生物接触氧化法及其研究进展

综述了生物接触氧化法的发展历程、工作原理、技术特点和影响生物接触氧化法处理效果的主要因素,以及生物接触氧化法在填料选型、生活污水、工业废水以及微污染水源水处理领域的研究应用,提出了发展方向。     

生物过滤法对水中铁去除的试验研究

随着生物技术在水处理工业中的推广应用,人们逐渐认识到生物除铁是将来替代接触氧化法除铁的新一代除铁方法。本文在国内外生物除铁研究的基础上,通过较低pH值条件培养铁细菌,最终检测不同实验条件下的过滤效果,以达到研究不同粒径滤料、pH值、溶解氧等条件对生物除铁的影响。实验结果表明:小粒径滤料有利于过滤过程的进行;生物除铁的效果不明显,尤其在高pH值和溶解氧条件下几乎没有差别;随着pH值和溶解氧浓度的增加,亚铁的氧化效果加强了,但是生物除铁的效果却减弱了。     

微生物膜法处理高含盐废水的细菌群落特征

新疆某油田公司某污水处理站采用生物膜法处理高含盐废水,经过2个月的运行调试,该生物处理系统能稳定高效地去除废水中COD、石油类、氨氮、BOD以及硫化物。为了了解该好氧接触氧化处理系统中起主要作用的微生物种群,采用高通量测序技术分析了接触氧化池在不同阶段(调试期和正式运行期)与不同级别氧化池中微生物膜的细菌群落结构,并分析了其功能分区。     

印染废水的生化和气浮处理

1 概况 70年代以来,随着对环境保护的重视,国内大中型印染企业的废水处理系统纷纷“上马”,这对当时水污染控制起了积极的作用。受当时治理技术的局限,大多采用单一的运行费用较低的生化净化法,其中生物接触氧化法应用最多。然而,这些处理系统大多难以保证良好的出水水质。生化净化法有两大缺点,一是化学需氧量（COD）、色度去除率不高,二是生物相不稳定,处理效果波动大。     

生物接触氧化法处理高速公路服务区污水工程实例

结合高速公路某服务区污水处理工程的实例。详细介绍了接触氧化法的工艺流程。实践证明。采用接触氧化法工艺处理高速公路服务区污水是完全可行的,污水经处理后完全达标,值得以后的类似工程借鉴和参考。     

攀钢煤化工厂废水处理系统优化改造

攀钢煤化工厂废水处理系统于2008年3月优化改造,采用A／O^2＋生物接触氧化工艺对废水进行处理。改造后系统运行处理能力和稳定性均得到提高,生化系统出水水质稳定,氨氮≤15mg／L,COD≤150mg／L。     

攀钢煤化工厂废水处理系统优化改造

攀钢煤化工厂废水处理系统于2008年3月优化改造,采用A/O2+生物接触氧化工艺对废水进行处理.改造后系统运行处理能力和稳定性均得到提高,生化系统出水水质稳定,氨氮≤15 mg/L,COD≤150 mg/L.     

天然饮用水源中腐殖质的去除

阐述了天然水体中腐殖质对人类的危害及对环境造成的影响。着重综述了去除水体中腐殖质的方法：混凝沉演法、活性炭吸附法、高铁酸盐氧化絮凝法、O3氧化＋生物处理法、H2O2存在下的光解法及TiO2膜光催化氧化法。     

生物接触氧化技术处理二级出水中的氨氮

采用生物接触氧化技术,以污水处理厂二级出水为处理对象,研究工艺的生物降解过程及脱氮效果,并分析了影响NH3-N去除效果的几种因素.实验结果表明,水力停留时间3 h,进水COD 80 mg/L,进水NH3-N 15 mg/L的情况下,生物接触氧化技术能有效去除二级出水中的NH3-N,平均去除率为47.6%,出水满足GB/T 18920-2002《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》中的洗车、清扫的要求.     

印染行业染色废水处理新工艺的试验研究

采用混凝—水解酸化—生物接触氧化—二次混凝新工艺处理印染行业染色废水,研究了PFS、PAC、PAFC 3种混凝剂对废水处理的效果,水解酸化池水力停留时间对废水可生化性的影响,混凝-水解酸化-生物接触氧化工艺联合运行效果,二次混凝PAFC投加量对生化出水的处理效果.结果表明,PAFC对染色废水处理效果优于PFS、PAC,在投加量为300 mg/L时,CODCr的去除率达到40％,色度的去除率达到65％;水解酸化池最佳水力停留时间为8h,对CODCr去除率达30％,色度去除率达60％;接触氧化生化池对CODCr去除率达70％,色度去除率达50％;二次混凝沉淀实验PAFC在投加量为60mg/L时,生化出水CODCr、色度去除率均达到50％,废水各项指标达到《纺织染整工业污染物排放标准》(GB4287-1992)一级排放标准的要求.     

水解酸化-生物接触氧化工艺处理麦芽生产废水

根据麦芽生产废水污染物浓度高且含有较多难降解物质以及企业地处寒冷地区的特点,北方某企业采用以"水解酸化-生物接触氧化"为主体的废水处理工艺,设计并建成了麦芽工业废水处理站.工程运行结果表明,在进水COD、BOD5和SS分别为1 658.2～2 775.4 mg/L、631.4～1 125.6 mg/L和146.8～230 mg/L的情况下,出水水质指标分别为COD 54.4～75.2 mg/L、BOD5 13.4～18 mg/L、SS 15～48.6 mg/L,达到了国家规定的废水一级排放标准.水解酸化-生物接触氧化工艺操作简单,运行稳定性高,能耗低,启动容易,出水水质好,适宜于处理麦芽工业废水,为麦芽工业废水处理工程的设计和运行提供了成功经验.     

Evaluation of decentralized treatment of sewage employing bio-contact oxidation reactor integrated with filter bed

A bio-contact oxidation reactor integrated with filter bed (COR-FB) was developed for decentralized treatment of sewage, which consisted of a biofilm reactor and a gravitational filter bed. It has been investigated to treat municipal wastewater for reuse. The evaluation of COR-FB performance demonstrates that it produced good quality effluent regarding carbonaceous compound, nitrogenous compound, suspended solid and fecal coliform. The efficiencies of COD, NH₄⁺-N, TN, TP and turbidity removal were 90.7%, 81.4%, 64.6%, 60.1% and 96.7%, respectively. The residual geometric mean of fecal coliform counts in the final effluent of COR-FB was only 7.8 × 10³ MPN/10³ ml, corresponding to removal value of 3.8 log 10. However, TP removal indicates the necessity of an addition of a bagger and mud valve or an enhanced chemical phosphorus removal prior to treated water reuse. Microfauna communities were monitored in COR-FB, which was found to contain 5 genres and 19 species in the biofilm layer. Also, a simple kinetics model for COR-FB was developed based on the influent, effluent soluble COD concentration and the reaction time by regression simulation. In general, available data proved that COR-FB system can be recommended as a compact and cost-effective technology for decentralized treatment of sewage, especially for developing countries.     

Two-stage biodegradation coupled with ultrafiltration for treatment of municipal landfill leachate

The municipal landfill leachate was treated in a hydrolysis–acidification reactor (HAR)/aerobic bio-contact oxidation reactor (ABOR) following a pretreatment with ultrafiltration (UF) membrane. Experiments were conducted continuously for 44 days at a constant flow rate of 20 l d⁻¹ and organic loading rates (OLRs) from 0.75 to 1.5 kgCOD m⁻³ per day. The results showed that COD of the leachate steadily decreased from 20,015 mg l⁻¹ to less than 3000 mg l⁻¹, and NH₄-N decreased from 368.6 mg l⁻¹ to 259.3 mg l⁻¹ in the UF process. The COD and NH₄-N removal efficiency of HAR was 56.7% and 27.7%, and that of ABOR was 94.6% and 86.7%, respectively. The total COD and NH₄-N removal efficiency reached 99.6% and 93.2%, respectively. UF and HAR played a critical role in raising the biodegradability of the landfill leachate, while ABOR had an important function on removing the dissolved NH₄-N in leachate.     

氧化速度对硫化矿石堆积体温度场变化影响的数值模拟方法研究

基于绝热温升模型和有限元数值计算方法,确定硫化矿石堆积体自燃预测指标,研究氧化速度对硫化矿石堆积体温度场的影响,建立硫化矿石堆积体温度场数值模型。计算结果表明,硫化矿石的氧化速度受到多重因素影响,通过调整参数m值反映堆积体中矿料氧化速度的快慢。随着m值的增大,氧化速度增大,堆积过程中以及后期堆放早期的最高温度值显著升高,而在堆放后期整体温度分布基本相同;其形心点的最高温度也增大,堆放后期该点温度值基本保持不变。     

Flame propagation through dust clouds of nano and micron scale aluminum particles

Temperature measurement on propagating flame and minimum explosible concentration are investigated. The dust explosion experiments of nano-particle dust clouds exhibit higher temperature gradient in preheat zone and lower MEC than those of micron particle dust clouds. A heterogeneous model is proposed to describe the oxidation process under two extreme conditions: whether the alumina film is involved in the reaction or not. The new methodology allows the estimation of oxidation kinetics of growing alumina. For micron particle, the model clarifies that the activation energy which has been wrongly considered to be for aluminum oxidation should be for lattice diffusion, and the initial reaction rate is proved to be dominated by the diffusion rate of oxygen through alumina shell as diffusion controlled reaction. For nano-particle, the model explained that why the reported activation energy shows significantly lower than that for micron particle, due to initially ignorable alumina film or considered as kinetically controlled reaction. However, as reaction occurs and alumina builds up on the surface, the interference of alumina somewhat increases the activation energy.     

神经网络预测催化超临界水氧化废水效果的研究

在间歇式反应器中进行催化超临界水氧化DDNP废水试验,考察催化剂浓度、反应温度、压力、停留时间对氧化效果的影响。在实验基础上采用BP神经网络算法,建立以催化剂浓度、反应温度、压力、停留时间作为网络模型的输入层,COD去除率作为输出层的双隐层BP神经网络预测模型,预测催化超临界水氧化废水的效果,仿真结果表明模型预测效果较好。     

自然扩散条件下阴然向有焰火转化的数理模型

建立了一维自然扩散条件下阴燃传播和向有焰火转化的积分模型。材料阴燃的化学反应采用两步反应模型：无氧热解反应和有氧热解反应。前者是吸热反应,释放可燃气体,后者是放热反应,提供阴燃所需的能量。气相反应速率取决于可燃气体的浓度、氧气的浓度以及温度,一旦条件达到合适点,将出现有焰火。文中给出了自然扩散条件下阴然稳定传播时的速度,和能够出现有焰火所需务件的数学表达式,并与相关实验结果进行了对比。     

Low-temperature oxidation of coal at elevated pressures

A mathematical model is presented to describe steady-state mass transfer and oxidation processes in coal at low temperatures in a fixed-bed flow reactor. The model incorporates the effects of partial pressure of oxygen, temperature and coal particle size, and accounts for the rate of coal oxidation and the composition of oxygenated products at high pressures. This is an important development since previous models did not include the effect of pressure in their formulation. It is found that, when the partial pressure of oxygen increases the rate of oxygen consumption increases accordingly. However, the influence of partial pressure of oxygen on the rate of oxidation is less pronounced when the pressure surpasses 1 MPa. In addition the model predicts that, for a constant partial pressure of oxygen, higher rates of oxygen consumption occur at lower total pressures. The same trends are also found for the concentration of oxygenated products at the reactor outlet. It is suggested that, the variation of partial pressure of oxygen leads to different concentration levels of oxygen at the surface and within the pores of coal particles, substantially affecting the rate of oxidation.     

Determination of heterogeneous reaction mechanisms: A key milestone in dust explosion modelling

Reaction kinetics is fundamental for modelling the thermal oxidation of a solid phase, in processes such as dust explosions, combustion or gasification. The methodology followed in this study consists in i) the experimental identification of the reaction mechanisms involved in the explosion of organic powders, ii) the proposal of simplified mechanisms of pyrolysis and oxidation, iii) the implementation of the model to assess the explosion severity of organic dusts. Flash pyrolysis and combustion experiments were carried out on starch (22 μm) and cellulose (53 μm) at temperatures ranging from 973 K to 1173 K. The gases generated were collected and analyzed by gas chromatography. In this paper, a semi-global pyrolysis model was developed for reactive systems with low Damköhler number. It is in good agreement with the experimental data and shows that both carbon monoxide and hydrogen are mainly generated during the pyrolysis of the solid, the generation of the latter compound being greatly promoted at high temperature. A simplified combustion model was also proposed by adding two oxidation reactions of the pyrolysis products. In parallel, flame propagation tests were performed in a semi open tube in order to assess the burning velocity of such compounds. The laminar burning velocity of cellulose was determined to be 21 cm s⁻¹. Finally, this model will be integrated to a predictive model of dust explosions and its validation will be based on experimental data obtained using the 20 L explosion sphere. The explosion severity of cellulose was determined and will be used to develop and adjust the predictive model.     

Gas-phase thermal explosions in catalytic direct oxidation of alkenes

The metal-based catalytic oxidation of alkenes to the corresponding epoxides is playing a significant role in the modern chemical industry. Nevertheless, these key processes are still lacking proper understanding with respect to the gas-phase runaway behaviour (thermal explosion) and to the hot spot formation on the catalytic surface, under the typical process conditions.This work aims to enlighten these aspects by considering either the catalytic or the gas-phase chemistry for the development of reactor operative diagrams, in order to define the best-operating conditions with respect to the selectivity, the productivity, and the process safety aspects.The proposed methodology has been applied to the oxidation of ethylene and propylene for the direct oxidation process by pure oxygen, considering a detailed kinetic model accounting for the homogeneous reactions, coupled with the heterogeneous catalytic mechanisms.Sensitivity and reaction path analyses were performed to individuate the ruling species and reactions determining the transition to runaway conditions.