高含固厌氧消化污泥流变特性

采用完全混合式反应器R1、R2和R3(搅拌频率分别设为不搅拌、每10 min转动5 min和每10 min转动8min),在序批式运行的状态下,考察了不同搅拌频率对高含固厌氧消化过程中污泥流变特性的影响,探究了污泥表观黏度降低的主要原因以及污泥流变特性与各项物化指标的关系。结果表明,各个反应器消化污泥表观黏度μ值在发酵的前4天均出现大幅降低,下降幅度依次达到73.3%、77.8%和80.0%,从厌氧装置设计和运行的角度来看,脱水污泥高含固厌氧消化具有可行性。各反应器消化污泥的含固率(total solid,TS)以及挥发性固体(volatile solid,VS)占TS的比例VS/TS与表观黏度μ值以及稠度系数K值呈现显著性的指数关系,而污泥颗粒中胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substance,EPS)的含量与污泥表观黏度之间的相关关系则较弱。厌氧消化的初始阶段,微生物(主要是水解菌与产酸菌)的作用是污泥黏度急剧降低的主要原因。     

剩余污泥发酵产酸特征及基质释放规律研究

剩余污泥发酵既能实现污泥减量,又能获得污水生物脱氮除磷所需的挥发性脂肪酸VFAs等。采用序批式污泥发酵实验,在(30±1)℃的条件下,研究剩余污泥投配比对序批式污泥发酵系统污泥减量、产酸以及基质释放过程的影响,探索VFAs生成最大化的条件。实验结果表明:投加接种污泥不能明显提高序批式污泥发酵系统剩余污泥的减量效果,但可以改善污泥的产酸特性;当污泥投配比大于50%时,发酵过程中将出现2个VFAs浓度峰,且第二次峰浓度更大;较为理想的序批式污泥发酵投配比是60%~80%、发酵时间为5 d或25 d,前者VFAs表观转化率最大(约24%),后者发酵液中VFAs浓度最高(约600 mg/L);发酵过程中,NH4+-N总体呈上升趋势,磷浓度发酵5 d时达到最大值。     

Environmental mutagenicity and toxicity caused by sodium metabisulfite in sea shrimp harvesting in Piauí, Brazil

Sodium metabisulfite is used in marine shrimp harvesting to prevent the occurrence of black spots. Shrimps are soaked in a sodium metabisulfite solution in ice, which is disposed of in sewages that run into marine canals, creating an environmental hazard. This study evaluates the toxicity and mutagenicity caused by sodium metabisulfite in sea waters and sediments collected in a shrimp farm in Cajueiro da Praia (Luis Correia), state of Piauí, Brazil, using the Allium cepa assay. Water and sediment samples were collected in the dry and in the rainy seasons, in three sites: upstream the shrimp farm (Site 1), at the point sodium metabisulfite is discharged (Site 2), and 100 m downstream the farm (Site 3). Three sample dilutions were used (50%, 25% and 10%) for all samples. A negative control (well water) and a positive control (copper sulfate 0.0006 mg mL⁻¹) were used in each experiment. At the end of the 72-h exposure period, onion roots were measured and removed. Mutagenicity analysis included the determination of mitotic index, chromosomal aberrations and the detection of micronuclei; analysis of root size and mitotic index were used as an index of toxicity. The A. cepa assay revealed that the water and sediments samples collected in the Piauí coast contaminated with sodium metabisulfite induce toxicity. The results demonstrate that the assay may be used as a regular tool in the analysis of water parameters in shrimp farms in the coast of Piauí state, and in strategies to preserve the region’s marine ecosystem.     

Formulation factors that can reduce the formation of the phytotoxic impurity, N,N'-dibutylurea, from benomyl

Fungicide benomyl is easily decomposed to carbendazim (MBC) and butyl isocyanate (BIC) in formulation, BIC is further hydrolyzed to butylamine. The BIC also reacts with butylamine to form N,N'-dibutylurea (DBU), a phytotoxic compound. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of selected additives and the manufacturing method of benomyl water dispersible granules (WG) on reducing DBU content in benomyl formulations. The manufacturing methods studied were granulation by extrusion, fluid bed spray, and spray dry. For the extrusion method, each benomyl powder formulation was homogenized by kneading with 20% v/w of 95% ethanol instead of water. After granulation, the percentages of the active ingredient benomyl and its degradation product carbendazim in each formulation were determined. For the fluid bed spray method, two formulations of wettable powders were formed. The first sample was granulated using 5% Na(2)SO(4) as the binder solution; the second sample used 2% urea. Changes in the active ingredient content after granulation were determined for each sample. For the spray dry method, four basic formulations of 70% benomyl, 5% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 10% or 20% sodium sulfate were prepared, to study the effects of HMTA, urea and dispersant on reducing DBU formation in formulation. The DBU content of each formulation was measured for the fresh samples and after 1 year of storage. The results showed that urea had a stabilizing effect on benomyl, and reduced DBU formation. BIC increased benomyl yield during manufacturing, which reduced DBU content in fresh samples but allowed a greater potential for future DBU formation since it did not stabilize the extra benomyl. HMTA was found to reduce DBU in both aqueous BIC and prepared formulations. The study discusses how each of the selected constituents affected DBU formation and how commercial formulations can be improved to reduce DBU formation. From this study, it is clear that a safer benomyl formulation can be developed.     

稳定表流湿地中污泥的形成及除污效果

探讨了温度、植物及不同湿地流态对稳定表流人工湿地中污泥的形成和组成的影响,并考察了湿地在污泥形成过程中的除污效果。结果表明,温度对VSS的影响较大,植物在污泥形成过程中对污泥量没有明显影响,但可以改变污泥组成,湿地流态对污泥形成和组成均有影响,湿地中污泥的含量为0.4～0.6 g/L;种植有风车草的推流挡板湿地(池5)总体效果相对较好;各稳定表流湿地出水水质基本达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)二级标准,污泥形成后TN和NH3-N的去除率均有提高。     

Heavy metals, PCDD/F and PCB in sewage sludge samples from two wastewater treatment facilities in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

Two sewage sludge samples collected from an urban as well as a rural area in Brazil and one sludge sample originating from the city of Balingen, Baden-Württemberg, South Germany, were investigated in respect to contamination with heavy metals, PCDD/F and PCB. The results were compared to PCDD/F and indicator-PCB mean values found in the region of Baden-Württemberg. The observed toxicity equivalents of PCDD/F found in the Brazilian samples, were below the upper limit specified by German legislation for final disposal or agricultural use in soils. Both the PCB and heavy metal values exceeded this limit. The PCDD/F congener/homologue profiles found in the Brazilian samples indicated that the urban sewage sludge shows a contamination where both chlorophenols and depositional sources appear to be contributing to the contamination pool. The enrichment of highly chlorinated PCDD/F groups in the sludge of semi-rural origin is probably due to transport phenomena effects. For the German sludge sample, depositional sources seem to be the main PCDD/F contamination pathway. Regarding PCB, both Brazilian samples show a homologue profile that indicates a contamination stemming from technical PCB formulations like Clophen A50 and Clophen A60 or equivalent.     

耐盐活性污泥驯化及其动力学实验研究

为探讨直接生物法处理环氧氯丙烷废水的可行性,对其活性污泥驯化过程和生物降解性能进行了研究。结果表明,经过长时间的驯化,活性污泥能够适应高盐度环境。污泥驯化过程中,污泥浓度保持稳定,含盐量从0.3%增加到3%,微生物的活性和耗氧速率随之降低,COD的去除率由96%下降至75%左右。同时,对环氧氯丙烷废水的生物降解动力学进...     

Enhancement of PAH biodegradation in soil by physicochemical pretreatment

The effects were studied of short-term heating of contaminated soil and its soaking in an organic solvent on the subsequent biodegradation of PAHs. In a clayey dredged sludge with a high organic-matter content (12%), heating at 120°C for one hour increased the degree of degradation after 21 days of an aged PAH contamination from 9.5 ± 0.7% to 27 ± 5%. Lower temperatures resulted in smaller increases. The observed increase in biodegradation is caused by either transfer of PAHs from sorption sites with low desorption rates to those with high ones or transformation of slow-sorption sites into fast-sorption ones. Soaking of the above sludge in a 4:1 (v/vj acetone-water mixture increased the degree of degradation from 9.5 ± 0.7% to 20.4 ± 1.4%, probably as a result of dissolution of the PAHs in the pore liquid during soaking. Thermal pretreatment of a contaminated sandy soil with a low organic-matter content showed no significant effect on the degradation of aged PAHs. Soaking of the sandy soil increased the degradation of only PAHs of high molecular weight, namely from 24 ± 5% to 48 ± 7%.     

常温下ABR处理低浓度废水性能及污泥特性

研究了常温(17~25℃)下4隔室厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)处理低浓度废水的运行效果及污泥特性。在水力停留时间(HRT)为24 h,进水COD浓度为1 500、1 000和500 mg/L左右时,平均COD去除率分别为94%、93%和87%。进水COD浓度保持在500 mg/L左右,将HRT降为12 h和8 h,COD的去除率仍达到83%以上。厌氧污泥性质测定结果表明,最后隔室中的污泥浓度、颗粒化程度及产甲烷活性与其他隔室相比明显较低,说明低浓度进水对最后隔室厌氧污泥的性质影响较大。颗粒污泥扫描电镜观察显示,各隔室颗粒污泥内部微生物组成差异较大,第1隔室颗粒污泥以产甲烷球菌为主,第2隔室颗粒污泥中没有明显的优势菌,但杆状菌比第1隔室明显较多,第3、4隔室颗粒污泥中以索氏甲烷丝菌为优势菌。     

UASB反应器处理链霉素废水启动及运行性能

采用上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器处理链霉素生产废水,研究了中温条件下反应器启动和稳定运行中废水处理性能及厌氧污泥颗粒化过程。结果表明,通过逐步提高链霉素废水进水比例和负荷,可以实现UASB反应器的启动和稳定运行,并对高浓度链霉素实际废水具有良好的处理性能,COD去除率稳定在80%以上,COD去除负荷达7.2 kg/(m3·d),CH4产生量达到6.2 L/d。UASB反应器启动运行过程中,链霉素废水对污泥活性具有抑制影响,造成短期反应器运行性能明显下降,而后很快恢复。同时高负荷链霉素废水造成甲烷产率降低。污泥性状变化显著,污泥形态逐渐转变为颗粒态,污泥粒径增大,出现大量0.5~1.0 mm颗粒污泥,污泥VSS/SS比值升高,污泥沉降性明显增强,比产甲烷活性显著升高,表明污泥开始实现颗粒化。     

Co-digestion of sewage sludge and dewatered residues from enzymatic hydrolysis of sugar beet pulp

Sugar beet pulp residues (SBPR) from hydrolysis and dewatering of beet pulp were co-digested with municipal sewage sludge (MSS). The highest biogas yields of nearly 512 dm³/kg VS_fed (volatile solids fed) were achieved for SBPR, treated both as the monosubstrate and as a mixture with MSS (1 : 1 by weight). Simultaneously, the highest methane production of 348 dm³ CH₄/kg VS_fed was determined when the sewage sludge was co-digested with 35% SBPR. The analysis of digestate showed that neither ammonia nor volatile fatty acids destabilized the biogas production.

Implications:?Processing of sugar beet pulp into bioethanol via enzymatic hydrolysis and microbial fermentation has become increasingly attractive. However, in this process, only the liquid fraction derived from hydrolysis is subjected into alcoholic fermentation, whereas the remaining solid fraction needs to be utilized. This study demonstrated that sugar beet pulp residues after bioethanol production can successfully be co-digested with sewage sludge to increase biogas productivity of anaerobic digesters located at wastewater treatment plants.     

Influence of cadmium on carbon and nitrogen mineralization in sewage sludge amended soils

The effect of cadmium on C and N mineralization in sewage sludge amended and unamended sandy loam, loam and clay loam soils was studied during 2 months incubation at 30+/-1 degrees C. The sludge amendment caused 15-39% increase in microbial respiration, with the maximum C mineralization in sandy loam and the minimum in loam soil. The addition of 10 microg Cd g(-1) soil had no remarkable effect on C and N mineralization and microbial biomass; whereas significant decreases in the above parameters were observed at 25 and 50 microg Cd g(-1) soil, irrespective of the sludge addition. Less NO3(-)-N accumulated at higher Cd concentration. Cd recovery was high in sandy loam and low in clay loam soil. DTPA extractable Cd exhibited a significant negative correlation with microbial biomass (r=-0.58* to -0.86*; p < 0.05).     

4种脂肪酸浮选捕收剂的生物降解性能研究

在好氧的条件下,以活性污泥为接种体,使用改良斯特姆法测试脂肪酸浮选捕收剂(油酸钠、9-羟基硬脂酸钠、硬脂酸钠、蓖麻油酸钠)的生物降解性能,并与利用BOD5/COD进行的可生化评价方法进行比较。结果表明:(1)油酸钠、蓖麻油酸钠的BOD5/COD分别为0.54、0.63,属易生物降解物质;9-羟基硬脂酸钠、硬脂酸钠的BOD5/COD分别为0.36、0.37,属可生物降解物质。(2)油酸钠、9-羟基硬脂酸钠、蓖麻油酸钠28d的生物降解率分别为88.6%、62.2%、100.0%,达到了经济合作与发展组织的OECD-301B生物降解性能实验标准,属于易生物降解物质;硬脂酸钠28d的生物降解率为49.8%,没有达到OECD-301B生物降解性能实验标准,属难生物降解物质。4种脂肪酸浮选捕收剂的生物降解性能依次为:蓖麻油酸钠油酸钠9-羟基硬脂酸钠硬脂酸钠。(3)当有机酸中存在碳碳双键和羟基时,有机酸的生物降解性能都会提高,并且碳碳双键的影响要大于羟基的影响;当二者同时存在时,生物降解性能会大幅度提高。     

Atrazine,chlorpyrifos, and iprodione effect on the biodiversity of bacteria,actinomycetes, and fungi in a pilot biopurification system with a green cover

The use of biopurification systems can mitigate the effects of pesticide contamination on farms. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pesticide dissipation on microbial communities in a pilot biopurification system. The pesticide dissipation of atrazine, chlorpyrifos and iprodione (35 mg kg^?1 active ingredient [a.i.]) and biological activity were determined for 40 days. The microbial communities (bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi) were analyzed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). In general, pesticide dissipation was the highest by day 5 and reached 95%. The pesticides did not affect biological activity during the experiment. The structure of the actinomycete and bacterial communities in the rhizosphere was more stable during the evaluation than that in the communities in the control without pesticides. The rhizosphere fungal communities, detected using DGGE, showed small and transitory shifts with time. To conclude, rhizosphere microbial communities were not affected during pesticide dissipation in a pilot biopurification system.     

Laboratory evaluations of the thermal degradation properties of toxic organic materials in sewage sludge

Laboratory thermal decomposition studies were performed to evaluate potential emissions from sewage sludge incinerators. Precisely controlled thermal decomposition experiments were conducted on sludge spiked with mixtures of hazardous organic compounds, on mixtures of pure compounds without sludge, and on unspiked sludge. Experiments were conducted in nitrogen and air atmospheres with gas phase reaction times of 2.0 seconds over the temperature range 300 degrees C-1000 degrees C. It was found that sludge inhibited the decomposition of moderately stable spiked contaminants but accelerated the decomposition of the most stable components. This effect was attributed to radical scavengers produced by the sludge matrix at lower temperatures which then decomposed at higher temperatures. A multiple hearth simulation study suggested that most of the organic material present in the sludge matrix is vaporized within the upper hearths that are held at lower temperatures and may consequently escape from such incinerators undestroyed. A number of stable byproducts resulted from the sludge decomposition that may be of environmental concern.     

Laboratory Evaluations of the Thermal Degradation Properties of Toxic Organic Materials in Sewage Sludge

Laboratory thermal decomposition studies were performed to evaluate potential emissions from sewage sludge incinerators. Precisely controlled thermal decomposition experiments were conducted on sludge spiked with mixtures of hazardous organic compounds, on mixtures of pure compounds without sludge, and on unspiked sludge. Experiments were conducted in nitrogen and air atmospheres with gas phase reaction times of 2.0 seconds over the temperature range 300°C-1000°C.

It was found that sludge inhibited the decomposition of moderately stable spiked contaminants but accelerated the decomposition of the most stable components. This effect was attributed to radical scavengers produced by the sludge matrix at lower temperatures which then decomposed at higher temperatures. A multiple hearth simulation study suggested that most of the organic material present In the sludge matrix is vaporized within the upper hearths that are held at lower temperatures and may consequently escape from such incinerators undestroyed. A number of stable byproducts resulted from the sludge decomposition that may be of environmental concern.     

Microbial metabolic activities in soils of old-field communities following eleven years of nutrient enrichment

Effects of 11 years (1978-1988) of nutrient enrichment (fertilizer or sludge) on microbial metabolic activity in soil samples collected from contrasting types of old-field communities were studied during September 1989. During the 1989 growing season, subplots were manipulated by tilling and/or liming to evaluate mechanisms of ecosystem recovery or were left undisturbed. Metabolic activities of soil microorganisms were determined by measuring dehydrogenase activity within soil samples collected from these subplots. The amounts of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium formazan formed during incubation by the reduction of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride were used to evaluate dehydrogenase activity. Plots that had received long-term applications of sludge or fertilizer had significantly lower rates of microbial activity (P<0.05) than did control plots. Fertilizer and sludge plots treated with lime had significantly higher microbial metabolic activity (P<0.05) than those not receiving lime. Whereas liming stimulated microbial activity to near control levels, tilling had no significant treatment effect.     

活性污泥的耐盐驯化培养

以某污水处理厂二沉池好氧污泥为接种污泥,采用逐步提高盐度和稳定盐度2种方法对活性污泥进行耐盐性驯化培养,考察驯化结果表明,前一种方法更有利于耐盐菌的培养。对比不同盐度情况下各项指标的去除效果得出:本实验污泥适宜盐度为1%。使用稳定进水盐度的方法,出水指标及各指标的去除率均低于逐步提高盐度法,且镜检结果表明大量微生物死亡。     

水解溶菌酶污泥减量过程中的微生物群落变化

利用水解溶菌酶对SBR系统中的剩余污泥进行减量。通过与未加水解溶菌酶的相同系统对比,研究了水解溶菌酶作用下的SBR系统中剩余污泥的减量效果与微生物群落结构的变化。结果表明,在50 d的运行期内,水解溶菌酶作用下的SBR系统中剩余污泥减量总计达到76.3%,同时该系统对COD与TN的平均去除率分别为88.2%与53.8%。通过PCR-DGGE分析可知,随着运行时间的增加两系统微生物群落结构的差异逐步明显,SBR系统中原有的部分优势微生物在水解溶菌酶的作用下逐渐减弱。另外,对微生物群落的部分优势细菌进行克隆测序和系统发育树分析,通过鉴定获得的7条细菌的16S rDNA序列,它们分别与放线菌和杆菌同源性在97%以上。     

接种厌氧消化污泥EGSB反应器的快速启动

对接种市政消化污泥的EGSB反应器的启动进行实验研究以寻求快速启动EGSB反应器的有效方法.接种厌氧消化污泥EGSB反应器的成功启动仅需要46 d.在整个启动期保持适当的液体上升流速是非常重要的.启动初期,高液体上升流速能够将悬浮污泥冲出反应器,使适合聚集的微生物留在反应器内.接下来需要降低进水流量和液体上升流速以利于构建稳定的微生态系统,使高活性颗粒污泥尽快形成.然后适当提高液体上升流速能保持污水与微生物的良好接触,促进颗粒污泥内外高效传质,形成更加稳定高效的微生物群落结构.为尽快形成高活性颗粒污泥,保证产甲烷菌的最佳营养需求是关键,可通过考虑进水基质、微量营养元素和硫化物来提高其活性.