大玉竹低聚糖硫酸酯抗HSV-2病毒活性的研究

从传统中药大玉竹中提取低聚糖Ｐｏｏｓ,用吡啶－氯磺酸法制备了它的硫酸酯衍生物Ｓ－Ｐｏｏｓ,产物经红外鉴定,证实Ｐｏｏｓ硫酸酯化后羟基连上硫酸基,硫含量为８．４７％,取代度（Ｄｓ）为０．６体外实验研究了Ｐｏｏｓ、Ｓ－Ｐｏｏｓ对非洲绿猴肾细胞（Ｖｅｒｏ）的细胞毒怀和抗单纯疱疹病毒２型（ＨＳＶ－２）活性。结果表明,Ｐｏｏｓ和Ｓ－Ｐｏｏｓ都无细胞毒性。Ｐｏｏｓ本身无抗病毒活性,对ＨＳＶ－２引起的细胞病变和     

一套寄生蜂和寄主相互关系实验模型的建立

通过显微手术建立一套研究寄生蜂和寄主关系的实验模型，以寄主体重为指标，用该模型研究了来自寄生蜂的活性物质（多态ＤＮＡ病毒（ＰＤＶ），蜂毒，畸形细胞）和幼蜂本身对寄主生长发育的影响．结果表明，ＰＤＶ和蜂毒能够延迟寄主的生长，使之体色变淡，不能化蛹，但不足以模拟寄生现象；两者加上畸形细胞，可以显著抑制寄主的生长发育，使寄主表现出同被寄生一样的发育模式，最终因不能化蛹而衰竭死亡．这一结果说明，该模型能够有效地用于寄生蜂和寄主关系的研究中     

谷氨酰胺转胺酶(MTG)分批发酵中温度对S.mobaraense生长及产酶影响的模型化

研究了2.5L小罐培养过程中控制温度为25℃～35℃时对细胞生长和MTG合成的影响.结果表明当控制相对较低的温度时,细胞生长的延滞期较长,当控制温度较高时,细胞生长的延滞期较短,达到最大DCW和最高MTG酶活的时间均较短;通过研究各种不同模型对细胞生长的影响得到最适合描述S.mobaraense生长与温度之间的关系方程为Schoolfield方程;通过对最大DCW和最大MTG酶活进行数学模拟,发现方程X(U)=-a     

大豆皂甙复合物抑制猴免疫缺陷病毒活性的观察

以猴免疫缺陷病毒（ＳＩＶ）为靶病毒和相应的ＣＥＭｘ１７４细胞系统为模型,以ＡＺＴ为阳性对照药物,观察了从大豆提取的皂甙复合物及大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂对细胞病变的影响．结果表明,大豆皂甙复合物具有明显的抗ＳＩＶ作用,而大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂则无抗ＳＩＶ作用．     

红球藻水生748株（Haematococcus sp.HB748）培养基的选择…

比较了红球藻ＨＢ７４８株在ＭＣＭ，ＢＢＭ及ＢＧ－１１，３种培养基中的生长，结果表明：ＨＢ７４８在这３种培养基中前４ｄ的平均生长速率分别为０．９７ｄ＾－１，０．７７ｄ＾－１和０．６３ｄ＾－１存在显著差异，然而在ＢＢＭ和ＢＧ－１１中添加ＭＣＭ中所含等量ＶＢ１２后，７４８株在３种培养基中的生长速率趋于一致，表明ＶＢ１２是ＨＢ７４８维持较好的前期生长的必需成分，在ＶＢ１２的需求满足后，３种培养基无机组分的     

微生物降解苯胺的特性及其降解代谢途径

从活性污泥中分离得到的一株细菌 Ａ Ｎ３ ,能以苯胺为唯一碳、氮源和能源生长,苯胺的最高降解浓度５０００ ｍｇ／ Ｌ 以上,鉴定为食酸丛毛单胞菌（ Ｃｏｍａｍｏｎａｓ ａｃｉｄｏｖｏｒａｎｓ） ． Ａ Ｎ３ 还可降解乙酰苯胺,但不利用其他取代类苯胺,该菌株的生长细胞和完整细胞降解苯胺的最适ｐ Ｈ７ ．０ ,最适温度３０ ℃,且完整细胞降解苯胺的活性比生长细胞高得多．９ 种金属离子对该菌株的生长细胞和完整细胞降解苯胺均有不同程度的抑制作用,尤以 Ａｇ ＋ 和 Ｈｇ２ ＋ 为明显． Ａ Ｎ３ 含有苯胺加双氧酶、邻苯二酚２ ,３加双氧酶等一系列与苯胺降解有关的酶类,它们均为诱导酶．对苯胺降解的关键酶进行了酶动力学特性的研究,根据这些结果提出了该菌株降解苯胺的代谢途径．     

苏州市区空气污染对园林香樟,枫香植物生长的影响

本文测定了苏州市园林和效区香樟、枫香的光合作用、叶绿素含量、新梢长度、叶片长度与叶片宽度等生长因子,发现市区园林植物生长均受到抑制,其原因是空气污染造成的。提出了调整产业结构、集中供热、点源和面源控制、地面扬尘以及汽车气控制的整治措施,加以根治苏州区空气污染,改善城市生态环境。     

Meta分析及MetaWin软件

综述Meta分析及Metawin软件。Metawin是第一个专为生态学者设计的定量Meta分析软件,它提供了两种假设模型、多种可选择的结合统计量不仅操作简单,而且提出了一种新的非参数检验法──重取样检验。     

镉诱导仔猪睾丸支持细胞氧化酶活性降低及DNA损伤的研究

以仔猪睾丸支持细胞为实验模型,采用二步酶消化法分离支持细胞进行培养。探讨了0、10、20、40、80gmol·L^-1的氯化镉对支持细胞的毒性作用。结果表明：10gmol·L^-1以上的氯化镉有抑制支持细胞生长的作用,并能使支持细胞氧化酶活性下降,造成支持细胞DNA损伤。     

藻毒素降解菌CQ5对MC-LR粗提液的降解动力学

针对近年来采用微生物法降解水体中的微囊藻毒素(microcystins,MCs)这一研究热点问题,以本课题组前期从太湖芦苇荡底泥中筛出的耐硼赖氨酸芽孢杆菌CQ5(Lysinibacillus boronitolerans)为考察对象,研究微生物对MC-LR的降解动力学.分别采用Logistic生长方程和Monod动力学方程构建菌株CQ5细胞生长动力学模型和MC-LR降解动力学模型.结果表明,菌株CQ5在以MC-LR粗提液为碳、氮源的无机盐培养基中的生长曲线符合Logistic生长模型,其中菌株生长环境承载量K为1.306,菌株生长平均速率r为0.1685,无量纲参数a为1.688;该菌株在6 d内可使MC-LR的浓度由14.12μg·L~(-1)降至1.57μg·L~(-1),降解率达88.86%,其一级反应速率常数k为0.3698,半衰期t_(1/2)为1.88 d;该降解过程中MC-LR浓度、菌株细胞密度和MC-LR降解速率3者间的偶合关系符合低浓度下的Monod模型,其中υ_max/K_s为0.342;一级反应动力学方程式S=e~(2.648-0.3698t)和Monod模型方程式S=14.12e~(-0.342Nt)(N=1.08)均可模拟预测降解体系中的MC-LR浓度,二者的模拟结果高度一致.本文可为研究微生物降解MC-LR的机理和推动MC-LR降解菌的工程应用提供理论参考.     

Vero细胞对2,4,6-三氯苯酚的毒性响应特征和敏感性分析

以2,4,6-三氯苯酚(2,4,6-trichlorophenol,TCP)为例,采用MTT比色实验和ANNEXIN V-FITC/PI双染色-流式细胞技术研究了Vero细胞对有机化学污染物的毒性响应特征和敏感性,以期发现一种灵敏、可靠的表征微量化学物质综合毒性的方法.研究结果表明:1)TCP浓度对Vero细胞的毒性响应特征有决定作用.低浓度TCP(≤0.5mg·L-1)即可使部分细胞从原有的刚性不规则三角形结构变为圆形或椭圆形,但细胞的生长未受明显抑制.TCP浓度在1~5mg·L-1时,细胞生长开始受到抑制,表现为细胞增殖受到抑制及部分细胞凋亡或死亡,但增殖抑制率和TCP浓度之间的关系不明显.当TCP浓度大于5mg·L-1时,细胞增殖明显受到抑制,且随TCP浓度的增加,细胞增殖抑制率逐渐升高.2)TCP作用时间对Vero细胞的毒性响应特征有显著影响.ANNEXIN V-FITC/PI双染色-流式细胞仪检测结果表明,TCP作用24h内Vero细胞毒性表现为以细胞膜的完整性受到损伤为主,凋亡或坏死细胞比例较小;而48h后,凋亡细胞的比例明显增加.细胞复壮实验结果进一步证实24h内形态发生变化的细胞并未完全坏死或凋亡.以上结果表明细胞形态变化和细胞膜损伤均为细胞毒性的早期表现特征,两者之间可能存在某种相关性,以此表征化学污染物的生物毒性具有较高的灵敏度,值得进一步研究.     

Consideration of translocation into a growth model of a plant organ

Taking account of the Bertalanffy's differential equation on animal growth, plant growth is also considered as the net result of anabolism and catabolism. When we, however, consider the growth of a plant organ, it is necessary to add a term of translocation because it plays an important role in the growth of plant organs, such as leaf and fruit. Considering translocation, therefore, a growth model of a plant organ was proposed on the basis of the compartment model for estimating the carbon balance in the organ by using the experimental data on translocation, photosynthesis and respiration of a tropical fruit of durian (Durio zibethinus Murray). The present growth model of a plant organ belongs to an extended Bertalanffy's growth equation, and was possible to be transformed into the simple Bertalanffy's growth equation on the basis of the proportionality between the growth and translocation rates. The Bertalanffy's growth equation of a plant organ was also possible to apply to that of the whole plant on the assumption of the allomeric relationship between a plant organ and the whole plant.     

Incorporating diverse data and realistic complexity into demographic estimation procedures for sea otters.

Reliable information on historical and current population dynamics is central to understanding patterns of growth and decline in animal populations. We developed a maximum likelihood-based analysis to estimate spatial and temporal trends in age/sex-specific survival rates for the threatened southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis), using annual population censuses and the age structure of salvaged carcass collections. We evaluated a wide range of possible spatial and temporal effects and used model averaging to incorporate model uncertainty into the resulting estimates of key vital rates and their variances. We compared these results to current demographic parameters estimated in a telemetry-based study conducted between 2001 and 2004. These results show that survival has decreased substantially from the early 1990s to the present and is generally lowest in the north-central portion of the population's range. The greatest temporal decrease in survival was for adult females, and variation in the survival of this age/sex class is primarily responsible for regulating population growth and driving population trends. Our results can be used to focus future research on southern sea otters by highlighting the life history stages and mortality factors most relevant to conservation. More broadly, we have illustrated how the powerful and relatively straightforward tools of information-theoretic-based model fitting can be used to sort through and parameterize quite complex demographic modeling frameworks.     

厌氧条件下土壤中有机氯降解动力学模型及其参数优化——以五氯酚（PCP）为例

研究厌氧条件下土壤中有机氯降解动力学模型及其参数优化方法,对阐明有机氯降解的动力学反应机制具有十分重要的理论意义。文章以厌氧条件下土壤中五氯酚（PCP）降解为例,归纳介绍了两类用于描述土壤中PCP降解动力学过程的模型：一类模型是不考虑微生物生长的基质降解模式,以一级动力学模型最有代表性,但这类模型多数情况下没有或没有完全体现环境因素对PCP降解的抑制作用;另一类模型是考虑微生物生长的基质降解模式,以Monod动力学模型使用最普遍,但这类模型只在微生物生长的指数期适用,对延迟期、稳定期和衰亡期需经扩展才可应用。logistic动力学模型可广泛用于以上两类模型,是可以近似地描述微生物经适应过程和共代谢作用而致有机氯降解的简单模型。文章还总结了有机氯降解非线性模型参数的优化方法,并对其优缺点进行了分析和比较。针对目前土壤中有机氯降解动力学模型及其参数优化研究中存在的问题,对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

A geometrical model for the effect of interference on food intake

Interference competition is often due to kleptoparasitism (food stealing). In which case, the attack distance, the distance over which one animal attacks another in an attempt to steal food, determines to a large extent the competitor density range over which interference significantly affects the intake rate of foraging animals.We develop a simple model of kleptoparasitism containing three parameters: attack distance, the density of foraging animals and a single dimensionless parameter α which summarizes the non-geometrical aspects of the interference process. Dominant and subdominant animals are not considered separately. The model predicts that the average intake rate will decrease exponentially with animal density and that a measure of the strength of interference depends on attack distance squared.The simple model is compared with a much more detailed individual-based foraging model from the literature. Simulated average intake rates are indeed well approximated by an exponential decrease with competitor density. Also the measure of interference behaves in the way expected from the simple model. By explaining the shape of the relationship between intake rate and animal density, the simple model provides insight into the behaviour of the detailed behavioural model.Insight into the role of geometry is important in the interpretation of field results and in the further development of detailed foraging models.     

Cell cycle of symbiotic dinoflagellates: variation in G1 phase-duration with anemone nutritional status and macronutrient supply in the Aiptasia pulchella–Symbiodinium pulchrorum symbiosis

The metabolite exchange in alga–invertebrate symbioses has been the subject of extensive research. A central question is how the biomass of the algal endosymbionts is maintained within defined limits under a given set of environmental conditions despite their tremendous growth potential. Whether algal growth is actively regulated by the animal cells is still an open question. We experimentally evaluated the effect of inorganic nutrient supply and host-animal nutritional status on the biomass composition, growth and cell-cycle kinetics of the endosymbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium pulchrorum (Trench) in the sea anemone Aiptasia pulchella. Dinoflagellates in anemones starved for 14?d exhibited lower growth rates, chlorophyll content and higher C:N ratios than in anemones fed Artemia sp. (San Francisco brand #65034) nauplii every 2 d, indicating N-limitation of the algae during starvation of the host animal. Manipulation of the dissolved inorganic nutrient supply through ammonium and phosphate additions induced a rapid recovery (half time, t _½～ 2?d) in the C:N ratio of the dinoflagellate cells to levels characteristic of N-sufficient cells. The mitotic index and population growth rate of the dinoflagellate symbionts subjected to this enrichment did not recover to the levels exhibited in fed associations. Flow cytometric analysis of dinoflagellate cell size and DNA content revealed that the duration of the G₁ phase (first peak of DNA content: 70 to 100 relative fluorescence units, rfu) of their cell cycle lengthened dramatically in the symbiotic state, and that the majority of algal biomass increase occurred during this phase. Covariate analysis of dinoflagellate cell size and DNA-content distributions indicated that the symbiotic state is associated with a nutrient-independent constraint on cell progression from G₁ through the S phase (intermediate DNA content: 101 to 139?rfu). This analysis suggests that the host-cell environment may set the upper limit on the rate of dinoflagellate cell-cycle progression and thereby coordinate the relative growth rates of the autotrophic and heterotrophic partners in this symbiotic association.     

非洲爪蟾蝌蚪脑神经细胞体外培养方法的建立(Establishment of an in Vitro Method for Culturing Brain Neurons from Xenopus laevis Tadpoles)

体外培养的神经细胞是神经毒性机制研究和神经毒物筛查的重要材料.目前鼠体外神经细胞的应用最为广泛.鉴于近年来发育生物学的模型动物非洲爪蟾越来越多地应用于毒理学研究,论文建立了一种体外培养非洲爪蟾脑神经细胞的方法.该方法取52～53阶段的非洲爪蟾蝌蚪的脑组织,在L-15培养液中直接吹打获得分散细胞,接种于包被多聚赖氨酸的培养板中,22℃培养.培养细胞状态良好,72小时后神经元细胞初步建立神经网络.用β2tubulin7B9可对脑神经元细胞进行荧光染色,鉴别神经突的生长和神经网络的形成.与鼠脑神经元细胞体外培养方法比较,该方法具有无需胰蛋白酶分离、无需胶质细胞共培养、可同时操作多只脑、能获得大量细胞等简单快捷的特点.因此,体外培养的非洲爪蟾蝌蚪脑神经细胞可作为目前体外神经毒理研究中鼠脑神经元的补充材料,用于神经毒性机制的研究和神经毒物的筛查.     

Natural control mechanisms in models of aquatic ecosystems

Based on cybernetic categories of natural control mechanisms, four generations of ecosystem models are distinguished: feed-forward, feedback, self-adaptation and self-organization models. The analysis of the natural control mechanisms in aquatic ecosystems suggests that different processes are controlled in different ways, and, although the four mechanisms were identified in historical sequence, they all operate simultaneously. The concept of self-organization of an ecosystem is introduced and specified for a model of an aquatic pelagic ecosystem. The concept of the ecosystem as a multilayer, multigoal and multiechelon hierarchical system with hierarchy of the levels of biological organization is also introduced.     

Natural control mechanisms in models of aquatic ecosystems

Based on cybernetic categories of natural control mechanisms, four generations of ecosystem models are distinguished: feed-forward, feedback, self-adaptation and self-organization models. The analysis of the natural control mechanisms in aquatic ecosystems suggests that different processes are controlled in different ways, and, although the four mechanisms were identified in historical sequence, they all operate simultaneously. The concept of self-organization of an ecosystem is introduced and specified for a model of an aquatic pelagic ecosystem. The concept of the ecosystem as a multilayer, multigoal and multiechelon hierarchical system with hierarchy of the levels of biological organization is also introduced.