东南沿海山区小流域突发地质灾害动态风险评价与应急预警

降雨作用下山区小流域突发地质灾害动态风险评价与应急预警是值得探讨的研究课题。选择浙中丘陵山区衢江区铜山源典型小流域为研究区,基于风险评价理论和模糊数学方法,构建降雨作用下山区小流域突发地质灾害动态风险预警模型,以典型代表性降雨事件为实例,以动态风险水平为预警判据,开展研究区地质灾害动态风险评价,指导区域地质灾害应急防灾。实例验证表明:在"2011·6·19"代表性降雨事件下,研究区地质灾害动态风险水平划分为极低、低和中3级区,对应于应急预警Ⅴ级、Ⅳ级和Ⅲ级区,以此有效指导分区地质灾害应急处置和防灾;而且经实际地质灾害发生情况检验与验证,本次新发生点位于地质灾害动态风险中级(应急预警Ⅲ级)区,可见动态风险水平分区评价是合理可靠的;通过降雨作用下山区小流域突发地质灾害动态风险评价可以有效指导区内地质灾害应急预警和防灾处置,具有积极的指导和实践意义。     

滑坡地质灾害应急处置技术研究进展∗

滑坡在我国分布范围广、发生频率高,严重威胁人民的生命财产安全和国家重大工程建设及其长期运营.为减轻滑坡地质灾害,实现防灾减灾救灾效益最大化,亟需开发更有效的滑坡地质灾害应急处置技术.对滑坡地质灾害应急处置技术的研究现状进行系统总结,包括应急抢险技术、应急治理技术、特殊工程应急处置技术和应急监测预警技术,指出当前存在的主要问题和进一步发展方向,以期推动我国滑坡地质灾害应急处置技术的快速发展和行业工作的规范化,为防灾减灾救灾工作提供有益参考.     

河南省地质灾害险情评估

通过对河南省66个县（市）地质灾害调查与区划等相关地质灾害资料分析,认为全省地质灾害类型为滑坡、崩塌、泥石流、地面塌陷、地裂缝、地面沉降,地质灾害具有地域性强、分布集中、一灾为主,多灾并发的特征。采用地质灾害危险度、威胁人数和潜在财产损失来组成地质灾害险情评价模型,将河南省全省划分为6 680个单元,在单元险情评价的基础上进行全省地质灾害险情评估,将全省地质灾害险情划分为:险情特大区、险情大区、险情中区、险情小区和险情轻微区。     

论地质灾害群测群防体系

地质灾害群测群防体系是指县、乡、村地方政府组织城镇或农村社区居民为防治地质灾害而自觉建立与实施的工作体制和减灾行动,是一种针对灾害风险进行自我管理的工作体系。实施地质灾害群测群防的根本目的是抓住减灾时机,实现实时高效,具体体现为“六个自我”,即“自我识别、自我监测、自我预报、自我防范、自我应急和自我救治”。本文在理论上界定了地质灾害群测群防体系的定位,可帮助从事具体工作的基层人员更清楚地认识该项工作的实质意义,了解其在国家地质灾害减轻战略中的地位。     

2005-2020年我国自然灾害救助应急响应时空分布特征及变化

我国已基本形成一套卓有成效的救灾应急响应体系。为增进对我国重大自然灾害及防灾减灾工作的认识,更好地应对未来风险,该文分析了2016—2020年国家救灾应急响应的数量、时空分布特征,与2005—2010年和2011—2015年的特征进行对比分析变化特点,并与同期的灾情损失空间分布进行对比分析格局成因。结果表明：(1)数量上,2016-2020年我国共启动84次救灾应急响应,主要是Ⅳ级响应,针对气象水文灾害的应急响应占84.5%。与2005—2015年相比,启动的频次减少。(2)从空间分布上看,救灾应急响应呈现“南多北少”的格局,气象水文灾害的应急响应主要集中在南方各省;针对地震地质灾害启动的响应呈现出“西多东少”的分布。(3)因灾死亡人口、经济损失的灾情格局显示出：灾情严重的地区集中于人口较密集、经济欠发达、突发重灾较频繁的地区,也是启动高级别救助应急响应较多的地区。川、滇、黔、鄂、湘五省区的自然灾害风险应受到更大的关注。     

云南省地质灾害防治与研究历史评述

近70年来,云南省地质灾害防治与研究不断进步,在这个地质灾害易发高发的高原山区省份,有效遏制了地质灾害的蔓延。该文对云南省地质灾害应急处置、调查(勘查)、监测预警、工程治理及搬迁避让等工作进行了分类总结评价,记述了各项工作的历史,总结了防灾减灾成效及经验,介绍和评价了重要的基础研究和技术创新成果,指出了存在的问题,最后针对存在的问题提出了可行的对策建议。     

1995年1月17日日本阪神7．2级大震对我们的启示

１９９５年１月１７日日本阪神７．２级大震对我们的启示日本版神７．２级大震对我们主要有以下几点启示：（１）必须认真贯彻我国确定的“以预防为主，综合防御”的防震减灾工作方针，全面做好地震监测预报、震灾预防、地震应急、地震救灾与重建这四个环节的工作。（２）...     

突发事件应对中地方政府的处置原则研究

援引多个突发事件应急响应案例,对应急处置中的要素展开分析,论证在突发事件应对中,地方政府应当遵循信息及时、科学应对和以人为本三大处置原则,从而把握信息、处置流程和处置对象这三个关键因子,提高地方政府应急响应效率,更大限度地减少人员伤亡和灾害损失。     

国家地震应急快速响应信息系统建设——以首都圈地区为基础

以首都圈防震减灾示范项目的建设为例，介绍了国家层次的地震应急快速响应信息系统的总体架构、技术路线和核心功能。该系统以B／S和C／S混合结构为主体架构，以GIS为开发平台，实现了地震触发—灾害响应—灾害评估—辅助对策应急响应流程的各项相关核心功能，对我国开展“十五”应急响应工作提供了一定的借鉴经验。     

甘肃岷县漳县6.6级地震应急响应措施及特点分析

基于现场调查、访谈结果和甘肃省各级政府提供的资料,对甘肃岷县漳县6.6级地震中,当地政府开展的各项应急响应措施进行了深入分析,指出此次地震应急响应工作的特色之处,包括各级指挥部的权责明晰、重灾区及时有效的交通管制、科学的志愿者管理、新闻媒体的积极应对、基层干部组织有序的自救互救等,深入剖析了地震应急响应的"甘肃模式",对今后地方政府开展高效的震后应急响应工作具有参考意义。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。