Assessment of toxicity of heavy metal contaminated soils by the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure

The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in soils near a lead–zinc mine located in Shangyu, Zhejiang Province, China, were determined and their toxicity was assessed using the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The TCLP method is a currently recognized international method for evaluation of heavy metal pollution in soils. The available levels of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd were 8.2–36, 23–143, 6.4–1367 and 0.41–2.2 mg kg⁻¹, respectively, while the international standards were 15, 25, 5 and 0.5 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. Soils around the mine were more polluted with Zn and Pb, followed by Cd and Cu. Moreover, the levels of heavy metals in the soils extracted by TCLP indicated that extraction fluid 2 was more effective than extraction fluid 1 in extracting the heavy metals from the polluted soils and there was a positive correlation between fluids 1 and 2. Available heavy metal contents determined by TCLP were correlated with soil total heavy metal contents.     

Assessment of metal contamination in soil banks of the Rhumel wadi (Northeast Algeria)

Levels of six trace metals were assessed in bank soils of the Rhumel wadi (Northeast Algeria) and their association with soil properties was investigated. Samples were collected at 10 sites. The soils are neutral to moderately alkaline, have high contents of carbonate, and are low in organic carbon and clay. Mean metal concentrations are 1.1 (Cd), 63 (Cr), 20 (Cu), 26 (Ni), 31 (Pb), and 98 (Zn) mg kg^?1. The Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn contents in soil from sites closest to Constantine City were higher than in uncontaminated soils worldwide, indicating accumulation due to human activities (residential, industrial, and agricultural). Statistical analyses (correlation and principal component analysis) demonstrated that Cd, Pb, and Zn are of anthropogenic origin in the urban areas, whereas Cr and Cu enrichment in some situations is caused by industrial activities, while Ni was geogenic.     

典型矿冶周边地区土壤重金属污染及有效性含量

对湖南长沙、株洲、衡阳、郴州等地区的典型矿冶污染土壤进行了采样分析与有效性含量提取,结果表明,土壤中重金属污染严重,矿区土壤主要污染元素为Pb、Zn、As、Cr、Cu,而冶炼业周边污染土壤中主要是Zn、Pb、Cr、As、Cu、Cd,其污染程度均远远高于国家环境质量二级标准;Pb、Cd和Zn污染主要来源于采矿、冶炼活动而As污染可能还与农业生产有关。不同浸提液对土壤中Pb、Zn、Cd、As、Cu有效性质量分数的提取能力(设其符号为u)依次为u(NH4NO3)>u(HCl)>u(CaCl2);而对有效性Cr,HCl提取量为最高;盐基离子,尤其是NH4、NO3效应和酸效应(H+)大大促+-进了土壤中重金属离子的环境危害行为。     

Lead contamination in the roadside soils of Slovenia

The level of lead contamination along the roadway Ljubljana to Zagreb was established in 184 soil samples. The samples were taken from two depths (0–5cm and 15–20cm) and at different distances from the roadway. The influence of terrain morphology, prevailing winds, geological parent material and type of vegetation was estimated. Heavy traffic is confirmed as main source of lead contamination (average enrichment factor 17) in soils. The highest lead accumulation is localised in the top soil layer and within 10m from the roadside. Contamination with lead is more pronounced in soil samples from cuttings and slopes than in soils from plains and mounds. Soils derived from carbonate rocks contain higher lead concentration than those derived from other parent material.     

土壤中铅的植物可利用性化学调控研究

针对重庆市蔬菜重金属污染现状，选取Pb为研究对象，通过盆栽试验，探讨石灰、腐殖酸、硫化钠对污染土壤中Pb活性的影响及Pb在植物体内的积累效应。研究结果表明，石灰、腐殖酸、硫化钠均能降低Pb的植物可利用性。不同石灰用量均能明显抑制Pb向植物迁移；在石灰的各种加入量中，10．0g／kg的加入量对Pb的抑制效果最明显，莴笋中Pb质量分数下降了35．7％；在腐殖酸的各种加入量中，2．67g/kg的加入量对Pb的抑制效果最明显，植物中Pb质量分数下降了23．0％；在硫化钠的各种加入量中，0．47g/kg的加入量对Pb的抑制效果最明显，植物体内Pb质量分数降低了23．8％。各种添加剂均能使植物根部Pb的分配系数下降，而茎、叶Pb的分配系数上升。     

Sources and risk assessment of metal contamination in soils at the international airport of Shanghai,China

Concentrations of Cd, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cu, and Ni in soils at the Pudong International Airport (PIA) of Shanghai, China, were determined to assess the sources and potential ecological risks. Compared to the soil background values of Shanghai, 31 soil samples out of 33 were highly contaminated with Cd, and 76% were moderately contaminated by Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn. Principal component analysis and clustering analysis indicated that Pb and Cd mainly originated from anthropogenic sources, while Zn, Cr, Ni, and Cu were mainly from natural sources. Relatively high concentrations of Cd and Pb were observed at sampling points near the landing or take-off sites or a close-by highway. Both air and highway traffic affected the quality of the soils at PIA.     

Assessment of the impacts of municipal solid waste dumps on soils and plants

The study aimed at evaluating the impacts of open municipal solid wastes dumps on soil and vegetation near the main roads linking major cities in Nigeria. We hypothesised that the metals from the wastes exerted substantial impacts at the dump sites which affect the soil and plants. Data were analysed from five dump sites and five control sites. The result revealed that the effects of the heavy metals (HM) were significant and higher at the dump sites where their concentrations were far above the EU, and Canadian environmental quality permissible limits for agricultural soils and vegetation. In contrast with dump sites, a significant relationship (R²?=?0.70; p??Cr?>?Pb at both dump sites and control sites. Further study on the effects of more HM on soil and plant is recommended in the area. Recycling and bio-phytoremediation processes should also be introduced.     

The Impact of the Hyperacid Ijen Crater Lake. Part I: Concentrations of Elements in Crops and Soil

In Asembagus (East Java, Indonesia) irrigation water is contaminated with effluent from the hyperacid Ijen Crater Lake resulting in a low pH and high levels of various elements. As a first step towards a risk assessment, locally produced food items (rice, maize, cassava leaf, cassava root, peanuts) were collected and concentrations of As, B, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, Zn were compared to samples from a reference area and with literature values. Further, concentrations in rice were compared to total soil concentrations in paddy fields. Compared to the reference area, food items produced in the contaminated area had increased levels of Cd, Co, Ni and Mn in particular, while levels of Mo were lower. In contrast, total soil concentrations of Cd and Mn in particular have decreased whereas especially Mo was increased. In combination with the observed soil acidification, it is likely that the bioavailable concentration of most elements in the contaminated soil is higher (except for Mo) due to an increased weathering rate and/or input via the contaminated irrigation water. In terms of human health, concentrations in foods were generally within normal literature values. However, it was observed that essential elements (in particular Fe) known for their inhibitory effects on e.g. Cd and Mn toxicity did not accumulate in crops whereas Cd and Mn did.     

Phytoaccumulation prospects of cadmium and zinc by mycorrhizal plant species growing in industrially polluted soils

The natural vegetation growing along a wastewater channel was subjected to analyze the uptake of Cadmium (Cd) and Zinc (Zn) and their subsequent accumulation in aboveground and underground plant parts. Species which were mycorrhizal and growing in soils receiving industrially contaminated wastewater were collected along with their rhizospheric soil samples. The nearby uncontaminated control (reference) area was also subjected to sampling on similar pattern for comparison. Both Cd and Zn concentrations were significantly higher in soils of the study area as compared to the reference site. Five plant species i.e. Desmostachya bipinnata, Dichanthium annulatum, Malvastrum coromandelianum, Saccharum bengalense, and Trifolium alexandrinum were analyzed for metal uptake. The maximum phytoaccumulation of Cd was observed in Desmostachya bipinnata (20.41 μg g⁻¹) and Dichanthium annulatum (15.22 μg g⁻¹) for shoot and root tissues, respectively. However, Malvastrum coromandelianum revealed maximum Zn accumulation for both the shoot and the root tissues (134 and 140 μg g⁻¹, respectively). The examination of cleared and stained roots of the plants from both the areas studied revealed that all of them were colonized to a lesser or a greater degree by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. The Cd hyperaccumulating grasses i.e. Desmostachya bipinnata and Dichanthium annulatum, from study area had smaller root:shoot (R/S) ratio as compared to those growing on reference area indicating a negative pressure of soil metal contamination. The lower R/S ratio in the mycorrhizal roots observed was probably due to increased AM infection and its mediatory role in soil plant transfer of heavy metals. Furthermore, comparatively lower soil pH values in the study areas may have played a key role in making the overall phytoavailability of both the metals. Consequently variations in Cd and Zn tissue concentration among species were observed that also indicate the phytoaccumulation potential of the native species.     

甘肃某冶炼厂区土壤重金属铅、镉污染特征及其对微生物群落结构的影响

长期受到重金属铅(Pb)和镉(Cd)污染的土壤生态危害指数较高,土壤微生物群落结构容易受到重金属的影响,重金属对土壤微生物的毒性与重金属的生物利用度直接相关.以白银市重金属污染土壤为样本,分析了土壤的理化性质、重金属Pb和Cd的污染状况及土壤微生物群落结构,探究它们之间的关联性.样本采自距离污染中心由近及远的4个位置(...     

Seasonal variations in trace metal levels,speciation and physicochemical determinants of metal availability in dumpsite soils within Akwa Ibom State,Nigeria

Physicochemical properties, total metals and metal species were investigated in surface soil samples from six urban dumpsites within Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Results obtained indicated that Pb, Cd and Cr levels were higher in the dry season than in wet season, whereas Ni levels were higher during the wet season. Soil pH, organic matter and cation-exchange capacity (CEC) showed higher values in wet season than in dry season, whereas sand and clay levels were higher in the dry season. Speciation analysis showed the principal fraction of the metals to be Pb (reducible), Cd (acid extractable) and Ni (residual), whereas Cr existed in the residual fraction during the dry season and in the acid-extractable fraction during the wet season. Soil pH was positively correlated at p<0.1 with all metals in both seasons, sand was negatively correlated with the metals in both seasons, and CEC was negatively correlated with all metals in both seasons, except Pb in the wet season. Organic matter showed variable relationships with metals in both seasons. Seasonal variations affected metal availability and physicochemical properties of the soil. Total metal concentrations followed the order Pb>Ni>Cd>Cr, whereas their bioavailability followed the trend Cd>Pb>Cr>Ni.     

土壤重金属污染研究与治理现状

对土壤重金属污染研究和治理方法现状进行了介绍：涉及的具体内容包括土壤重金属元素背景值。化学定时炸弹的概念,土壤环境与人类健康和物理、化学、生物治理方法。     

钢铁工业遗留场地土壤重金属洗脱剂筛选研究

土壤重金属污染限制了工业遗留场地再利用,通过振荡试验考察了HCl、HNO3和EDTA对工业遗留场地土壤中超标重金属Pb、Zn、Cd和As的洗脱效果。结果表明：土壤Pb、Zn、Cd、As的脱除效果均随洗脱剂浓度增加而增加;HCl、HNO3和EDTA等3种洗脱剂浓度分别为0.5、0.5和0.1 mol.L-1时,土壤Pb、Cd质量分数可降低至场地安全再利用的控制标准以内（分别为140 mg.kg-1、1mg.kg-1）;洗脱剂浓度分别增至2、2和0.2 mol.L-1时,土壤Pb、Cd质量分数继续降低,Zn、As质量分数有大幅降低但没有达到其相应的场地安全控制标准（分别为200、20 mg.kg-1）;与EDTA相比,HCl在低浓度时的重金属脱除效果较差,但HCl浓度增加对重金属脱除率的提高效果更为明显;洗脱液pH值（7.88~0.15）与重金属脱除率均呈显著负相关且与As的负相关系数最小,说明洗脱液pH值变化对As去除的影响相对较小;与HCl和HNO3相比,EDTA洗脱液pH值与Pb脱除率之间的负相关系数较大,与Zn、Cd、As脱除率之间的负相关系数较较小,说明EDTA洗脱液pH值变化更易对Pb的去除产生影响。     

土壤胶体对重金属运移行为的影响

累积在表层土壤中的重金属,在一定条件下可以向地下迁移,进而影响地下水水质.由于现有污染物运移预测模型对重金属等污染物在土壤中运移的预测与实际监测结果偏差巨大,土壤胶体对土壤重金属运移的影响越来越受到人们的重视.土壤胶体组成丰富,在土壤环境中广泛存在.土壤胶体能够与重金属等污染物质相结合,对重金属等污染物质的运移产生重要影响.土壤胶体运移和土壤胶体与重金属的相互作用受到水动力、pH、离子强度、胶体粒径、土壤含水率等多种物理化学条件的影响.本文综述了土壤胶体对土壤重金属运移影响的诸多因素,介绍了胶体作用下重金属等污染物在多孔介质中的运移模型,提出了当前研究中存在的问题,并对今后需要展开的工作提出了建议.     

重金属污染对土壤微生物生态功能的影响

数量庞大、种类繁多的土壤微生物作为地球化学的物质循环与能量转换的主要参与者,其自身及所参与的生化过程都会受到重金属污染的严重影响.通过研究土壤重金属污染的微生物生态效应,可以建立重金属污染土壤的微生物评价指标体系,而评价体系的建立有利于土壤环境质量的监测与风险评价.论文就重金属污染对土壤微生物生物量及其多样性,对有机质降解、N传输、酶活性等微生物过程影响的研究现状进行了较全面系统的评述.在此基础上,提出了该类研究中存在的问题,包括研究区域南多北少的问题以及研究中难以排除其他环境因子干扰等问题.针对这些问题,论文指出以后应进一步加强分子手段的多方位应用并建立综合可行的被污染土壤的微生物评价体系.     

土壤重金属污染的植物修复中转基因技术的应用

重金属污染的植物修复技术以其费用低廉、不污染环境等优点一度成为环境科学界研究的热点。为了克服植物修复技术中超积累植物生长缓慢和地上部生物量小等带来的限制，近年来研究者通过大量试验研究发展，外源基因在植物体内的高效表达可以提高植物吸收、运输、降解污染物的能力和修复的效率。本文首先对目前国内外重金属污染土壤植物修复的研究动态进行综述，重点论述了PCs、MTs、MerA、MerB、ArsC、γ-ECS等转基因在土壤重金属污染植物修复中的应用，最后指出在充分考虑到转基因植物给生态环境带来潜在威胁的前提下，转基因技术的研究与开发不仅可以促进多学科的交叉研究和丰富环境科学的研究领域，更重要的是在很大程度上有效地克服了目前土壤重金属污染植物修复中存在并急需解决的棘手问题，为土壤重金属污染的植物修复提供了更加广阔的应用和发展前景。     

土壤重金属X射线荧光光谱非标样测试方法研究

采用粉末压片制样,用X射线荧光光谱非标样测试方法测定土壤中Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、As、Cd、Sn、Sb、Pb、Hg等15种重金属元素。研究了样品制备方法和元素测量条件等影响测试准确度的因素。结果表明此方法不需对固体样品进行消化处理,无需制备标准样片,快速、简便、效率高,是一种非破坏性的分析方法,方法的检出限、准确度和精密度基本能够满足土壤中有毒有害重金属的快速筛查要求。     

Trace element content in soils of the King George and Elephant islands,maritime Antarctica

Trace element concentrations were studied in soils of the King George and Elephant islands in the maritime part of West Antarctica. The lowest concentrations of Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni and Mn were typical for the pristine soil of Elephant Island. The highest concentrations of these elements were found in the Fildes Peninsula and revealed the influence of human activities in the area of the Bellingshausen station and adjacent waste disposal sites. Ornithogenic soils of the Fildes Peninsula have shown low concentrations of Cd and As. Using geoaccumulation indexes, all the pristine soils of King George and Elephant islands and ornithogenic soils of the Fildes Peninsula were classified as unpolluted; the human-affected soils were mainly identified as moderately polluted. Obtained data can be used as background concentration levels for further researches.     

空间统计学模拟方法在城市重金属污染分析中的应用

城市土壤重金属污染是城市化后噬待解决的一个重要问题.传统的土壤重金属污染分析方法--克里格方法,通过满足未采样点局部方差最小而获得土壤污染状况预测结果,算法本身会给估值结果带来光滑作用,并只能提供未采样点的局部不确定性.文章提出利用空间统计学的模拟方法,对土壤重金属污染状况进行研究,通过获取多幅模拟结果之间的差异来揭示研究区域土壤重金属污染的整体空间分布形态.文章以上海某区域6种重金属(Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg和As)为研究对象,利用空间统计学模拟方法对其空间分布予以研究,给出每种重金属宅间分布模拟结果.最后,文章以研究区域上壤环境背景上限值为标准,给出研究区域不同土壤重金属空间分布相应级别的不确定性分析结果.     

An evaluation of heavy metals contamination in soils from Ganzhou navel orange orchards by geoaccumulation indexes and statistical analysis

Heavy metal pollution in orchard soils is of increasing concern owing to the potential health risk via the food chain. The evaluations of the degree of heavy metal contamination and the potential sources in soils from navel orange orchards in the Ganzhou district were investigated in the present study with the geoaccumulation index and hierarchical cluster analysis. The soil samples were collected from 280 navel orange orchards located in the 18 counties of the Ganzhou district. The concentrations of heavy metals in the samples were determined using atomic fluorescence spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry with sample preparation by microwave digestion system. The results of the geoaccumulation index showed that the Ganzhou navel orange orchards were practically uncontaminated with Hg, As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, and Cu, while uncontaminated to moderately contaminated with Ni. The results of cluster analysis indicated that four distinct clusters emerged for 18 sampling counties, and the considerable differences between clusters were derived from the different kinds of polluted substances. Results of the assessment of geoaccumulation index of heavy metals in soils will be helpful for the formulation of strategic sustainable agriculture in Ganzhou navel orchards and improvement of the navel orange yield and quality.