焦化废水处理中酚、氰降解细菌的分离选育

针对焦化废水为含酚、氰废水的特性，从焦化厂处理焦化废水的活性污泥和油泥中分离出能降解酚的细菌7株，降解氰的细菌8株，并对其降解能力进行了测定，结果表明，当酚浓度为150mg/L，经6h处理后0512菌株对酚的去除率达96．84％，当CN^-浓度为25mg/L经8h处理后，0501菌株对CN^-的去除率达99．96％。     

1,4-二氯苯降解菌的疏水性及其降解特性研究

从某化工厂的活性污泥中分离纯化得到2株能以1,4-二氯苯为唯一碳源和能源生长的降解菌DEB-2和DEB-3,通过形态特征和生理生化实验初步鉴定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)。根据细菌在有机相-水相两相体系中的细胞数量研究了DEB-2和DEB-3的表面疏水性以及在不同环境条件下的变化,同时对菌株DEB-2和DEB-3在液体培养条件下降解不同初始浓度的1,4-二氯苯的性能进行研究。结果表明,DEB-2和DEB-3的表面疏水性随培养时间、温度和pH值的变化而变化,并且细菌的细胞表面疏水性与其在水环境中对有机污染物的降解呈一定的相关性,疏水性大的菌株DEB-2对疏水性有机物的降解能力较疏水性小的菌株DEB-3要强。     

光合细菌PSB-1D对2-氯苯酚的降解特性研究

从农药厂排污口下游底泥中分离筛选出1株可降解2-氯苯酚的光合细菌PSB-1D,经过菌落形态特征、细胞形态特征、生理生化特性实验和特征吸收光谱扫描分析后,初步鉴定该菌株为红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudomonas sp.).PSB-1D生长和2-氯苯酚降解关系实验结果表明,该菌能在含2-氯苯酚(50mg/L)的PSB液体培养基中降解2-氯苯酚,培养7d后降解率可达57.26%.进一步实验研究表明不同供氧光照组合、培养基初始pH值、温度、光照度等环境因素对PSB-1D生长和降解2-氯苯酚效果的影响较为显著.在初始pH值为7.0,培养温度为30℃,光照度为4000lx的条件下,将PSB-1D置于含2-氯苯酚质量浓度为50mg/L的PSB培养基中厌氧光照培养7d后,2-氯苯酚降解率可达到62.08%.在此基础上采用Andrews方程对PSB-1D降解2-氯苯酚的动力学过程进行拟合.结果表明PSB-1D降解2-氯苯酚符合高浓度底物抑制的酶促反应类型,其降解动力学参数为rmax=0.309d-1,Km=2.733mg/L,Ki=230.15mg/L.     

BTEX降解嗜盐菌群的多样性及其降解特性

从胜利油田采油井口的盐碱化油污土壤中富集分离出一个高效降解BTEX的嗜盐菌群,通过PCR-DGGE技术和16S rDNA序列分析,确定该菌群主要由海杆菌属(Marinobacter)、盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)、食碱菌属(Alcanivorax),梭菌属(Clostridium)的细菌等组成.在5%盐度的海盐培养基中,该降解菌群可以在56h内将100mg·L-1的苯完全降解,在112h内将20-400mg·L-1的BTEX混合底物完全降解.进一步的研究结果表明,菌群的盐度适应范围为5%～20%,在pH=6.5～9.5的范围内均可以降解苯,最佳pH=7.5.降解菌群在20～45℃下均可高效降解苯,30℃为最佳降饵温度.微量酵母粉(0.01%～0.02%)的添加可以显著提高菌群的降解速率1.3～1.7倍.     

丙烯酰胺降解细菌的质粒检出及生长特性研究

从化工厂的活性污泥中筛选出具有降解丙烯酰胺能力的细菌12株,经鉴定均为不动杆菌属。碱裂解法抽提显示质粒检出率为75%,并在质粒量上有所差异。在实验室条件下,这些菌株中对丙烯酰胺的最大耐受力可达40mg/mL;12株菌株都对氨苄青霉素有抗性,而对链霉素、卡那霉素、庆大霉素及氯霉素无抗性;在以丙烯酰胺为唯一碳源的无机盐培养基中,菌株DAW01在30℃,108γ/min旋转式摇床振荡培养6d后,对丙烯酰胺降解能力可达45.01%。     

石油降解低温细菌的筛选及降解特性的表征

从石油污染土壤中,通过低温富集,筛选并鉴定得到7株低温石油降解细菌。基于菌株降解石油组分特性,构建6组低温石油降解菌群,利用5 L发酵罐,并通过尾气分析仪在线监测菌群石油降解过程中的CO₂产生和O₂消耗变化,评价菌群的石油降解能力。由Arthrobacter sp. JLH 001,Acinetobacter baumannii JLH 002,Pseudomonas fragi JLH 003和Arthrobacter sp. JLH 006组成的菌群降解石油效果最佳,48 h后CO₂的产生值和O₂的消耗值达到最高,在15℃时、72 h后能完全降解1%的石油,并且在25℃时降解速度显著增强。结果表明:石油污染土壤的原位生物修复可通过低温石油降解菌群的添加实现高效及快速修复。     

光合细菌对2,4,6-三氯苯酚的降解特性研究

研究了混合光合细菌PSB-DR在不同光照、接种量和pH值下对2,4,6-三氯苯酚(2,4,6-TCP)的生物降解特性,确定了PSB-DR生物降解2,4,6-TCP的优化控制条件.结果表明,光照培养下,接种量30%,初始pH值7.0时2,4,6-TCP降解效率最高.在此条件下,50mg/L的2,4,6-TCP经5d后降解率达到82.3%.培养基中醋酸钠的加入对2,4,6-TCP降解有明显的抑制作用.PSB-DR静息细胞对2,4,6-TCP的降解符合高浓度底物抑制的酶促反应类型,其降解动力学参数rmax=1.746h-1,Km=38.333mg/L,Ki=260.87mg/L.     

四氢呋喃降解细菌质粒的检出及菌株的生长特性

某化工厂的活性污泥中筛选出具有降解四氢呋喃能力的细菌12株,经鉴定均为气单胞菌属.碱裂解法抽提显示质粒检出率为100%,但在质粒量上有所差异.在实验室条件下,这些菌株中对四氢呋喃的最大耐受力可达140 μL/mL;12株菌株都对链霉素有抗性,部分菌株对氨苄青霉素有抗性,而对卡那霉素、庆大霉素及氯霉素无抗性;在以四氢呋喃为唯一碳源的无机盐培养基中,1号、2号、4号及9号菌株在30 ℃,108 r/min旋转式摇床振荡培养6 d后,对四氢呋喃具有一定的降解能力.确定1号与9号菌株为进一步研究菌株,且两菌株的最适生长温度为30 ℃,最适生长的pH值为7.5.      

嗜铁细菌CAS17的分离鉴定及其对毒死蜱的降解特性研究

采用改良定向培育法,从获得的几株嗜铁细菌菌株中经过驯化筛选,获得1株对毒死蜱有较高降解作用的细菌CAS17.结合其生理生化特性及16S rRNA序列分析,将其鉴定为耐盐短杆菌(Brevibacterium halotolerans).生长特性和毒死蜱降解试验结果表明,该菌株对毒死蜱有较高的耐受性,在毒死蜱浓度达到800 mg·L-1时仍可生长.最适毒死蜱降解浓度为≤100 mg·L-1,降解率可达67%左右,浓度继续升高时降解效果明显降低;最适降解温度为30℃,对高温敏感;对pH值有着较强的适应范围,pH值在5~9之间的降解率波动不大;最适降解时间为48 h,振荡速率为150 r·min-1,接种量为4%;适合其降解的最佳外加碳源为葡萄糖,最佳氮源为酵母粉,最佳无机盐为CaCl2.     

高效石油降解菌的选育及其降解特性研究

从石油化工厂附近的污染土壤中分离到三株石油降解菌w1、w2和w3,经鉴定分别是不动杆菌属、芽孢杆菌属和假单胞菌属。初步研究了菌株的生长特性与其降解石油能力的关系,并将w1和w2进行紫外诱变得到诱变菌yw1和yw2。对诱变前后的菌株进行石油降解实验,结果表明,诱变前的菌株在原油浓度为4000mg/L培养液中培养10d,原油的降解率分别为74.34%和77.58%。而诱变菌株10d降解率达到了79.9%和87.3%。同时,诱变菌株还大大提高了对高浓度石油的耐受能力。     

Anaerobic benzene biodegradation by a pure bacterial culture of Bacillus cereus under nitrate reducing conditions

A pure culture using benzene as sole carbon and energy sources was isolated by screening procedure from gasoline contaminated soil. The analysis of the 16S rDNA gene sequence, morphological and physiological characteristics showed that the isolated strain was a member of genus Bacillus cereus. The biodegradation performance of benzene by B. cereus was evaluated, and the results showed that benzene could be e ciently biodegraded when the initial benzene concentration was below 150 mg/L. The metabolites of anaerobic nitrate-dependent benzene oxidation by strain B. cereus were identified as phenol and benzoate. The results of substrate interaction between binary combinations for benzene, phenol and benzoate showed that the simultaneous presence of benzene stimulated the degradation of benzoate, whereas the addition of benzene inhibited the degradation of phenol. Benzene degradation by B. cereus was enhanced by the addition of phenol and benzoate, the enhanced e ects were more pronounced at higher concentration. To our knowledge, this is the first report that the isolated bacterial culture of B. cereus can e ciently degraded benzene under nitrate reducing conditions.     

蜡状芽孢杆菌Bacillus cereus吸附铅的研究

通过吸附实验和微量滴定法探讨了Pb²⁺与蜡状芽孢杆菌Bacillus cereus的吸附特性.结果表明,该菌体对Pb²⁺的吸附量随着pH升高而升高,最适pH值为6;菌体浓度的增加有利于对Pb²⁺的吸附;整个吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附模型,在试验的条件下,对Pb²⁺的饱和吸附容量为36.7mg/g干菌体.通过电位滴定实验,使用实时格氏图确定了滴定体系中的等当点(Ve)以及估算了表面活性位的总浓度(HS).     

蜡状芽孢杆菌好氧反硝化特性研究

从湖北省洪湖、仙桃等地采集的活性污泥和土壤中分离得到32株好氧反硝化细菌,对其进行反硝化能力测定,其中3株菌的反硝化能力较强,能以NaNO₃为唯一氮源生长,分别命名为HS-N25,HS-MP12和HS-MP13. 这3株菌可以分别在18,15和12 h内将特定培养基SC中起始浓度为10 mmol/L 的NO₃-完全降解. 通过菌株形态观察、生理生化及16S rDNA 分子鉴定,菌株HS-N25,HS-MP12及HS-MP13与蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)亲缘关系最为接近,同源性达99%. 初步鉴定这3株菌为蜡状芽孢杆菌.      

Resistance and biosorption mechanism of silver ions by Bacillus cereus biomass

Biosorption of silver ions onto Bacillus cereus biomass was investigated. Overall kinetic experiments were performed for the determination of the necessary contact time for the attainment of equilibrium. It was found that the overall biosorption process was best described by pseudo second-order kinetic model. The crystals detected by scanning electron microscope and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggested the precipitation was a possible mechanism of biosorption. The molecular genetics of silver resistance of B. cereus biomass was also detected and illustrated by a whole cell sensor tool.     

Surface reaction of Bacillus cereus biomass and its biosorption for lead and copper ions

In this study, the surface chemical functional groups of Bacillus cereus biomass were identified by Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） analytical technique. It had been shown that the B. cereus cells mainly contained carboxyl, hydroxyl, phosphate, amino and amide functional groups. The potentiometric titration was conducted to explain the surface acid-base properties of aqueous B. cereus biomass. The computer program FITEQL 4.0 was used to perform the model calculations. The optimization results indicated that three sitesthree pKas model, which assumed the cell surface to have three distinct types of surface organic functional groups based on the IR analysis results, simulated the experimental results very well. Moreover, batch adsorption experiments were performed to investigate biosorption behavior of Cu（Ⅱ） and Pb（Ⅱ） ions onto the biomass. Obviously, the adsorption equilibrium data for the two ions were reasonably described by typical Langmuir isotherm.     

Experiments and modelling of phenanthrene biodegradation in the aqueous phase by a mixed culture

Pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons（PAHs） is widespread due to tmsuitable disposal of industrial waste. They are mostly defined as priority pollutants by environmental protection authorities worldwide. Phenanthrene, a typical PAH, was selected as the target in this paper. The PAH-degrading mixed culture, named ZM, was collected from a petroleum contaminated river bed. This culture was injected into phenanthrene solutions at different concentrations to quantify the biodegradation process. Results show near-complete removal of phenanthrene in three days of biodegradation if the initial phenanthrene concentration is low. When the initial concentration is high, the removal rate is increased but 20%-40% of the phenanthrene remains at the end of the experiment. The biomass shows a peak on the third day due to the combined effects of microbial growth and decay. Another peak is evident for cases with a high initial concentration, possibly due to production of an intermediate metabolite. The pH generally decreased during biodegradation because of the production of organic acid. Two phenomenological models were designed to simulate the phenanthrene biodegradation and biomass growth. A relatively simple model that does not consider the intermediate metabolite and its inhibition of phenanthrene biodegradation cannot fit the observed data. A modified Monod model that considered an intermediate metabolite （organic acid） and its inhibiting reversal effect reasonably depicts the experimental results.     

DLL-1菌在土壤中对甲基对硫磷农药的降解性能与影响因素研究

研究了邻单胞菌（DLL－1）在土壤中降解甲基对硫磷的性能与影响因素，DLL－1菌在江西红壤、太湖水稻土、东北黑土与河北砂壤土中均能发挥高效降解甲基对硫磷农药的作用，试验结果表明，农药浓度在1．5－450mg/kg范围内，DLL－1菌作用24h后，降解率达86．0％－95．2％，在模拟水田与旱田试验中，加菌24h后土壤中甲基对硫磷农药的降解率远达到95％以上，而对照试验中降解率仅为18．8％、42．2％，田间小区试验结果：当DLL－1菌剂用量大于3g/m^2时，在田间土壤环境中即产生明显的强降解作用。     

多环芳烃降解真菌Fusarium solani对芘的吸收存储和降解特性研究

以芘为唯一碳源,从公路旁污染土壤中分离得到一株芘降解真菌,经鉴定为Fusarium solani(命名为Py F-1),荧光显微镜观察发现其菌丝能吸收储存芘.对该菌株在芘浓度为50 mg·L-1的液体培养基中对芘的吸收储存和降解特性,具体包括芘的生物降解、菌体吸收、菌体吸附和消解总量进行了39 d的动态研究,结果表明:生物降解芘在培养0~14 d内逐渐增加,培养14 d时占芘添加量的15.9%,此后基本达到稳定,培养结束时生物降解芘为芘添加量的17.6%;菌体吸收芘在0~21 d内含量较少且变化不显著,低于芘添加量的3%;而在21~39 d内,菌体吸收芘变化显著,芘的消解总量随着菌体吸收量的变化产生显著波动;培养28 d时,芘的消解总量达到最大值,其中菌体吸收芘占芘消解总量的一半,达到芘添加量的16.0%,菌体吸附芘不足芘添加量的0.5%,在研究中可以忽略不计.因此,培养前期培养基中芘的消解以生物降解为主,培养后期菌体吸收芘的变化是芘消解总量变化的主要原因.     

中温消化法处理1,3-丙二醇发酵废液的试验研究

根据1,3丙二醇混合发酵废液的水质特点,采用中温厌氧消化法对其进行了试验研究。厌氧反应器处理混合发酵废液的启动和运行结果表明:反应器最佳运行条件为投配比7%,厌氧反应器处理效率较高,启动周期相对较短,出水水质稳定,COD去除率达到90.3%,BOD5去除率达到87.5%。     

Kinetics of phenol and m-cresol biodegradation by an indigenous mixed microbial culture isolated from a sewage treatment plant

An acclimatized mixed microbial culture, predominantly Pseudomonas sp., was enriched from a sewage treatment plant, and its potential to simultaneously degrade mixtures of phenol and m-cresol was investigated during its growth in batch shake flasks. A 22 full factorial design with the two substrates at two di erent levels and di erent initial concentration ranges (low and high), was employed to carry out the biodegradation experiments. The substrates phenol and m-cresol were completely utilized within 21 h when present at low concentrations of 100 mg/L for each, and at high concentration of 600 mg/L for each, a maximum time of 187 h was observed for their removal. The biodegradation results also showed that the presence of phenol in low concentration range (100–300 mg/L) did not inhibit m-cresol biodegradation. Whereas the presence of m-cresol inhibited phenol biodegradation by the culture. Moreover, irrespective of the concentrations used, phenol was degraded preferentially and earlier than m-cresol. A sum kinetics model was used to describe the variation in the substrate specific degradation rates, which gave a high coe cient of determination value (R2 > 0.98) at the low concentration range of the substrates. From the estimated interaction parameter values obtained from this model, the inhibitory e ect of phenol on m-cresol degradation by the culture was found to be more pronounced compared to that of m-cresol on phenol. This study showed a good potential of the indigenous mixed culture in degrading mixed substrate of phenolics.