江苏省土壤污染重点监管单位管理现状与对策建议

与水、大气污染相比，土壤污染具有隐蔽性、滞后性、累积性等特点，污染土壤治理恢复成本高、周期长、难度大，需要强化源头防控，防患于未然。简述了我国土壤污染重点监管单位的管理要求，从环境准入期、施工期、运营期和退役期4个环节梳理了重点监管单位的管理要点，分析了江苏省土壤污染重点监管单位的管理现状和存在问题，并从强化宣传培训，实施分类分级管理，探索开展边生产边管控技术模式，提升基层监管能力等方面提出了对策建议，以期为江苏省土壤环境管理工作提供决策参考。     

电热原子吸收悬浊液进样法测定环境样品中的锰

本文利用生物胶作为稳定剂，把难溶环境固体样品制备成悬浊液，直接进样测定煤飞灰中的锰，并且利用塞曼背景扣除法，得到了准确的结果。文章找出了日立１８０８０石墨炉原子吸收光谱仪的测定适用条件，原子化温度，生物胶最佳用量范围，比较了不同信号采集方式、不同石墨炉类型造成的差异，并分析了酸度、搅拌、粒度对测定结果的影响。     

城市生活垃圾理化特性研究

本文对北京昌平冬季城市生活垃圾的理化特性进行了研究。测定了垃圾的物相组成，分析了垃圾中Ｃ、Ｈ、Ｏ、Ｎ、Ｓ的含量，进行了原生垃圾浸出毒性试验，测定了垃圾的发热量及其它化学性能，为探索城市垃圾的减量化、无害化、资源化的技术途径提供了技术支持。     

自然降尘与常规气象因子的相关分析

笔者整理统计了１９９２年至１９９４年逐月自然降水和与之相应的常规气象因子监测数据，找到了自然降尘的季节性分布规律。在此基础上，求得了自然降尘分别与月平均气温、月平均气压、月平均风速、月平均温度、月降水量、月蒸发量的相关系数，并进行了检验，为污染预报工作提供了科学依据。     

利用曲线补偿变时溶出示差技术测定Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd初步探讨

本文利用曲线补偿，变时溶出示差技术提高了测定Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ的灵敏度、精密度和准确度，进一步改变了谱图的分辨率，避免了Ｏ２波的干扰     

浅议总体国家安全观下的驻市生态环境监测网络安全管理

随着我国生态环境保护要求的不断提高，生态环境安全已被提到了战略高度，成为国家安全的重要组成部分。生态环境监测作为环境保护的排头兵，主要通过计算机网络对环境监测数据信息实施采集、获取、传输、分析和管理，实现对生态环境状况和变化趋势的理解与感知，生态环境监测领域网络安全一旦遭到破坏，会导致监测数据“真、准、全”无法得到保障，甚至会危害生态环境安全，引发国家安全危机。以江苏省驻市生态环境监测领域为例，阐述了生态环境监测领域网络安全管理对于国家生态环境安全的实际意义以及现状机遇，并提出了明确网络安全战略地位，提升责任意识，完善网络安全管理要求和工作机制，强化网络安全保障能力以及深化沟通合作等建议。     

南京23家企业污染严重上黑榜

2008年7月22日，南京市环保局公示了南京企业环境行为“绿黑榜”。可以通过绿、蓝、黄、红、黑5种颜色，区分南京市1132家环境保护重点企业2007年在污染控制、环境管理和环境社会等3方面的表现，绿色代表最优，红色代表差，黑色代表最差。1132家参评企业中，104家企业因为环境污染严重上了红黑榜，其中最差的黑色企业有23家，而绿色企业只有15家。     

纳氏试剂配制方法的探讨

改进了两种配制纳氏试剂的方法，它可避免不同批配制的纳氏试剂，在其灵敏度、试剂空白、校准曲线斜率间的差异，节省了试剂，并使灵敏度略有提高。     

邻里噪声污染防治立法现状及江苏省立法建议

社会生活噪声污染来源多、成因复杂、影响范围广，对公众健康危害大。产生社会生活噪声污染纠纷时，其法律主体复杂，涉及部门多，受影响群众覆盖范围广，是社会各界较为关注的噪声类型之一。邻里噪声是社会生活噪声的重要组成部分。介绍了法国、德国、美国等国家邻里噪声的立法现状，我国国家层面有关邻里噪声的法律规定，以及地方邻里噪声的立法实践；系统分析了江苏省邻里噪声扰民的主要类型、特点和污染防治的现状；针对性地提出了邻里噪声污染防治的立法建议，可为江苏省噪声污染防治立法提供参考。     

政府支持是空气质量周报工作的保证

国家环保局把南京市作为全国首批开展空气污染周报的１３个重点城市之一。南京市政府成立由副市长罗志军为组长，市政府办公厅、环保局、广播电视局、南京电视台、南京日报社、南京气象局等单位参加的南京市空气污染预报领导小组，实行直接领导，统一协调。经费从市长基金中解决，子站场地租用费维持不涨，电力增容减免集资费，南京电视台１２频道每周五免费播出３分钟，南京日报定期在第２版刊出，气象数据由气象局提供，具体工作由环保局牵头，监测站组织实施。环保局把空气污染周报纳入１９９７年的环境保护重点工作目标，成立了由各处长和监测站站长参加的预报工作组，局长挂帅。监测站成立周报实施小组，站长任组长。经过各方的努力和支持，空气污染周报在“六五”世界环境日前如期发布。空气污染周报的发布，在社会上引起了强烈反响，受到社会各界人士的关注，提高了监测站的知明度。     

Monitoring quantity and characteristics of municipal solid waste in Dhaka City

A reliable estimate of the quantity of solid waste generation in the city is very important for proper solid waste planning and management. However, reported estimates of solid waste generation vary widely and lead to questionability. The reported values have been derived on the assumption of demography, standard rate of waste generation by households, density values, number of trucks engaged for waste transportation and monitoring of truck movement at dump sites, etc. This diverse nature of the available data and the question of accuracy necessitate a rigorous study that has tried to document the waste quantity in the recently formulated master plan of Dhaka City. The socio-economic parameters, behavioral characteristics, generation sources, seasonality, and per capita growth rate are considered in estimating the waste quantity along with its future projections. The findings from the estimation of waste quantities state that seasonal differences in the municipal solid waste stream are not substantial. The most seasonably variable material in the municipal solid waste stream is food waste. Residential waste is relatively homogeneous. Although there are some differences in waste generation depending on demographic and other local factors, most households dispose of essentially similar types of wastes. Variation occurs in waste composition dependent upon income levels and category of sources. Variation also occurs based upon the extent of source reduction and recycling opportunities. As opportunities exist to recycle wastes, the recycling facilities might have to grow at a similar pace to the generation of waste. Physical and chemical characteristics of solid waste are important to implement the waste disposal and management plan for the selection of resource and energy recovery potentials. A number of studies have been conducted to determine the composition of wastes including moisture content and calorific value. The data show that the moisture content in city waste is significantly higher and the calorific value is much lower, which determines the viability of composting or anaerobic digestions rather than waste combustion.     

Feature extraction using Hough transform for solid waste bin level detection and classification

This paper deals with the solid waste image detection and classification to detect and classify the solid waste bin level. To do so, Hough transform techniques is used for feature extraction to identify the line detection based on image’s gradient field. The feedforward neural network (FFNN) model is used to classify the level content of solid waste based on learning concept. Numbers of training have been performed using FFNN to learn and match the targets of the testing images to compute the sum squared error with the performance goal met. The images for each class are used as input samples for classification. Result from the neural network and the rules decision are used to build the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) graph. Decision graph shows the performance of the system waste system based on area under curve (AUC), WS-class reached 0.9875 for excellent result and WS-grade reached 0.8293 for good result. The system has been successfully designated with the motivation of solid waste bin monitoring system that can applied to a wide variety of local municipal authorities system.     

Accelerated fractionation of heavy metals in contaminated soils and sediments using rotating coiled columns

A new approach to performing an accelerated sequential extraction of trace elements from solid samples has been proposed. It has been shown that rotating coiled columns (RCC) earlier used in counter-current chromatography can be successfully applied to the dynamic leaching of heavy metals from soils and sediments. A solid sample was retained in the rotating column as the stationary phase under the action of centrifugal forces while different eluents (aqueous solutions of complexing reagents, mineral salts and acids) were continuously pumped through. The procedure developed is time saving and requires only 4-5 h instead of the several days needed for traditional sequential extraction (TSE), complete automation being possible. Losses of solid sample are minimal. In most cases the recoveries of readily bioavailable and leachable forms of Pb, Zn, and Cd are higher, if a dynamic extraction in RCC is used. Since naturally occurring processes are always dynamic, continuous extraction in RCC may help to estimate the contents of leachable forms and their potential risk for the environment more correctly than batch TSE. The Kersten-Foerstner and McLaren-Crawford leaching schemes have been compared, the former has been found to be preferable.     

Long-Term Planning of Waste Management System in the City of Regina – an Integrated Inexact Optimization Approach

In this study, an integrated solid waste management system based on inexact fuzzy-stochastic mixed integer linear programming (IFSMILP) has been applied to the long-term planning of waste management activities in the City of Regina. The model can effectively reflect dynamic, interactive, and uncertain characteristics of the solid waste management system in the city. The results have provided useful answers for the following questions: “What waste reduction goals are desired if the existing landfill's life is prolonged for 15 years?”, “What should be the waste flow allocation pattern in the city?”, “What should be done if the waste generation rate increases rapidly, while the relevant handling capacity is limited?”, and “What level of reliability will we have given the suggested waste management plan?”     

中国固体废物的环境管理与环境监测技术现状

为加强中国固体废物的环境管理和环境监测技术,回顾了中国自１９８５年以来制定的固体放心物环境管理法规制度以及１９８４年至１９９８年颁布的２０多年家或行业的固体废物处置标准体系等固体废物的环境管理状况,着重论述了中国固体废物环境监测技术的发展历史与现状。指出经过２０多年的努力,在固体废物环境监测技术与方法上初步形成了该领域框架体系,有固体废物的采样与制样技术;危险废物的有害特性试验鉴别方法,固体废物具     

Evaluating pollution potential of leachate from landfill site, from the Pune metropolitan city and its impact on shallow basaltic aquifers

Leachate produced by municipal solid waste dumping site near the metropolitan city of Pune, India was examined for its pollution potential and impact on surrounding shallow basaltic aquifers. Twenty-eight physico-chemical parameters during post- and pre-monsoon seasons (Nov 2006 and May 2007) were determined to assess the seasonal variation in the leachate pollution index (LPI) as well as in the groundwater quality. The leachate demonstrated higher LPI value during pre-monsoon, comparable to those at other metropolises outside India. Potentially toxic leachates derived from the dumping site have largely influenced the adjoining basaltic aquifers through two different modes of transport. Despite high contents of heavy metals (Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in the leachate, the aquifers in the close proximity of landfill site are least polluted by metallic contaminants possibly due to redox controls. Various geoenvironmental features governing the dispersal of leachate contaminants in the basaltic aquifers under semi-arid climatic regime have been identified and discussed. Although a few remedial measures have been suggested to mitigate the impact of leachate percolation and dispersion, the present study demands for a proper solid waste management in metropolitan cities.     

Design of a Leaching Test Framework for Coal Fly Ash Accounting for Environmental Conditions

Fly ash from coal combustion contains trace elements which, on disposal or utilisation, may leach out, and therefore be a potential environmental hazard. Environmental conditions have a great impact on the mobility of fly ash constituents as well as the physical and chemical properties of the fly ash. Existing standard leaching methods have been shown to be inadequate by not representing possible disposal or utilisation scenarios. These tests are often criticised on the grounds that the results estimated are not reliable as they are not able to be extrapolated to the application scenario. In order to simulate leaching behaviour of fly ash in different environmental conditions and to reduce deviation between measurements in the fields and the laboratories, it is vital to study sensitivity of the fly ash constituents of interest to major factors controlling leachability. pH, liquid-to-solid ratio, leaching time, leachant type and redox potential are parameters affecting stability of elements in the fly ash. Sensitivity of trace elements to pH and liquid to solid ratio (as two major overriding factors) has been examined. Elements have been classified on the basis of their leaching behaviour under different conditions. Results from this study have been used to identify leaching mechanisms. Also the fly ash has been examined under different standard batch leaching tests in order to evaluate and to compare these tests. A Leaching Test Framework has been devised for assessing the stability of trace elements from fly ashes in different environments. This Framework assists in designing more realistic batch leaching tests appropriate to field conditions and can support the development of regulations and protocols for the management and disposal of coal combustion by-products or other solid wastes of environmental concern.     

环境中多环芳烃前处理和分析方法

多环芳烃(PAHa)是一类广泛存在于大气、水体、土壤、沉积物中的持久性有机污染物,对环境和生物体存在较大危害.介绍了国内外部分水体中PAHs的污染状况,对液态和固体PAHs的主要前处理方法和分析方法进行了比较和归纳,展望了环境样品中PAHs的前处理和分析方法的发展方向.     

固相微萃取技术在环境监测分析中的应用进展

样品前处理是整个样品分析过程中的关键一环,其目的在于减少杂质对待测物的干扰及对目标物进行富集。固相微萃取技术是集采样、萃取、富集、进样于一体的样品前处理新技术。近年来,固相微萃取技术在环境污染物监测分析领域得到了广泛应用,该文章系统地综述了固相微萃取技术在不同环境基质(水体、大气、土壤及沉积物)预处理的方法,比较了不同类型涂层材料(如纳米材料、离子液体等)与装置形式(如内部冷却固相微萃取、箭形固相微萃取等)的优缺点及应用范围。针对现阶段固相微萃取技术应用于不同环境基质中存在的问题和不足,提出进一步研究的方向。