximately 15 peripheral sites, jointly operated by the study team and the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ), were used. Key scientific findings related to spatial and temporal variability in fine PM concentrations, sizes and composition of the fine PM, the strength of primary emission sources and causes of secondary fine PM formation are reported.