从基层重建中国多元文化时空观

人们对时间和空间的理解,是文化认同的基础。随着五四以来西方时空观的进入,先进、落后的时间概念,内陆、海洋的空间概念,使得中国原本多样性的文化生态被单一性压倒。传统的、乡村的、西部的、民族的、百姓的文化被看成是愚昧的、低俗的、落后的,现代的、城市的、西方的、美国的文化被看成是高级的、优雅的、先进的。一个国家的文化认同能力,决定了这个国家的团结程度。根植基层、民间、百姓,重建自主的、中国式的时空观念,重建老百姓日常生活中的多元文化,是中华复兴、国人安康的重头。     

地球妈妈

我是一个幸福快乐的地球宝宝,依偎在和蔼可亲的地球妈妈的怀抱里,无忧无虑地生活着。这里有辽阔的土地和蔚蓝的天空,还有各种各样的花、鸟、虫、鱼……都在地球妈妈的怀抱里快乐地成长繁衍着。在远古时代,地球妈妈是一个非常漂亮的女子:绿荫如盖的大地是她美丽的肌肤,浩淼无垠的大海是她整洁的衣裳,交错分布在她周身的江河湖泊是她日夜奔腾不息的血管……然而,时光流逝,留下的只有对以前美好生活的回忆。而今,可怜的妈妈满面沧桑,默默地忍受着无知的人类肆意蹂躏的痛苦。当蜂拥的羊群涌进过度放牧的草原,留下的是一片片沙化的土地,变成了地…     

资源是未来政治的关键

欧美国家的经济发展离不开资源的支撑,通过掠夺包括中国在内的南方国家的资源来保护本国的环境。中华民族的伟大复兴离不开经济的发展,而经济的发展则离不开资源的支撑。资源不足的矛盾必将日益成为南北矛盾的焦点。全球资源的有限性和世界经济发展的无限性之间的矛盾,决定了未来的世界如果不降低资源消耗,就必然会战争不断。     

环保进行曲

在浩瀚无垠的宇宙 有一个美丽的地方 那就是人类的母亲--地球 我们的母亲有: 蔚蓝的天空 广阔的原野 茂密的森林 清澈的河流     

生态文化与中国的环境教育

现代科学技术综合发展的一个显著趋势,就是生态科学的迅速崛起,因而为确立一个自觉地协调人与自然的关系的新文化形态——生态文化,提供了科学技术方面的基础.加强对生态文化与中国的环境教育的互动的认识,能更好的推进中国环境教育的发展,具有重要意义.近百年来,自然环境对人类的作用,促使人类积极的探索人与自然的关系,而生态意识的主体化使     

底线伦理是公民道德建设的可行之路

现代社会的道德建设优先地应该是公民道德建设。一种强调和解的、相当平民化乃至市民化的、放松的、日常的、多元的、底线的公民道德形态,既是对传统的继承,又是在多元社会背景下的一种创新。现时代我们面临这样一种处境:最小范围内的道德规范需要最大范围内的人们的同意和共识,最低限度的道德约束呼唤着最高精神的支持。     

爱这土地

我生长在一个四面环山的小城镇里,我打心眼里热爱这片土地,我爱她的文化悠久、爱她的号色优美、爱她满山的绿荫、爱她干净的马路……在我的印象里,我的周围都是干净的、清新的。马路上尽是身着橘色的清洁天使,她们的笠帽下遮不住的是那被烈日常年照射下的“健康色”,在黝黑的健康色下遮不住的是因为满足而绽放的笑容,烈日的余辉遮不住那一抹抹橘色身影,他们是道路的清洁者,是城市的美容师,他们用爱着土地的心感染着周围的人们,所以,他们扫过的地方人们便不再忍心丢下手中的杂物,他们有个美丽的名字——环卫清洁工。     

春风到西域塞上开奇葩——岑参边塞风光诗的艺术风格

岑参是盛唐边塞诗坛成就斐然的大家,他的许多名篇放射出经久不灭的绚丽异彩.从一定的意义上说,岑参的边塞诗充分的体现了唐代强大帝国的气象.本文以岑参的边塞风光诗为关照对象,从独一无二的题材,奇异的语言,神奇变幻的意境,诡异的气韵四方面探讨岑参边塞风光诗独特的艺术风格.     

沿着天山……

正天池天山天池。西王母的瑶池。鹰在天上。树像雕刻的。水是天堂的玉。深蓝。深深的蓝。深刻的蓝。深爱的蓝。干净过一万年的风和奔腾的雪水。博格达雪峰,一个戴着头巾的羞涩的哈萨克女人。我很渴。假装很滋润。浑身贮满了高雅的水,吃饱喝足的样子。眼珠子荡漾着春情。其实,我忍受着荒漠的炙烤。糜烂的水,我唯一的源泉。你存在吗?冷冷的,在远方的高处,像一个幻觉。以专一的、不竭的守贞,保持着那个隐隐的美姿。     

自然的权利:从环境法视角的法理学思考

通过对传统法的“人类中心主义”理念的批判与对反对“自然的权利”确认的观点的分析,探讨了环境问题的突出使“生态利益中心主义”成为法律的现代理念,在此基础上自然的权利的确认也就顺理成章,并揭示了自然的权利的确认对环境保护的意义。     

协定水污染物间接排放标准的法律问题探究

以协商的方式确定水污染物间接排放标准的规定打破了人们对标准确定性、强制性的传统认识。协定标准的优势在于充分利用污水处理厂的污水处理能力,减轻企业的污水处理负担,使企业可以集中力量搞生产。协定标准具有灵活性和优越性,应充分利用。通过对协定标准概念和重要性的分析,指出协定标准存在效力不确定、缺少对协定范围的限制等问题,造成协定标准在实践中通常被忽视或者滥用。并从明确协定标准的范围、加强排污企业的管理和协定标准的监督等方面,进一步提出了限制和完善水污染物间接排放标准的建议。     

Environmental assessment of packaging: Sense and sensibility

The functions of packaging are derived from product requirements, thus for insight into the environmental effects of packaging the actual combination of product and package has to be evaluated along the production and distribution system. This extension to all related environmental aspects adds realism to the environmental analysis and provides guidance for design while preventing a too detailed investigation of parts of the production system. This approach is contrary to current environmental studies where packaging is always treated as an independent object, neglecting the more important environmental effects of the product that are influenced by packaging. The general analysis and quantification stages for this approach are described, and the currently available methods for the assessment of environmental effects are reviewed. To limit the workload involved in an environmental assessment, a step-by-step analysis and the use of feedback is recommended. First the dominant environmental effects of a particular product and its production and distribution are estimated. Then, on the basis of these preliminary results, the appropriate system boundaries are chosen and the need for further or more detailed environmental analysis is determined. For typical food and drink applications, the effect of different system boundaries on the outcome of environmental assessments and the advantage of the step-by-step analysis of the food supply system is shown. It appears that, depending on the consumer group, different advice for reduction of environmental effects has to be given. Furthermore, because of interrelated environmental effects of the food supply system, the continuing quest for more detailed and accurate analysis of the package components is not necessary for improved management of the environmental effects of packaging.     

GROUND WATER OF THE ISLAND OF MONTREAL,CANADA1

ABSTRACT: The geochemistry and nature of the flow of ground water not only control the supply potential but constitute clues to the whole geology of an area. A study has been made of the largest available assemblage of data from 161 wells for the Island of Montreal collected by the Geological Survey of Canada in 1951–53. Data indicated that the system is generally subartesian, flowing from the principal topographically high areas towards the shores of the Island. As the probable use is about 13% of the estimated recharge of 140 million liters per day, most wells could be supplied by local recharge. The study has confirmed the predominance of calcium bicarbonate ground water from the carbonate sequence. The waters appeared to be saturated with respect to CaCO₃ in all but 10 wells. The presence of other types of waters suggests the effects of the igneous intrusions of the area, the post-glacial marine submergence and the upward movement of waters from deep sources through fault and other structural zones. Confirmation of the significant variations in chemical composition in some neighboring wells indicated the future need for repetitive sampling from specific horizons for chemical and isotopic analyses.     

OXYGEN DEMAND IN ICE COVERED LAKES AS IT PERTAINS TO WINTER AERATION1

ABSTRACT: Winterkill, the death of fish under ice due to oxygen deficiency, threatens hundreds of shallow lakes in the upper Midwest of the United States every winter. For decades, attempts have been made to prevent winterkill, usually through aeration, with mixed results. In large part, the failure of strategies to prevent winterkill can be linked to a lack of understanding of winter limnology and in particular, of oxygen dynamics under ice. Most winterkill lakes behave as closed systems with regard to oxygen. Consequently, the oxygen content of an ice and snow covered lake is essentially a function of the amount of initial storage and the rate of depletion. Should the stored oxygen be insufficient to prevent near anoxia before melting of the ice cover occurs, winterkill will result. Most oxygen consumption in ice covered lakes is due to bacterial respiration and chemical oxidation at the sediment/water interface, the remainder occurring in the water column. Oxygen consumption (and thus depletion) is a function of the velocity and oxygen concentration of the near sediment water. This is due to the fact that oxygen transport to the sediment is mediated by a diffusive boundary layer adjacent to the sediment surface. Winter oxygen depletion rates decrease when the oxygen concentration of the overlying water falls below about 3 mg/l. Aeration techniques which increase the oxygen concentration and velocity of the near-sediment water also increase the oxygen consumption (depletion) rate.     

Betaine removal during thermo- and mesophilic aerobic batch biodegradation of beet molasses vinasse: influence of temperature and pH on the progress and efficiency of the process

The key issue in achieving a high extent of biodegradation of beet molasses vinasse is to establish the conditions for the assimilation of betaine, which is the main pollutant in this high-strength industrial effluent. In the present study, aerobic batch biodegradation was conducted over the temperature range of 27-63°C (step 9°C), at a pH of 6.5 and 8.0, using a mixed culture of bacteria of the genus Bacillus. Betaine was assimilated at 27-54°C and the pH of 8.0, as well as at 27-45°C and the pH of 6.5. The processes where betaine was assimilated produced a high BOD(5) removal, which exceeded 99.40% over the temperature range of 27-45°C at the pH of 8.0, as well as at 27°C and the pH of 6.5. Maximal COD removal (88.73%) was attained at 36°C and the pH of 6.5. The results indicate that the process can be applied on an industrial scale as the first step in the treatment of beet molasses vinasse.     

Scientific research, stakeholders, and policy: continuing dialogue during research on radionuclides on Amchitka Island, Alaska

It is increasingly clear that a wide range of stakeholders should be included in the problem formulation phase of research aimed at solving environmental problems; indeed the inclusion of stakeholders at this stage has been formalized as an integral part of ecological risk assessment. In this paper, we advocate the additional inclusion of stakeholders in the refinement of research methods and protocols and in the execution of the research, rather than just at the final communication and reporting phase. We use a large study of potential radionuclide levels in marine biota around Amchitka Island as a case study. Amchitka Island, in the Aleutian Island Chain of Alaska, was the site of three underground nuclear tests (1965-1971). The overall objective of the biological component of the study was to collect a range of marine biota for radionuclide analysis that could provide data for assessing current food safety and provide a baseline for developing a plan to monitor human and ecosystem health in perpetuity. Stakeholders, including regulators (State of Alaska), resource trustees (US Fish and Wildlife Service, State of Alaska), representatives of the Aleut and Pribilof Island communities, the Department of Energy (DOE), and others, were essential for plan development. While these stakeholders were included in the initial problem formulation and approved science plan, we also included them in the refinement of protocols, selection of bioindicators, selection of a reference site, choice of methods of collection, and in the execution of the study itself. Meetings with stakeholders resulted in adding (or deleting) bioindicator species and tissues, prioritizing target species, refining sampling methods, and recruiting collection personnel. Some species were added because they were important subsistence foods for the Aleuts, and others were added because they were ecological equivalents to replace species deleted because of low population numbers. Two major refinements that changed the research thrust were (1) the inclusion of Aleut hunters and fishers on the biological expedition itself to ensure that subsistence foods and methods were represented, and (2) the addition of a fisheries biologist on a NOAA research trawler to allow sampling of commercial fishes. Although the original research design called for the collection of biota by Aleut subsistence fishermen, and by a commercial fishing boat, the research was modified with continued stakeholder input to actually include Aleuts and a fisheries biologist on the expeditions to ensure their representation. The inclusion of stakeholders during the development of protocols and the research itself improved the overall quality of the investigation, while making it more relevant to the interested and affected parties. Final responsibility for the design and execution of the research and radionuclide analysis rested with the researchers, but the process of stakeholder inclusion made the research more valuable as a source of credible information and for public policy decisions.     

Histochemical and histopathological study of the intestine of the earthworm (Pheretima elongata) exposed to a field dose of the herbicide glyphosate

Histopathological and histochemical variations in non-specific esterases of the intestinal epithelial lining of the earthworm (Pheretima elongata), exposed to a single field dose of the herbicide glyphosate, were studied on the first, second, third, and fourth week of exposure. A severe cell death was observed in the intestine during the first and second weeks of exposure and mortality exceeded 50 percent. In the third week of exposure, the cells of the intestinal lining of the worms which had survived started regenerating and in the fourth week of exposure the epithelial lining regained its original characteristics and architecture, suggesting the high regenerative power of earthworms. Non-specific esterases showed an intense activity in the first week of the exposure and then decreased in the second week to nearly a minimum, where the entire cell structure was lost. However, the activity of the enzyme remained low until the third week where there was a small rise in the activity, and was confined to certain places in the cytoplasm. In the fourth week, almost a complete regeneration of the epithelial lining as well as the non-specific esterases activity was observed and became quite similar to that of the control worms. These results suggest that glyphosate, even at the recommended field dose, could cause cell death and interfere with non-specific esterases activity of the epithelial lining of the intestine of P. elongata causing at least 50 percent mortality in the population of the worms.     

沿海油田污染物入海通量及优化管理

胜利油田所在的黄河三角洲诸条河流按入海类型分为三种形式：设有防潮闸的感潮河；设有排涝站的入海河；直流入海的感潮河。按照各河流入海段面、流速、流量和水体污染物浓度，建立起各种感潮河污染物入海通量模式，计算结果说明沿海油田排放的石油类污染物入海通量为1456t／a，COD入海量为5720t／a。根据各条入海河流不同功能和污染物入海量，按照国家地表水质标准，制定出入海河流环境组合目标，用总量控制方法提出污染源削减要求，以保证黄河三角洲沿海滩涂环境质量。并以污染物入海通量、河流径流量、污染物自净系数和污染物削减量等因子建立各条河流优化管理模型，为保护环境提供对策。     

底泥的氮、磷释放及其微生物影响的研究

氮和磷在自然界的循环已经引起了人们的关注,一方面因为氮和磷是生态系统中必不可少的营养元素,另一方面过剩的氮和磷会导致水域的富营养化 ,从而使生态平衡遭受破坏.本文综述了水体沉积物中氮和磷受微生物作用进行释放的影响,以及国内外的研究历史和现状.总结了氮磷微生物代谢的特点,并阐述了与传统认识相区别的最新发现和思想.本文试图从理论上说明微生物的氮磷释放机理,通过生物化学和分子动力的角度解释了细菌对氮磷的吸收和释放,即质子动势理论和Pho调控理论.目前,这一领域研究的热点是为了特殊的使用用途对于高效微生物的分离鉴别和组合培养,和对氮磷代谢的影响因素.     

Nutrient Sources and Transport in the Missouri River Basin,with Emphasis on the Effects of Irrigation and Reservoirs1

Brown, Juliane B., Lori A. Sprague, and Jean A. Dupree, 2011. Nutrient Sources and Transport in the Missouri River Basin, With Emphasis on the Effects of Irrigation and Reservoirs. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(5):1034‐1060. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00584.x Abstract: SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes (SPARROW) models were used to relate instream nutrient loads to sources and factors influencing the transport of nutrients in the Missouri River Basin. Agricultural inputs from fertilizer and manure were the largest nutrient sources throughout a large part of the basin, although atmospheric and urban inputs were important sources in some areas. Sediment mobilized from stream channels was a source of phosphorus in medium and larger streams. Irrigation on agricultural land was estimated to decrease the nitrogen load reaching the Mississippi River by as much as 17%, likely as a result of increased anoxia and denitrification in the soil zone. Approximately 16% of the nitrogen load and 33% of the phosphorus load that would have otherwise reached the Mississippi River was retained in reservoirs and lakes throughout the basin. Nearly half of the total attenuation occurred in the eight largest water bodies. Unlike the other major tributary basins, nearly the entire instream nutrient load leaving the outlet of the Platte and Kansas River subbasins reached the Mississippi River. Most of the larger reservoirs and lakes in the Platte River subbasin are upstream of the major sources, whereas in the Kansas River subbasin, most of the source inputs are in the southeast part of the subbasin where characteristics of the area and proximity to the Missouri River facilitate delivery of nutrients to the Mississippi River.