不同粒度RDX的重结晶制备和机械感度研究

为研究RDx机械感度随其粒度大小的变化规律,采用微团化动态结晶方法和溶剂／非溶剂滴加重结晶方法制备出中位径如分别为0．429μm,7．052μm,40．75μm的RDX颗粒,并采用粒度分析仪和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对3种试样的粒度进行了表征。测定了3种试样的撞击感度（特性落高H50）和摩擦感度（爆炸概率）值。测试结果表明,撞击感度随粒度减小逐渐降低,并且在粒度降至亚微米级时最低。摩擦感度随粒度减小先升高再降低,而且粒度在亚微米时最为钝感。     

不同粒度RDX的重结晶制备和机械感度研究

为研究RDX机械感度随其粒度大小的变化规律,采用微团化动态结晶方法和溶剂/非溶剂滴加重结晶方法制备出中位径d50分别为0.429μm,7.052μm,40.75μm的RDX颗粒,并采用粒度分析仪和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对3种试样的粒度进行了表征.测定了3种试样的撞击感度(特性落高H50)和摩擦感度(爆炸概率)值.测试结果表明,撞击感度随粒度减小逐渐降低,并且在粒度降至亚微米级时最低.摩擦感度随粒度减小先升高再降低,而且粒度在亚微米时最为钝感.     

环境温度对烟火药剂混触机械感度的影响研究

对烟花爆竹药剂典型氧化剂与还原剂的二元混合物在不同温度的条件下进行撞击感度及摩擦感度测试,分析不同氧化剂、还原剂及温度对二者混触的影响规律。结果表明:含有硫磺的药剂撞击感度值较大,含有镁铝合金粉的药剂摩擦感度值较大;随着温度升高,药剂的撞击感度值升高,而不同药剂的摩擦感度值表现出不同趋势,这与机械撞击和摩擦作用下起爆机理不同有很大的关系,并从理论上对实验结果进行分析。     

HMX粒度、粒度级配对混合传爆药性能影响的研究

通过喷射方法把主体炸药 HMX重结晶后 ,将其制成粗细不同的几种粒度药粉 ,并按粗细不同比例进行级配 ,随后采用 SSGT和爆速测试 ,研究了不同粒度及粒度级配对其混合传爆药冲击波感度和爆速的影响规律 ,并对其结果进行了理论分析。由于实验条件的限制 ,还不能达到按要求控制条件以细化出要求的各种粒径 ,所以实验所选的几种级配粒度是随机的 ,因而具有代表性。     

高分子包覆ε-HNIW方法对样品机械撞击感度的影响

使用反溶剂的包覆方法,用高分子材料P845、F2601、F2311包覆钝感ε-HNIW,探讨对样品机械撞击感度的影响.结果表明,制备方法、高分子种类以及是否含有表面活性剂(SFT)都对包覆得到样品的撞击感度有影响.如采用溶液悬浮法和水悬浮法制备的样品的撞击感度特性落高h50,前者平均值为18.9 cm,而后者平均值为31.4cm,采用水悬浮法制备的样品较为钝感;采用溶液悬浮法时,以高分子材料P845为粘合剂,卵磷脂为SFT制备得到的样品,h5o值为41.8cm,使用OT为SFT时,制备得到的样品的h5o则为36.2 cm.样品SPW-11-PVA的机械撞击感度最低,h5o值为59.7 cm.     

Mg(BH_4)_2和MgH_2对RDX热分解特性的影响

在黑索今(RDX)中加入具有高热值的金属氢化物(Mg(BH4)2和MgH2)有望提高RDX的爆炸性能,但同时给RDX的安全使用带来挑战。为了探索RDX与这2种金属氢化物的相容性与安定性,采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究Mg(BH4)2和MgH2对RDX热分解性能的影响,并由DSC得到的数据计算动力学参数,参照GJB770B—2005的方法分析这2种金属氢化物与RDX的相容性和安定性。结果表明,加入Mg(BH4)2使RDX的表观活化能从159.22 kJ/mol增加至180.27 kJ/mol,加入MgH2使RDX的表观活化能降低至133.69 kJ/mol;Mg(BH4)2与RDX的相容性为1级,MgH2与RDX的相容性为3级,加入Mg(BH4)2使RDX的安定性有所提高,加入MgH2降低了RDX的安定性。因此,在将MgH2作为RDX的高能添加剂以前,必须首先提高其与RDX的相容性以保证试验和存储过程的安全。     

烟气流速对感烟火灾探测器性能的影响

针对列车等存在高速气流的特殊场所,利用火灾探测器综合模拟实验平台,实验研究了光电感烟与离子感烟火灾探测器在不同风速条件下的工作性能.实验结果表明:在以相同量的阴燃棉绳作为烟源条件下,光电感烟探测器随着周围气流速度的增大,其灵敏度急剧下降;而离子型感烟探测器的灵敏度受外界气流速度影响较小,在高速气流条件下依然保持较高的灵敏度,较适合在高速气流环境中工作.     

光学迷宫对飞机货舱感烟探测器响应性能的影响

针对飞机货舱火灾的探测延迟性问题,探讨了光学迷宫对点型光电感烟探测器响应性能的影响,实验研究了点型光电感烟探测器在有、无迷宫两种情况下烟雾探测的响应过程,对比分析了不同烟量时迷宫的作用,并提出探测器迷宫结构的改进设计思路。实验结果表明,在探测器响应过程中,有光学迷宫的探测器烟雾浓度波动幅度较小,迷宫对烟气有滞留作用,提高了探测器的稳定性;但迷宫会使探测腔室的烟雾浓度明显滞后且低于腔外,增大了探测器的迟滞时间,烟雾浓度较低时这种迟滞影响更为明显,严重影响货舱火警探测器的灵敏度。     

铝粉超细化对KClO3/Al/S配方药剂特性的影响

为研究铝粉超细化后对烟火药剂性能的影响,将普通铝粉和纳米铝粉分别与氯酸钾、硫黄粉按照零氧平衡的同一配比(17%Al+63%KClO3+20%S)配制成烟火药剂,分别用0#样品和1#样品表示。用ARC、WL-1型落锤仪和MGY-1型摆式摩擦感度仪等试验装置从热安全性、撞击感度和摩擦感度等方面进行对比试验。结果表明,与含普通铝粉的0#样品相比,含纳米铝粉的1#烟火药剂热分解的初始反应温度明显降低(118.67℃<123.3℃),反应到达最大温升速率所需的时间明显延长(4.94min>0.13 min),反应所能达到的最高压力明显降低(2.77 MPa/g<3.14 MPa/g),反应动力学因子明显降低(361.85 kJ/mol<409.41 kJ/mol),撞击感度明显下降(12%<100%)。这说明铝粉粒径对药剂的性能有一定的影响。纳米铝粉的加入在加速烟火药剂反应进程的同时,可有效降低其反应的激烈程度、压力危险性和撞击危险性,即铝粉超细化后可以有效改善烟火药剂的性能,提高其安全性。     

湿法粉碎制备纳米RDX安全性分析与性能表征

从热传导理论分析入手,以回收的RDX为原料,选择易获取的水为导热介质,湿法粉碎制备了纳米级RDX样品。利用纳米激光粒度仪、场发射扫描电镜和卡斯特型落锤仪对样品粒径大小、外观特征、感度大小进行了观察和测试。实验结果表明,湿法制备的纳米级RDX感度明显降低,安全性提高。由于本方法成本低廉,使得大规模回收的RDX再次利用成为可能,解决了RDX不方便储存运输使用等难题,扩大了其使用范围。     

Influence of non-reactive particle cloud on heterogeneous detonation propagation

An interaction of a detonation wave propagating in the cellular detonation mode with a cloud of inert particles is investigated numerically. The analysis of results allows the regimes of propagation of the heterogeneous plane Chapman–Jouguet and cellular detonations and their suppression to be identified. The influence of various parameters of the inert cloud is demonstrated. The critical length of the cloud sufficient for detonation suppression is determined. It is shown that the disperse composition and the nonuniform distribution of particles in the cloud are important parameters affecting the detonation propagation mode.     

废水中微量残留炸药奥克托今、黑索今测定方法的研究

含有奥克托今、黑索今的废水会对人体、动物、水生生物产生毒害作用。笔者针对含有奥克托今、黑索今的废水 ,研究了采用分光光度法同时测定废水中微量奥克托今、黑索今的原理、方法和显色反应的适宜条件。该方法不需要吸收曲线交点和等吸收点 ,具有较好的回归稳定性。采用该方法进行废水的环境监测 ,对环境治理、水质安全评价和水生生态进行综合的管理和保护将会发挥其重要作用。     

Influence of physical properties of ammonium nitrate on the detonation behaviour of ANFO

In order to obtain a better understanding of the non-ideal detonation behaviour of ammonium nitrate based explosives, detonation velocities of ANFO (ammonium nitrate and fuel oil) prepared with different kinds of ammonium nitrate (AN) were measured in steel tubes. In this series of test six kinds of AN were used and the influence of the pore diameter, the pore volume and the particle diameter of the AN particle on the detonation velocity of ANFO was investigated.

It was found that the pore diameter and the pore volume had a strong influence on the detonation velocities of ANFO. In the case of ANFO samples which were prepared with AN that had the same pore diameter and the pore volume, when tested the highest detonation velocity (3.85 km/s) was observed when the smallest particle diameter (<0.85 mm) was used. This value corresponded to 75% of the ideal detonation velocity, which was theoretically predicted by the CHEETAH code with the JCZ3-EOS.

The 12 months aging showed the change of the detonation velocities of ANFO and the reaction of ANFO was influenced both by the physical and the chemical properties of AN particles and oil during the storage period.     

约束空间可燃气体燃烧爆轰特性的数值研究

在可燃气体的输送、贮存、加工和使用过程中,容易发生可燃气体的燃烧和爆炸事故。文中基于有限体积方法,采用五阶WENO格式进行左右状态量的重构后,利用ROE格式进行空间离散,自行开发程序对甲烷氧气的气相爆轰波传播过程进行了数值研究。计算结果表明:在CH4质量分数为10%的混合气体中,高温高压气团可诱导气相发生爆轰,爆轰波以2133.3 m/s的速度传播。在带有障碍物的约束空间内,文中分析了障碍物不同高度、不同间距条件下爆轰波传播时波的绕射、马赫反射等现象,给出障碍物表面压力随时间变化历程和冲量值,揭示波与障碍物的相互作用机理以及由此引发流场的变化规律,为有效地控制可燃气体的燃烧速率、防治爆炸灾害的发生提供理论依据。     

基于两相流模型数值研究可燃颗粒燃烧爆轰的特性

粉尘爆炸是工业爆炸灾害的重要形式。建立可燃颗粒非均相系统的燃烧爆轰模型,基于Eulerian-Eulerian数值描述方法,采取有限差分方法编制非均相系统燃烧和爆轰发展的数值模拟程序,对封闭空间内两相非定常爆轰过程进行研究。数值分析可燃颗粒尺度、颗粒浓度对非均相系统燃烧、爆轰特性的影响。结果表明:在一定的范围内,当可燃颗粒的体积分数为10%,粒径0.5mm时,流场的燃烧爆轰效应最强。即10.6ms时刻,流场压力值达到28MPa,温度高达2600K,颗粒燃烧效率最高。     

铁路振动对历史城墙影响的测试分析

铁路列车运行对周围建筑产生振动影响,古建筑对振动更为敏感。为比较不同控制点位置及方向的振动响应,以某历史城墙为保护目标,基于《古建筑防工业振动技术规范》分析铁路振动对城墙的影响,得出水平方向振动速度对古建筑更不利,古建筑顶部水平振动大于底部水平振动;铁路引起的古建筑的水平振动中,垂直于铁路线方向是主要贡献量,并显著大于平行于铁路线方向。     

HMX的氟橡胶包覆技术及其撞击感度研究

采用超临界流体SAS法,以氟橡胶（FPM2602）为钝化包覆剂,对主体炸药超细奥克托今（HMX）的粒子表面均匀包覆,制备出超细HMX为基传爆药。对系统温度、系统压力、溶液浓度等参数进行实验研究,用红外光谱（FT-IR）和扫描电镜（SEM）对包覆后超细HMX进行了表征,并对其撞击感度进行了测试。结果表明：溶液浓度是影响包覆效果的最主要因素;当系统温度45℃,系统压力9.5MPa,溶液浓度为0.4g/ml,通气时间为20min条件下,氟橡胶均匀包覆在超细HMX颗粒表面,包覆后颗粒呈0.4-1μm球状,包覆后造型粉特性落高H50为38.50cm（12型工具、2.5kg落锤）,撞击感度比原料（H50为26.30cm）明显降低。     

Acceleration sensitivity of piezoelectric pressure sensors and the influence on the measurement of explosion pressures

To measure the explosion pressure inside an enclosure, it is common to install a piezoelectric pressure sensor in the enclosure wall. The pressure wave of the internal explosion inevitably leads to vibrations of the enclosure walls. This unwanted but naturally occurring motion is also transmitted to the pressure sensor mounted in the enclosure wall and results in inertial forces affecting the piezoelectric element. During the measurement of the explosion pressure, this affects the output signal of the pressure sensor since an undesired signal due to the acceleration of the pressure sensor is superimposed on the desired pressure signal. This behaviour of the sensor is described as acceleration sensitivity. The level of acceleration sensitivity depends on the type and construction design of the pressure sensor. Even though this sensor behaviour is basically not a new phenomenon, the evaluation of an international comparison between Ex testing laboratories in the field of flameproof enclosures has shown that the consideration of this issue is a major challenge in daily practice concerning the measurement of explosion pressures and is even often completely neglected.This work evaluates the behaviour of various piezoelectric pressure sensors with respect to the influence of acceleration and investigates the specific impact on the explosion pressure measurement in the field of flameproof enclosures. For this purpose, explosions from typically used explosive mixtures such as hydrogen, propane and ethyne in air are examined. These investigations involve simple model enclosures with various specifications as well as a commercially available equipment for hazardous areas. By using blind holes and specially designed adapters, a practical method is applied to be able to detect the effect of acceleration on the sensor signal separately from the pressure signal. For this purpose, both the discrete-time pressure curves and the frequency components are analysed using Fast Fourier Transform. The use of signal filters as a practical and fast approach to address these unwanted signal components is discussed and evaluated.This paper provides guidelines for typical end-users in the field of flameproof enclosures how to handle acceleration of piezoelectric pressure sensors and the influence on the measurement of explosion pressures correctly.     

Multifoci effects of injustice on counterproductive work behaviors and the moderating roles of symbolization and victim sensitivity

Past research suggests that employees, in response to workplace experiences, selectively engage in targeted counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs). Taking a retributive justice and target similarity perspective, we predict that employee perceptions of unfairness from the organization uniquely predict CWB specifically targeted at the organization whereas employee perceptions of supervisory unfairness uniquely predict CWB specifically targeted at the supervisor. We further hypothesized that moral identity‐symbolization would strengthen these target‐similar relationships. Finally, drawing from the sensitivity to mean intentions model, we hypothesized that victim sensitivity would not only strengthen these target‐similar relationships but also lead to cross‐foci effects of multifoci fairness perceptions on targets of CWB. Results from 3 field studies of full‐time employees provided support for most of our hypothesized relationships.