新农药硫肟醚在土壤中的降解

在实验室条件下对新农药硫肟醚[o-(3-苯氧苄基)-2-甲硫基-1-(4-氯苯基)丙基酮肟醚]在不同地区土壤中的降解动态进行了研究.结果表明,硫肟醚在土壤中的降解遵循一级动力学方程.硫肟醚在非灭菌与灭菌长沙粉砂质黏土中的降解速率常数(k)分别为8.106×10^-3和1.630×10^-3,半衰期分别为85.5d和425.2d,微生物对硫肟醚在土壤中的降解具有显著的影响.硫肟醚在3种土壤中的降解速率大小依次为湖南永州重黏土>甘肃天水黏土>辽宁沈阳粉砂质黏土,其降解半衰期分别为46.1,63.8,70.0d,降解速率常数分别为1.503×10^-2,1.087×10^-2,9.904×10^-3.根据国内农药在土壤中的残留期划分标准,硫肟醚属于较易降解类农药.     

中国火力发电燃料消耗的生命周期排放清单

介绍了火力发电因化石燃料消耗而引起主要气态污染物排放量的估算方法,计算得到中国火力发电燃料消耗所引起的生命周期总排放量及单位售电的生命周期排放清单.与2002年中国火力发电燃料消耗相关的CO₂、SO₂、NO_x、CO、CH₄、NMVOC、烟尘、As、Cd、Cr、Hg、Ni、Pb、V和Zn的单位售电生命周期排放量分别为1.07、9.93×10^-3、6.46×10^-3、1.55×10^-3、2.60×10^-3、4.87×10^-42.02×10^-22.00×10^-61.27×10^-81.69×10^-78.78×10^-82.50×10^-71.76×10^-62.88×10^-62.40×10^-6g/(kW     

广州市大气中过氧化物的研究

采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)荧光法于1998年7月和10月测定了广州市大气中的5种过氧化 物:过氧化氢(H₂O₂)、羟甲基过氧化氢(HMHP)、甲基过氧化氢(MHP)、1-羟乙基过氧化氢(1-H EHP)及乙基过氧化氢(EHP).其中主要过氧化物是H₂O₂、HMHP和MHP,其最高浓度分别为1.6(10 ^-9、0.67(10^-9和0.54(10^-9(V/V).在光照强,相对湿度低的情况下,H₂O₂和MHP呈现明显的日 变化规律,早晚浓度低,最大值多出现在14:00～16:00.同时测定了大气温度,湿度和紫外辐射U VB及大气中O₃, NO_X和SO₂,发现H₂O₂和MHP与O₃、温度和UVB具有一定的正相关关系,而与NO_X, SO₂ 和相对湿度具有一定的负相关关系.     

三氯乙烯在薄膜催化剂上的光催化降解动力学

研究了不同初始浓度三氯乙烯(TCE)在TiO₂薄膜催化剂上的光催化降解.结果表明,TCE在主波长为254nm的低压汞灯照射下易于发生光降解反应,而TiO₂薄膜催化剂能显著提高TCE的降解.光催化降解反应的伪一级速率常数随初始浓度的增加先升后降.在Langmuir-Hinshelwood方程基础上建立的光催化降解动力学模型包含了发生在薄膜催化剂表面的光催化氧化过程和发生的溶液体相的光降解过程,该动力学模型适用于表达低浓度有机物在薄膜催化剂上的光催化降解动力学.     

β-环糊精/Ce/TiO2 光催化氧化气相甲苯

为提高光催化剂对气相污染物的吸附和光催化净化效果,选取不锈钢网作载体,由溶胶－凝胶法、2 次涂敷和烧结制备活性较高的1%Ce/TiO₂ 催化剂,经浸渍吸附β-环糊精(β-CD),获得β-CD 修饰的Ce/TiO₂ 催化剂;用X 射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜等手段表征了催化剂的结构性质;考察了该催化剂对空气中甲苯污染物的光催化氧化活性.结果表明,反应4~5h,修饰薄膜催化剂可将初始浓度为70mg/m³的甲苯100%氧化去除,且重复使用3 次后去除率仍为100%;反应3h 可将初始浓度为97mg/m³ 的甲苯100％氧化;初始浓度为208mg/m³ 时,甲苯氧化转化率为80%以上.实验表明,β-CD修饰的催化剂单位面积比活性比未修饰的Ce/TiO₂催化剂提高0.59 倍,对甲苯的去除率分别增加35%和20%.     

烟气脱氮体系中络合吸收剂的氧化还原过程

在填料吸收塔中,考察NO和O₂共存时,NO浓度、O₂含量对脱氮效率、Fe^II(EDTA)氧化速率以及Fe^III(EDTA)生物还原速率的影响,并对该系统的主要反应过程进行了分析.结果表明,同时吸收NO可促进Fe^II(EDTA)的氧化,当进气NO浓度由0增至500cm³/m³时,表观氧化反应速率常数由0.00451min^-1增至0.00604min^-1;Fe^II(EDTA)的氧化反应对于O₂含量为1级反应,表观氧化速率常数与O₂含量成线性关系;增加气体中NO浓度或O₂含量均会使Fe^III(EDTA)的生物还原反应速率下降;微生物对氧化中间产物的还原可以减缓NO对Fe^II(EDTA)氧化的促进作用,因而气相中NO和O2共存时对Fe^III(EDTA)生物还原的影响小于各单一组分存在时的影响之和.     

高锰酸钾光氧化六氟苯脱氟的研究

尝试利用KMnO₄ 光氧化C₆F₆ 脱氟,获得较好的脱氟效果.研究表明,溶液的pH 值、激光脉冲次数、KMnO₄ 的初始浓度、C₆F₆ 的初始浓度等因素均会影响F-的生成率.酸性条件更有利于KMnO₄ 光氧化C₆F₆ 脱氟.F-生成率随激光脉冲数的增加而单调上升.受到消光系数的影响, KMnO4 的浓度达到3.0×10^-4mol/L 时,脱氟效率达到最佳. pH 值为0.5 的2.0×10^-4 mol/L C₆F₆ 与6.0×10^-4mol/L KMnO4 的混合溶液在接受脉冲激光照射9000 次后,F-生成率可达1.61mol/mol C6F6.C6F6 的降解与MnO4-受激后产生的Mn(V)过氧复合物有关.     

VUV/TiO2/H2O2法去除水中微量硝基苯

研究了过氧化氢(H₂O₂)强化的真空紫外光催化(VUV/TiO₂/H₂O₂)方法对水中微量硝基苯(NB)的去除效果,同时考察了H₂O₂ 投加量、NB 初始浓度、重碳酸盐和腐殖酸对NB 降解的影响.采用负载在钛片上的二氧化钛(TiO₂)薄膜为光催化剂,以能发射185nm 真空紫外线(VUV)的紫外灯为光源.结果表明,去离子水中50µg/L 的NB 反应60s 后去除率即达到97.9%.随H₂O₂ 投加量的增加, VUV/TiO2/H₂O₂ 对NB的降解速率先增后减;初始浓度低于170µg/L 时,初始浓度对NB 降解影响不大;重碳酸盐和腐殖酸对硝基苯降解有显著的抑制作用.VUV/TiO₂/H₂O₂能快速有效地去除地表水(含碳酸盐和天然有机物)中的微量NB,5min 内初始浓度为90µg/L的NB去除率达到94.1%, UV₂₅₄在4min 内也降低了53.3%.     

阴离子对UV/H2O2/微曝气工艺降解双酚A 的影响

试验研究了水中典型阴离子对UV/H₂O₂/微曝气工艺降解内分泌干扰物双酚A 的影响.结果表明,随着HCO₃^-和NO₃^-浓度的增大,BPA的降解速率下降,当HCO₃^-浓度增加到400mg/L 时,反应常数(k)从0.1613min-1 降低到0.0804min^-1;当NO₃^-的浓度增加到800mg/L 时, k 值降低到0.1107min^-1;而SO₄²-和Cl-浓度在一定范围内增加时,有利于BPA 的降解,当SO₄²-的浓度为800mg/L 左右时,对降解促进作用最大, k 值增加到0.1814min-1;当Cl-的浓度为400mg/L 左右时, k 值增加到0.1772min-1,但是当浓度继续增加时,BPA 的降解速度将降低.4 种离子对BPA 的降解影响大小顺序为HCO₃^-> NO₃^->SO₄²->Cl-.     

大气中痕量烯烃的观测与分析

采用两步深冷冻浓缩自动进样系统,配以气相色谱/质谱联机对北京大气中的烯烃进行了连续观测.结果表明,北京市大气中浓度最高的烯烃为C4烯烃,2000年日平均浓度为3.5×10^-9±3.0×10^-9(V/V).2h平均浓度的日变化在春、夏、秋、冬4季各有特点,但基本上呈双峰型模态,峰值分别出现在上午和傍晚;在季节变化中,1、10月份大气中C4烯烃的浓度最高,为6.0×10-9±1.2×10^-9(V/V),3、9月份最低,为0.31×10^-9±0.13×10^-9(V/V).     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.