森林的保护和可持续经营

此为作者在2001年9月6日全国政协主办的“21世纪论坛——绿色与环保2001”上的发言节选。作者介绍并评价了目前世界上三种有关森林保护的做法。     

生态学的过去、现在和未来

现代生态学的发展史尝试性地分为5个阶段:1.生态学的建立时期(1866—1903年)E.Hackel(1866)给生态学建立定义。Schrter(1903)将生态学分为个体生态学和群落生态学。这一期间Warming和Schimper的两本著作影响最大。2.植物生态学和动物生态学平行发展时期(1904—1958年)植物生态学以植物群落学研究为主流,主要有英美学派、法瑞学派、北欧学派和苏联学派。3.生态系统研究时期(1959—1974年)国际生物学计划(1964—1974年)是学术主流,其他生态学研究也有新发展。4.生态科学时期(1975—1983年)生态学已经形成一个生态科学网络,可按5种标准分成数十种生态学。5.新生态学孕育时期(1984至今)生态学的传统概念例如达尔文的竞争理论在受到挑战。新发现和新见解大量出现。     

非洲灰尘的过去、现在和未来

正ENN环境新闻网新闻2016年3月28日最近,科学家们研发出的新模型预测显示,撒哈拉沙漠的粉尘排放将在接下来的几百年开始下降。这项研究成果发表在2016年3月24日的《自然》杂志上。撒哈拉沙漠的排放尘土量比世界上其他沙漠都多,海洋中超过一半的沉积灰尘都起源于北非。这些灰尘除     

禹城市农牧结合的过去、现在和未来

从粮食生产、畜牧业生产及反映农牧结合的重要指标入手，对禹城市建国以来的农牧结合状况进行了阐述。对今后禹城市农牧结合进一步发展的制约因素进行了分析，并提出了相应对策。     

勘查地球化学概况:过去,现在和未来

<正> 历史的回顾 在寻找金属矿床的初期,勘查者们很快就熟悉于通过基岩和地表环境的特徵形态来圈定矿床。河流沉积物中的岩石与矿物碎块使那些早期的勘查者们能够由分散物追索到基岩源。早期的勘查者们与现代的勘查地球化学家之间的主要区别在于早期的勘查者是利用矿物观测资料而勘查地球化学家用的是化学分析资     

美国环境保护的过去和未来

美国环保局自1970年12月成立以来,在启发公众的环境意识,组织环保活动,制订环保法律规章,以及在发现和研究国际环境问题等方面,都做了大量工作,走在许多国家的前面。环境立法是保护环境的重要手段之一。至今,美国已制定并实行了清洁空气法,水污染控制法,杀虫剂、杀真菌剂和杀鼠剂法,资源     

莫桑比克的海洋生物学研究:过去、现在及未来

本文概述了莫桑比克包括渔业在内的海洋生物学研究的发展情况.莫桑比克的海岸线约为3000km,海洋的生物资源在莫桑比克的社会中起着重要的作用,主要是作为人们的蛋白质来源以及收入和出口创汇的来源.     

莫桑比克的海洋生物学研究:过去、现在及未来

本文概述了莫桑比克包括渔业在内的海洋生物学研究的发展情况.莫桑比克的海岸线约为3000km,海洋的生物资源在莫桑比克的社会中起着重要的作用,主要是作为人们的蛋白质来源以及收入和出口创汇的来源.     

A Critical Analysis of Forest Policies of Pakistan: Implications for Sustainable Livelihoods

Pakistan has very low forest cover, but these forests are very diverse in nature and of significant importance for the livelihood security of millions of rural people who live in and around these forests. Policies, institutions and processes form the context within which individuals and households construct and adapt livelihood strategies, on the other hand these institutionally shaped livelihood strategies may have an impact on the sustainability of natural resource use. The present paper aims to critically analyse the forest policies of Pakistan. Implications for sustainable forest management and livelihood security of forest dependent people are also given. The first forest policy of Pakistan was announced in 1955 followed by the forest policies of 1962, 1975, 1980, 1988 as part of the National Agricultural Policy, 1991, and the latest in 2001. Most of the forest policies were associated with the change of government. There was much rhetoric in some recent policies regarding the concept of “participation” and “sustainable livelihoods” but in practice these policies are also replica of the previously top-down, autocratic and non-participatory forest policies. Pakistan needs to develop a sustainable, workable, research-based, and people-friendly forest policy enable to catering to the changing needs of stakeholders including government.     

The International Boreal Forest Research Association: Understanding Boreal Forests and Forestry in a Changing World

Boreal forests represent a biome of the planet whose unique characteristics are changing rapidly under the influence of both human and natural pressures. These forests hold the key to current and future supply of coniferous industrial wood and at the same time play a significant role in regulating Earth's climatic system. Expected to be one of the most rapidly impacted regions of the world by future climate change, the boreal biome has already been substantially affected by global change. It is likely that if unabated, continued change will lead to impoverishment and degradation of boreal ecosystems, with consequent loss of vital services upon which human society depends. An improved systems understanding of the functioning of circumpolar boreal forests is a pressing challenge for boreal forest science and is needed in order to estimate their resilience to perturbations, to predict likely responses to the changing environment, and to design mitigation strategies. With such understanding, coordinated international efforts can be focused on developing anticipatory strategies for adaptation to, and mitigation of dangerous consequences of global change for boreal resources. The International Boreal Forest Research Association (IBFRA) provides a focus for international research on these issues and serves as a global window for boreal forest science and sustainable forest management in the boreal region.     

全球变化和北方森林:阈值,移动态或逐渐变化?

21世纪所表现出来的北方气候变化的巨大性忌是引起植被的变化,其变化之大足以引起重要的社会影响.但植被变化的速度和格局却难以预测.我们评述了一些能够表明在北方森林限界上或那些种子散播限制了物种分布的地区,植被是逐渐变化的证据.但是,在一个物种分布区的中心,森林组成对气候变化是相当有弹性的,除非超过了某些阈值.在阈值点上,变化是迅速且预想不到的,常常转换至截然不同的生态系统类型.很多这类变化的诱因易受管理的影响,这说明我们在今后几十年的政策抉择将对目前气候变化的生态社会后果产生重大影响.     

北方针叶林的氮沉降和生物多样性以及氮的临界负荷

可将临界负荷概念用于确定生态系统能够忍耐的无显著毒害作用的沉积水平.     

大气二氧化碳与未来森林

大气二氧化碳含量正在以每年０．４％的速度增加，对森林产生越来越明显的影响，对未来林业提出七个方面的挑战：温度变化、水的变化、气候变化、虫害和火灾变化、新基因的需要、造林与经营、加速研究进程，对此应尽快作出估价。     

防灾公园防火树林带的设计与防火功能分析

防灾公园是城市防灾避难场所系统的重要组成部分,为了强化防灾公园的防火功能,有效阻隔火灾蔓延、抵御外火入侵,宜在其周边栽植防火树林带。本文通过对防灾公园中防火树林带的规划设计与防火功能分析,提出了提高其防火功能的主要措施,即形成防火规模、选择防火性能好及辐射热遮蔽率高的树种和适宜的栽植模式并设置水雾喷洒装置,可以有效地提高防火树林带的防火功能。     

Exploring the Theoretical Interface of Climate Change and Resource Dependency: Application to the Vulnerability of Boreal Forest Regions

This paper addresses the combined effects of two sources of disturbance on the boreal forest – climate change and the economic relations of industrial forestry. It describes a theoretical blueprint constructed of concepts from the theory of dissipative structures (derived from the discipline of physical chemistry) and world-systems theory (derived from the discipline of sociology) into a proposed integrated theory pivoting on the concept of social vulnerability. The goal is to examine the key concepts of this theory – vulnerability, resilience and adaptive capacity – as elements of the complex systems perspective provided by dissipative structure principles. The focus on social vulnerability provides the means to establish the role of external economic linkages relevant to industrial forestry – the core/periphery relations of the world-system – as they influence the social vulnerability of the boreal forest SESs. These systems are posited as embedded peripheries, following world-system criteria, and as the focal scale of analysis within a larger hierarchically organized dissipative structure. The goal is to suggest and stimulate ideas for further discussion and exploration, motivated by the premise that any successful climate change mitigation efforts depend on having sound theoretical foundations on which to stand.     

区域水资源介循环利用模式:概念·结构·特征

为解决我国面临的突出水环境问题,破解经济发展需求与水资源短缺、水环境污染和水生态破坏之间的矛盾,提出区域水资源“介循环”(water meta-cycle)利用模式,系统地阐述了区域水资源介循环利用模式的结构特征、基本特点和目标定位,并通过案例分析了其适用效果. 介循环是一种人工强化生态调控的区域水资源多阶多元循环利用模式. 通过企业、家庭和社区等局部单元内的水循环利用,工业和城市等社会系统尺度内的污水再生处理与直接利用,以及区域层面上再生水的生态媒介循环利用(water natural system-mediated reuse)等,促进不同层阶和不同用途水循环利用的有机衔接与耦合,实现再生水的安全聪巧(safe and smart)利用、区域尺度上水资源的闭环循环利用和趋零排放. 区域水资源介循环利用模式以再生水的生态媒介循环利用为核心,具有闭环趋零、多阶多元、强化调控和复合高效等特点,有望成为区域水资源可持续管理、保障水环境安全的有效模式.