三峡二期工程与湖北的机遇和挑战

１９９７年１１月１８日,三峡工程大江截流成功,标志着第一期工程结束、进入第二期工程实施阶段。长江三峡水利枢纽具有防洪、发电、航运和供水等巨大综合效益,是跨世纪特大型水利工程。它的建设,不仅对我国能源秘至整个经济布局产生极大的影响,而且对湖北长江经济带的形成与发展具有决定性的意义。     

浅析中国气象经济现状及发展建议

本文通过查阅有关中国气象经济的资料与文献,初步了解我国气象经济的发展状况,即公益性气象经济效果显著,而盈利性气象经济发展缓慢。同时认为阻碍我国气象经济发展的问题主要有体制问题、市场潜力开发问题、气象服务层次问题、外埠气象机构的冲击等。针对这些问题,结合实际,作者提出转变观念、体制改革、人才培养、提高业务水平等发展建议,并指出现阶段我国气象经济机遇与挑战并存,每个气象人都应该时刻准备迎接挑战。     

生态旅游经济异化的生态反思

在生态旅游经济得到繁荣发展的同时,正在悄悄出现的生态危机也成为人们必须正视的现实,如果不采取适当的措施加以遏制和消除.将会引发严重的经济危机和社会危机,危害生态旅游经济的可持续发展,造成生态旅游经济的异化.本文探讨了生态旅游经济发展中存在的异化现象,并对此进行了理论反思和现实反思,指出导致生态旅游经济异化的生态危机,其实质是生态旅游经济关系的危机,思想根源则在于受传统西方经济学影响的经济发展模式和经营管理实践.在现实中,更因经济关系超越生态关系、利益主体的矛盾及发展的外在压力导致生态旅游经济关系不协调、不和谐、不可持续.要解决生态旅游经济的异化现象,缓解和消除生态危机,可以从三方面入手:构建和谐的生态旅游经济关系,构建内生化的生态旅游经济发展模式,构建协调的生态旅游经济管理体系.     

中国实施流域生态系统管理面临的机遇和挑战

流域生态系统管理是基于流域综合管理模式，应用生态系统方法。通过具体的行动、过程和实践。促进和实现流域的可持续发展。随着流域生态学的发展和流域管理实践经验的丰富。流域管理也更侧重于生态系统的管理。总结已有研究。流域生态系统管理应该包括但不限于以下内容：注重流域生态系统特征、流域复合系统管理、加强机构能力建设、采用适应性管理的方法、人类的价值对于实现流域管理目标的重要性、多学科方法和多种管理手段的运用、加强信息能力建设、注重制定流域中长期规划。分析表明。通过国内外交流与合作。中国正在不断引进和学习有关流域生态系统管理的理念和方法，并总结经验。在实践中探索，这为中国实施流域生态系统管理提供了难得的机遇。但仍存在许多障碍。主要有：探索中国流域综合管理新机制和新体制、法制保障不足、生态极限与生存极限之间的冲突、对市场机制的运用不够、分区研究不够、适应性管理能力不足、流域信息建设不够。由于机构能力建设的重要性，本文试以机构为主线。探索流域生态系统管理在中国的实现。     

中国有机食品的生产和认证

中国的有机食品开发和认证工作起步于上个世纪末。经过近十年的发展，有机食品的开发行为已基本得到了社会各界的认可，更多的基地、企业、高校、科研单位以及政府部门都参与到这一新兴产业中，有机食品产业蓄势待发。目前，如何正确分析和处理有机食品开发过程中的一些问题以引导和促进该项事业的健康发展，已显得尤为重要。本文在总结近年来工作的基础上，提出了中国有机食品开发工作中存在的一些不足之处，希望能够起到抛砖引玉的作用，使更多的人参与到有机食品认证管理的讨论之中。     

中国低碳经济的挑战与应对策略

在气候问题倍受关注的背景下,低碳经济模式越来越受到国际社会的关注。如今低碳成为了新的经济增长点,低碳的全球博弈对于高速发展的中国既是机遇,更是挑战。立足国情分析我国低碳发展面临的挑战、提出应对策略是当务之急。     

生态旅游项目的可持续设计

本文基于我国目前生态旅游项目开发存在的普遍问题,从可持续旅游的观点提出了生态旅游项目开发的四个基本准则,同时讨论分析了生态旅游项目可持续设计应遵循的方法和主要内容。     

基于可持续发展的生态旅游餐饮产品的设计

文章基于可持续发展理论。以生态旅游区的餐饮为研究对象，从环境友好的角度。对生态旅游区的食品种类、包装材料、生产方式和经营管理进行设计。使餐饮企业最终获得环境效益和经济效益。     

机遇与挑战:21世纪中国可持续发展的取向

本文通过对我国改革开放以来20多年的经济发展与生态环境状况的全面分析，指出我国未来可持续发展可能面临的挑战和机遇；并根据我国现阶段的经济发展水平以及经济发展与资源环境的倒U字型曲线关系．提出了我国未来可持续发展应该采取的政策措施。     

生态旅游经济关系的二重性辨析

生态旅游经济关系是自然生态关系和社会经济关系的有机统一,两种关系并存于生态旅游经济复合系统中,成为生态旅游经济可持续发展的基础.但是,生态旅游经济关系在实践中出现了严重的变形,利益关系的冲突,正在使生态旅游经济越来越多地出现不和谐的现象,突破利益关系制约的瓶颈,重建和谐的生态旅游经济关系,正是解决生态危机的着眼点.因此,本文对生态旅游经济关系的二重性进行深入辨析,指出无论是生态旅游经济行为主体还是生态旅游经济过程,都具有自然生态属性和社会经济属性相统一的二重性,这些都决定了生态旅游经济关系二重性的协调统一.针对生态旅游经济关系在实践发展中的扭曲变形,只有变革传统经济学的发展观,以生态经济学和可持续发展经济学的理论为平台,对失调的生态旅游经济关系进行修正,还原生态旅游经济关系的本来面貌,即人与自然和谐、生态与经济协调、自然生态关系与社会经济关系统一的理想状态,才能实现生态旅游经济的可持续发展.     

我国生态旅游利益相关者分析

发展生态旅游需要在不同利益主体之间建立一个合理的利益协调和分配机制，而利益相关者角色的错位、缺位，其间关系的交叉、矛盾是制约我国生态旅游发展的关键。为了确保生态旅游的可持续发展，需要对现有的利益相关者角色和关系进行调整。真正使政府、当地牡区，旅游企业、保护地、旅游者、非政府组织、学术界及相关机构、媒体分别扮演好调控者、参与和受益者、执行者、执行监督者、实践者。协助者、研究指导者、宣传监督者的角色。     

Reflections on the Connotations of Ecotourism

As the most desirable option for sustainable development of tourism industry, ecotourism still suffers from lack of a clear-cut and widely accepted definition, posing many risks and threats in its practices. Based on collection and collation of various concepts and explanations of ecotourism both at home and abroad, this paper reflects on the current connotations of ecotourism in terms of four aspects, namely, objects of ecotourism, ecotourists, nature of ecotourism as well as the relationship between ecotourism and communities. In-depth analysis was performed in an effort to revise the misinterpretation of ecotourism and provide implications for ecotourism initiatives. The main conclusions and fruits of this article include： 1） The objects of eeotourism should go beyond natural, pristine, or even only primitive natural areas to including cultural resources together with their natural context which also deserve preservation. 2） Tourism operators, compared to tourists, have more leverage and hence should shoulder more responsibilities for conservation. 3） Ecotourism should serve as a principle to guide tourism initiatives towards sustainability, rather than merely a special tour package. 4） The theoretic foundation was laid for community participation in ecotourism.     

Nature Reserve and Ecotourism Development in China's Wuzhishan Mountain Region

Abstract

As the protected areas of land and coastal environment, nature reserves are designed to address how to reconcile the conservation of biodiversity, the quest for economic and social development and the maintenance of cultural values. This paper establishes a framework for nature reserve development that seeks to incorporate ecotourism into its strategies. The overall purpose was to identify the information needs required for a comprehensive nature reserve that incorporates ecotourism related values. It also illustrates the utility of this framework in the context of the Wuzhishan Mountain Region of China. A literature review, the first phase of a visionary strategy and a subsequent gap analysis for available management information were undertaken in order to achieve this paper's purpose. Finally, recommendations are presented for integrating ecotourism into nature reserve development in the Wuzhishan Mountain Region.     

Nature Reserve and Ecotourism Development in China＇s Wuzhishan Mountain Region

As the protected areas of land and coastal environment, nature reserves are designed to address how to reconcile the conservation of biodiversity, the quest for economic and social development and the maintenance of cultural values. This paper establishes a framework for nature reserve development that seeks to incorporate ecotourism into its strategies. The overall purpose was to identify the information needs required for a comprehensive nature reserve that incorporates ecotourism related values. It also illustrates the utility of this framework in the context of the Wuzhishan Mountain Region of China. A literature review, the first phase of a visionary strategy and a subsequent gap analysis for available management information were undertaken in order to achieve this paper＇s purpose. Finally, recommendations axe pre-sented for integrating ecotourism into nature reserve development in the Wuzhishan Mountain Region.     

Coincidence and Upgrade： A Typical Case Study of Rural Ecotourism Development

At present, internal rural tourism is at the stage of upgrading and renewing, and ecotourism has been considered to be the main direction. This paper discussed the concepts and criteria of rural tourism and ecotourism, analyzed a typical case of Nongke Village of Chengdu City-being considered to be the first rural tourism site in China, went deep into the problems of the contents and criteria of the development of rural ecotourism, and tried to probe into the principles of the development of rural ecotourism both theoretically and practically so as to understand the rules of the development of rural ecotourism .     

Coincidence and Upgrade: A Typical Case Study of Rural Ecotourism Development

Abstract

At present, internal rural tourism is at the stage of upgrading and renewing, and ecotourism has been considered to be the main direction. This paper discussed the concepts and criteria of rural tourism and ecotourism, analyzed a typical case of Nongke Village of Chengdu City-being considered to be the first rural tourism site in China, went deep into the problems of the contents and criteria of the development of rural ecotourism, and tried to probe into the principles of the development of rural ecotourism both theoretically and practically so as to understand the rules of the development of rural ecotourism.     

Perceived Impacts of Ecotourism on Environmental Learning and Conservation: Turtle Watching as a Case Study

Using a case study, involving turtle-based ecotourism, we explore the role of ecotourism in promoting environmental learning and in sustaining conservation of nature. Mon Repos Conservation Park (an important marine turtle rookery involved in ecotourism) in Queensland, Australia, was selected for this study and visitors were surveyed using a structured questionnaire. The reported on-site experiences of respondents are analysed to identify important factors that alter their stated conservation attitudes and behaviours. The impact of these factors (such as the amount of environmental education that respondents claimed they obtained, sighting of sea turtles, nationality) is quantified using regression analyses. There has been little previous quantification of such influences. The study reveals that a considerable amount of environmental knowledge is gained by visitors to Mon Repos. The ecotourism experience, involving environmental education and seeing of turtles, was found to have positive and statistically significant impacts on the visitors' stated desire and intended behaviour to protect sea turtles. The study reveals the importance of learning and the interaction of tourists with wildlife as a contributor to their pro-conservation sentiments and actions. It shows how ecotourism can support nature conservation. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

Alleviating Poverty Through Ecotourism: Promises and Reality in the Monarch Butterfly Reserve of Mexico

The Monarch butterfly reserve in west-central Mexico attracts more than 250 000 visitors during the four-month annual overwintering period and yet the project has been unable to generate an impetus for local development among the indigenous and peasant communities in the region. This chapter explores the reasons for this failure and evaluates a proposed alternative development strategy. In addition to the usual problems of the paucity of local linkages, the problems involved with property rights and participation in decision-making and management suggest the need to reevaluate the model for successful and sustainable tourist development. An alternative model is presented that might contribute to overcoming the obstacles.