GIS与SDM集成构建土地定级专家信息系统的研究

提出将GIS与SDM技术集成应用于土地定级信息系统建设,介绍了GIS与SDM集成的基本框架。设计开发了一个基于GIS和SDM技术的土地定级专家信息系统,系统采用决策树方法作为数据挖掘方法的基本算法,通过决策树训练与学习相结合挖掘土地定级规则,运用专家系统推力技术进行匹配推理实现土地定级工作。结合武汉市商业用地类型土地定级实例数据对系统性能进行了验证。结果表明,系统具有良好的移植性、复用性、扩展性和广泛适应性的特点,运用此技术能较好地解决土地定级这种具有半结构和非结构化特点的问题。     

A geographic information system-based socioeconomic impact assessment of the broadening of national highway in Sikkim Himalayas: a case study

Socioeconomic impact assessment (SEIA) is an undermined area of environmental impact assessment of highway projects. The problem becomes even more pronounced in remote and difficult terrains. The challenge in data gathering and impact prediction in mountainous areas can be mitigated using Geographic Information System (GIS). In this paper, an attempt has been made to apply the techniques of GIS and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to perform a rapid SEIA on broadening of national highway in a mountainous terrain like Sikkim. The proposed spatial impact model shows the distribution of impacts of highway broadening on socioeconomic attributes and generates a composite impact inventory map. The composite impact is found to be slightly to moderately beneficial for the study area. Cross-validation of Empirical Bayesian Kriging (EBK) and sensitivity analysis have also been carried out for model evaluation. Cross-validation results show a reliable spatial interpolation. Sensitivity analysis shows a robust decision model and identifies the socioeconomic attributes to which the spatial impact model is sensitive. The study presents a novel methodology of rapid spatial SEIA.     

多级环境地理信息系统的建立

地理信息系统(GIS)是当前研究的热点,它在各类管理与决策中已被广泛采用,我国十个省市的环保局系统已建立了环境信息中心来开展这项工作。本文提出了建立既独立又能相互连接的三级环境信息系统,以适应不同层次的需要,并对各级系统的特点及其接口、汉化技术、环境数据库等进行了讨论。     

Association between esophageal cancer and drought in China by using Geographic Information System

The objective of this ecological study was to discover associations between selected climate variables and esophageal cancer (EC) mortality in China using a Geographic Information System (GIS). A digital distribution map of EC mortality in China was established in GIS, which was based on one-tenth of nationwide population cause-of-death surveys conducted in mainland China in 1990-1992. Selected climate variables such as 30-year annual average precipitation and evaporation data of the sample areas were extracted from the environmental databases by zonal statistics finished in Spatial Analyst module of ArcInfo 9.0. Drought Indexes were calculated by using the precipitation and evaporation data and a digital distribution map of them was created to compare with the distribution of EC mortality. Correlation and regression analyses were applied to evaluate associations between the EC mortality rates defined at the sample areas and selected climate variables from the raster datasets. The results of the digital GIS maps of EC mortality and Drought Index show that the high EC mortality mostly occurred in areas with high Drought Index. Correlation and regression analyses also show weak negative correlation between precipitation and EC mortality (p<0.001), and weak positive correlation between Drought Index and EC mortality (p<0.001). This study presented a unique model for the link of cancer and climate using a GIS. The study suggests that drought plays a role in the occurrence and development of EC in China, however, other environmental, biological and genetic factors should not be ignored. There is need for further studies using multiple factors and more accurate and detailed environmental and health data.     

水污染控制规划的GIS辅助技术研究

以宁波市甬江流域为例，以GIS技术辅助流域水污染控制规划，在ARCGIS90的环境中，完成了流域水系概化、水质评价，并利用GIS的叠置技术，建立功能区划水域－入河排污口－陆上汇流区的对应关系。根据水环境功能区的水质目标，通过建立污染源－水环境质量的输入响应关系，然后利用GIS技术对甬江流域数字高程模型（DEM）进行数字地形分析，得到甬江流域的模拟河网和流域汇水图，构筑了水污染控制单元，作为水环境容量核定和总量分配的基本工作区域。最后利用GIS的可视化表达进行辅助决策，确定各水环境功能区的水环境容量，结合排污状况（包括工业、农业、生活）的分析，得出流域水污染控制的总量控制方案和对策措施。甬江流域水污染控制规划的实践表明，在规划过程中，GIS作为一个必不可少的工具渗透在每一个环节中，为数据管理、空间图形表达和空间决策分析提供有效的工作平台和可靠的技术支持     

基于ArcGIS Engine的污染源数据库系统开发与应用

组件式地理信息系统（ComGIS）是GIS技术发展的潮流之一。对ESRI公司的ArcObjects和ArcGIS Engine 软件进行了简要的阐述,并结合宁波市甬江水域信息特点,在Visual C 环境下开发出“污染源空间数据库系统”,并对系统结构、数据准备和功能实现等作了阐述。所开发的系统具有可视化、查询统计、数据管理、空间分析、专题制图等功能。结果表明,嵌入式ArcGIS Engine进行GIS应用开发时彻底脱离了ArcGIS平台,提高了开发效率和开发的方便程度,缩短了开发周期,从而为用户提供了一个低成本、灵活定制的、轻量级的GIS应用选择,为开发环境决策支持系统提供了更为有力的技术平台。     

1980年来湖北省钉螺分布区域及其数量的消长分析

目前对钉螺分布及消长的研究主要是短期的、文字描述性的、数字和曲线图表示的,通过这些方式可以呈现出某个地域范围的钉螺消长的总体趋势。但是,若要呈现出以行政村为单位的各个地区钉螺分布及消长的长期变化,仅仅用文字和曲线图是不够的,而是需要用更复杂的方式,才能呈现各个行政村的钉螺消长时空分布情况。地理信息系统(GIS)可以通过地图清晰显示出这些复杂的动态变化。利用湖北省钉螺的螺情村级统计年报数据,以湖北省村级行政区划图为基本空间制图单元,利用ArcGIS软件的逻辑运算和统计功能,分析了各个村级行政区从1980~2009年每间隔5 a的钉螺分布的区域及面积大小,以及钉螺数量的消长情况,并用GIS软件详细制图,获得各个村级行政区的钉螺数量的消长变化情况。根据钉螺消长情况,将所有行政村分为八类,可以识别出钉螺反复出现和难以消灭的地区,并且在地图中清晰地呈现出来。针对各个钉螺消长类型,结合自然地理、人为治理途径等情况进行相关分析,总结出湖北省各地区钉螺消长类型分异的原因,这将有利于制定县市甚至细化到村级单位的钉螺防控计划,也有利于辨识过去30 a来钉螺分布及其数量消长的区域以及灭螺的效果,对今后血吸虫的防治工作有重要指导意义。     

GIS支持下土壤侵蚀潜在危险度的分级研究

根据土壤侵蚀特点，在IDRISI地理信息系统（GIS）支持下，研究设计了小流域空间与属性数据库的建设，在GIS系统支持下可有效地实现区域土壤侵蚀潜在危险的分级及其空间分析。首先，采用侵蚀预报的数学模型来估算土壤侵蚀星，用土壤详查资料编制土层厚度和土壤容重图，然后，由土壤年均侵蚀量，土层厚度和土壤容重得到土壤抗蚀年限图，按水利部标准将土壤侵蚀潜在危险度分为5级。最后，为表明某一地区或地类土壤侵蚀潜在危险的大小，还提出了土壤侵蚀潜在危险指数（SEPDI）。以三峡库区的王家桥小流域为例进行了研究，并且分析了其空间分布特点。     

Development of a spatial database for large-scale catchment management: Geology,soils, and landuse in the Namoi Basin,Australia

The ArcInfo Geographical Information System (GIS) was used to develop spatial databases for recording spatial data. The databases developed in this study provide a graphic and mapping display interface to assist the management of the Namoi Basin in New South Wales, Australia. In addition, the databases are used in the investigation of the impacts of spatio-temporal changes in landuse/management on hydrologic processes from catchment to basin scales. Climate, stream flow, and water quality data are being incorporated into the ArcInfo dataset to drive and test hydrologic models.     

基于GIS的土地适宜性评价决策支持系统--以南京市江宁区淳化镇为例

传统的基于GIS建立的土地适宜性评价系统缺乏对空间问题决策的支持能力,而GIS与DSS技术集成建立土地适宜性评价决策系统一方面可以实现对空间数据的管理和分析,另一方面可以利用模型进行辅助决策,有利于解决与空间有关的决策问题。以MapInfo Professional 6.0为基础平台,以Visual 〖XC夏敏字1.TIF,JZ〗6.0为开发工具,建立了一个土地适宜性评价决策支持系统,该系统包括数据库系统、模型库系统、知识库系统以及人机接口4个部分,具有数据输入输出、图属互查、数据空间分析和辅助决策等功能。系统成功应用于南京市江宁区淳化镇农地适宜性评价实践中,应用结果表明系统能为决策者提供多种决策方案,同时又集成了GIS的数据管理和空间分析功能,满足土地适宜性评价的要求,有推广使用的价值。     

海州湾保护区海洋环境质量综合评价

海洋环境质量综合评价是开展海洋环境保护和管理的基础和依据。以海州湾海洋保护区为研究区，结合国内海洋环境调查现状，利用层次分析法构建了以生物要素为主、物理化学要素为辅的海洋环境质量综合评价指标体系。参考国内外相关研究，将海洋环境质量等级划分为“优良中差劣”。收集了海州湾保护区2005~2011年环境调查资料，结合国家相关标准和统计数据序列综合确定各评价指标等级判定标准。利用2006年8月、2009年12月和2011年3月的调查数据对海州湾保护区环境质量进行评价和分析。评价结果显示综合指数值分别为0608、0465、0638，保护区环境质量整体处于等级良，且近岸环境较离岸海域差，较客观地反应了该区域的环境状况。此外，海洋生物物种丰度和生物多样性呈现一定程度的季节波动，尤以冬季底栖生物较为明显，反应了区域气候特点对生态系统生物要素的影响。在生态环境评价以及评价标准的选择中需注意季节变化可能产生的干扰；开展环境质量评价时应充分注意调查时间选择的代表性，方能客观有效地反映区域环境质量状况     

The role of environmental and fisheries multi-controls in white seabream (Diplodus sargus) artisanal fisheries in Portuguese coast

Evaluating the effects of fishing and environmental factors on fish populations are fundamental tenets of fisheries science. In this study, we assess associations between environmental variables (sea surface temperature; North Atlantic Oscillation index; upwelling; wind magnitude; westerly winds; northerly winds; river discharge) and fishing variables (fishing effort) in Diplodus sagus catch rates accounting for regional analyses (northwest coast; southwest coast and Algarve—Algarve south coast). Different time series models for data fitting (multi-model approach) were used. The models were lagged, according to species fishing recruitment age based on the hypothesis that fisheries catches depend on larvae recruitment and survivorship. D. sargus catch rates across areas were unrelated to fishing effort but correlated to environmental variables, with seasonal events explaining much of the variability in trends. On the northwestern coast, the catch rates were mainly set by sea surface temperature (SST) and wind magnitude; however, southwestern coast catch rates were set by NAO winter. On the south coast, only one statistical model (SST, upwelling and westerly winds) associated spring conditions with D. sargus catch rates. The multi-model approach revealed autumn, winter and spring seasonal effects to be related with northwest, southwest and Algarve coastal catch rates, respectively, indicating a possible coastal longitudinal gradient related with given periods of spawning and larval availability. The metadata analysis yielded different results from the regional analyses. In summary, marine resource management should take regional environment characteristics and variability into account when determining sustainable catch rates in given areas for species with high habitat site fidelity.     

ICT applications in the research into environmental sustainability: a user preferences approach

Whether information and communication technology (ICT) constitutes a threat or a cure to environment??s deterioration is controversially discussed. Empirical evidence on the impacts of ICT is rare, so that generalizable lessons can hardly be drawn. This study provides empirical results on the role of ICT in research for environmental sustainability, but instead of ascertaining the impact of ICT on environmental protection, we conduct an analysis of the use of ICT in sustainability research. We assess the preferences of experts in different thematic sustainability fields for applying ICT tools, and we investigate ways to improve the application of these tools in order to augment their returns with respect to environmental protection research. This analysis is based on a set of surveys that were administered to international experts to evaluate the importance of ICT in environmental sustainability research and the research demands in key environmental sectors, such as climate change, natural resources, energy and biodiversity. The methodological framework is built on the analysis of users?? preferences for future developments in ICT tools using stated preferences techniques. Overall results suggest that ICT tools need to be developed in specific contexts, taking into account users?? needs and expectations. Our analysis shows that the use of ICT in environmental research is of great importance in the scientific community, but it can also play a crucial role in the policy context.     

水污染控制规划的GIS辅助技术研究

以宁波市甬江流域为例,以GIS技术辅助流域水污染控制规划,在ARCGIS90的环境中,完成了流域水系概化、水质评价,并利用GIS的叠置技术,建立功能区划水域－入河排污口－陆上汇流区的对应关系。根据水环境功能区的水质目标,通过建立污染源－水环境质量的输入响应关系,然后利用GIS技术对甬江流域数字高程模型（DEM）进行数字地形分析,得到甬江流域的模拟河网和流域汇水图,构筑了水污染控制单元,作为水环境容量核定和总量分配的基本工作区域。最后利用GIS的可视化表达进行辅助决策,确定各水环境功能区的水环境容量,结合排污状况（包括工业、农业、生活）的分析,得出流域水污染控制的总量控制方案和对策措施。甬江流域水污染控制规划的实践表明,在规划过程中,GIS作为一个必不可少的工具渗透在每一个环节中,为数据管理、空间图形表达和空间决策分析提供有效的工作平台和可靠的技术支持     

Coastal marine eutrophication assessment: a review on data analysis

A wide variety of data analysis techniques have been applied for quantitative assessment of coastal marine eutrophication. Indicators for assessing eutrophication and frequency distributions have been used to develop scales for characterizing oligotrophy and eutrophication. Numerical classification has also contributed to the assessment of eutrophic trends by grouping sampling sites of similar trophic conditions. Applications of eutrophication assessment based on Principal Component Analysis and Multidimensional Scaling have also been carried out. In addition, the rapid development of Geographical Information Systems has provided the framework for applications of spatial methods and mapping techniques on eutrophication studies. Satellite data have also contributed to eutrophication assessment especially at large scale. Multiple criteria analysis methods can integrate eutrophication variables together with socio-economic parameters providing a holistic approach particularly useful to policy makers. As the current concept of eutrophication problems is to be examined as part of a coastal management approach, more complex quantitative procedures are needed to provide a platform useful for implementation of environmental policy. The present work reviews methods of data analysis used for the assessment of coastal marine eutrophication. The difficulties in applying these methods on data collected from the marine environment are discussed as well as the future perspectives of spatial and multiple criteria choice methods.     

The Spatial Dimension of Landscape Sustainability

Sustainability indicators are mostly derived from parameters which are, in the spatial dimension, more or less distribution-free. In the majority of cases, the indicators are based on statistical data on production, consumption, pollutants emission, land use, etc. This statistical approach is liable to mask sustainability risks which are primarily caused by specific spatial and temporal patterns of landscape and land use structure, such as degradation of soil functions, disturbances in the landscape's water balance, and losses in functional habitat quality.Sustainability risks due to ecologically non-adapted spatial landuse patterns require measures on regional to local scales, based on disaggregated, spatially explicit indicators. Depending on the respective planning and decision level, different levels of spatial aggregation/disaggregation have to be considered.In the concept presented here, a differentiated approach is proposed. For an aggregated assessment of landscape sustainability, long term monitoring of the dynamics of water flow and matter load at the outlet point of river catchments is recommended. A prerequisite for analyzing those measurements in terms of the catchments' land cover and land use pattern, as well as changes thereof, is a Geographic Information System (GIS) holding relevant up-to-date geodata sets. For a spatially more detailed indication of sustainability risks, an approach of GIS-based functional landscape assessment was demonstrated in a regional case study.The results show GIS on regional to local scales together with satellite remote sensing data on land cover and landuse to be a powerful data basis for spatially explicit landscape evaluation, provided that suitable models for assessing specific landscape functions are applied.     

Effects of ecological conditions on lipid composition of the liver and muscles in the daubed shanny, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Leptoclinus maculatus</Emphasis>

A comparative study on the lipid composition of the liver and muscles has been performed in daubed shanny caught in summer (July) in Arctic waters at three different sites (biotopes) along the north-western coast of Spitsbergen. In marine organisms living at high latitudes, lipids play an especially important role, primarily as reserve substances and as a factor influencing adaptation to severe environmental conditions. Since the ecology of daubed shanny is poorly known, the data obtained may be considered novel.     

湖南永吉高速公路建设的景观格局影响评价

利用遥感（RS）、全球定位系统（GPS）与地理信息系统技术（GIS）,对湖南省永吉高速公路沿线建设前后的景观进行分类和制图,结合景观结构分析软件Fragstats33和景观生态学方法,从斑块和景观两个层次上研究高速公路建设前后景观格局的变化。结果表明：（1）斑块层次指数中,沿线除公路用地外各景观类型的面积均有所减少,257%的土地转换为公路用地,其中旱地面积减少最多,但是公路建设前后没有改变该区域的优势斑块类型;（2）景观层次指数中,斑块数目和斑块密度的增加与最大斑块指数的减少,都表明景观异质性增加;（3）不同缓冲区分析结果表明：高速公路建设对景观格局的干扰突出表现在距公路较近的500 m缓冲区内。本研究方法在未来路网规划与环境影响评价中具有一定应用前景     

INFOTERRA: A global network for environmental information

INFOTERRA, the International Referral System for Sources of Environmental Information, is a component of EARTHWATCH, UNEP's programme for the critical assessment of the global environment. One of the first three programme activity centres set up to implement the EARTHWATCH concept, INFOTERRA was established to facilitate the exchange of environmental information within and between nations. The system became fully operational in January 1977, when the first edition of the International Directory of Sources of Environmental Information was published.Since then, INFOTERRA has processed over 3000 environmental queries around the world through its network of 101 participating countries. As the network enters its fourth year of operations, its partners are exploring ways of improving the flow of information to decision makers around the world and have begun a preliminary evaluation of the effectiveness of the system. The following report describes the basic features of INFOTERRA and the services it provides and discusses the results of studies undertaken to measure the effectiveness of this unique international cooperative effort in the field of environmental information exchange.     

Estimating human exposure to transport noise in central Dublin, Ireland

This paper reports on research conducted to determine estimates of the extent of environmental noise exposure from road transport on residents and workers in central Dublin, Ireland. The Harmonoise calculation method is used to calculate noise values for the study area while a Geographical Information System (GIS) is utilised as a platform upon which levels of noise exposure are estimated. Residential exposure is determined for L(den) and L(night) while worker exposure is determined for L(den). In order to analyse the potential of traffic management as a noise abatement measure, traffic was redirected from the main residential areas to alternative road links and the revised exposure levels were determined. The results show that the extent of noise exposure in Dublin is considerable, and in relative terms, it is worse for the night-time period. In addition, the results suggest also that traffic management measures have the potential to lead to significant reductions in the level of noise exposure provided that careful consideration is given to the impact of traffic flows on residential populations.