水解与接触氧化工艺处理牛仔漂洗废水

对800m^3／d的牛仔漂洗废水采用絮凝沉淀＋水解酸化与接触氧化工艺进行处理,通过6个月的调试与运行,挂膜好,处理效果稳定,CODCr去除率在89％以上。色度和CODCr有大幅度降低,一般情况下能保证出水水质达标。     

中、小型制革企业生产废水处理设计及运行结果

介绍了根据制革工业废水污染物浓度高，水质水量多变的特点。从企业的实际出发，采用微电解——二级斜管沉淀工艺路线处理制革生产废水。工程运行表明：4r进水CODCr、BOD5、SS平均浓度分别为1973mg／L、787mg／L、1049mg／L的情况下，排水中CODCr、BOD5和SS平均浓度分别为206mg／L、89mg／L和102mg／L，处理后的水质达到了《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978—1996）中的二级标准。该工程具有投资少，运行费用低，处理效果好，启动速度快的特点，并受气温影响小。因此，特别适合北方寒冷地区的中、小型制革企业的废水治理。     

水解酸化对感光胶片废水生化反应动力学系数的影响

采用水解酸化工艺可有效地提高工业废水中难生物降解有机物的可生化性,为后续好氧生化处理创造有利条件。本试验在对感光胶片废水采用水解酸化－活性污泥法工艺和常规活性污泥法进行平行对照试验的基础上,从生化反应动力学系数的角度研究水解酸化过程对好氧生化反应的影响。研究结果表明：经水解酸化处理后,在该废水的ＢＯＤ５／ＣＯＤＣｒ比值从０４６－０４８提高至０５４－０５６的同时,后续活性污泥系统的动力学半速度数Ｋｓ从常规活性污泥法的４５９毫克／升下降至１０３毫克／升,最大比降解速度Ｋ从３０／日上升至５０／日,可用于表征该工业废水可生化性和后续好氧化物处理效果改善和提高的程度。     

含有机氟工业废水处理工艺的研究

采用预处理-水解酸化-生物接触氧化相结合的处理工艺处理含氟代有机化合物废水。研究结果表明，水解酸化可将含氟废水的B／C比由0．258提高到0．396％；在一定浓度范围内通过物化预处理及生化处理可以脱除氟代有机化合物中的氟原子，使该有机物成为可供微生物利用的基质。含氟废水经该工艺处理后，出水中BOD5为7．5mg/L,CODcr为75mg/L，氨氮未检出，总磷小于1mg/L，氟离子浓度为8．6mg/L。     

汽车制造厂废水处理工程实例分析

采用二级混凝-气浮-水解酸化-SBR-过滤工艺，对某汽车制造厂的混合废水（包括脱脂废水、电泳废水、磷化废水和生活污水等）进行处理。经过对处理工艺进出水主要水质指标连续1个月的监测，发现COD去除率可达92．5％，SS去除率可达95．2％，NH3-N去除率可达58％，TP去除率可达96．7％，出水水质符合国家《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978—1996）一级排放标准，吨水处理成本为1．6元／t，系统运行稳定，具有明显的经济、环保和社会效益。t     

水解酸化-两级接触氧化工艺在啤酒废水处理中的应用

啤酒废水具有有机物含量高、悬浮物浓度高、温度高、 pH 值变化大及可生化性较好等特点,生化处理成为国内外啤酒废水处理的主要工艺。公司采用“水解酸化-两级生物接触氧化”工艺对啤酒废水进行处理,运行结果表明,废水pH在8～9, SS、 CODCr、 NH3-N平均浓度分别为710 mg/L、1910 mg/L、49 mg/L时,处理后出水pH在6.5～8.5, SS、 CODCr、NH3-N平均浓度分别为52 mg/L、70 mg/L、11 mg/L, SS、 CODCr、 NH3-N平均去除率分别为93％、96％、77％,满足啤酒废水排放标准的要求。该工艺对废水具有较好的适应性。     

Cu／Fe内电解预处理焦化废水的研究

采用混凝沉淀一厌氧水解酸化一催化铁内电解（即Cu／Fe体系）一好氧组合工艺处理焦化废水,研究了催化铁内电解法用于焦化废水的预处理时,对焦化废水的COD、色度、总磷的去除率。结果表明,催化铁用于焦化废水的预处理,可以提高废水的可生化性,使好氧处理的COD去除率提高,达到80％-90％;催化铁对焦化废水有较好的脱色效果,色度去除率为77．7％-89．3％;催化铁能够去除部分总磷,但是由于微生物生长需要,需在厌氧段补充磷。试验证明,催化铁内电解法是一种有效的焦化废水预处理工艺。     

生物接触氧化工艺处理制药废水

采用混凝沉淀-生物接触氧化-过滤工艺处理制药废水，可将CODCr去除约96％、BOD5去除约97％，并脱色澄清，出水水质符合相关排放标准。     

微生物菌剂在酿酒废水处理中的应用研究

采用厌氧－好氧工艺,结合微生物菌剂对酿酒废水进行了处理研究。进水CODCr浓度可达到8,456.3-22,442.0mg/L,BOD55,040.0-9.557.1mg/L,pH3-4,可不调pH,采用微生物菌剂接种可启动厌氧反应器,COD有机负荷最高达到10.2gCOD/Ld,COD去除率稳定在91－95％,BOD去除率90－94％,出水pH6.6-7.1,出水CODCr在2,000mg/L以下,BOD5800mg/L以下。厌氧污泥可全部颗粒化。好氧处理系统中接种微生物菌剂,曝气10－12小时,可保证出水中CODCr在230mg/L以下,甚至直接达到国家一级排放标准。微生物菌剂的应用是取得该处理效果的关键。     

用水解酸化-好氧接触氧化法处理含油污水

通过对耐盐微生物的驯化培养,采用水解酸化-好氧接触氧化工艺,对一定矿化度条件下含油污水进行了处理。试验证明,在矿化度为2～5g/L时,利用耐盐驯化的微生物,采用水解酸化-好氧接触氧化工艺处理污水,CODcr去除率可达80%以上。该系统运行稳定,运行成本较低。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

Sources and Transport of Phosphorus to Rivers in California and Adjacent States,U.S., as Determined by SPARROW Modeling

The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes) model was used to simulate annual phosphorus loads and concentrations in unmonitored stream reaches in California, U.S., and portions of Nevada and Oregon. The model was calibrated using de‐trended streamflow and phosphorus concentration data at 80 locations. The model explained 91% of the variability in loads and 51% of the variability in yields for a base year of 2002. Point sources, geological background, and cultivated land were significant sources. Variables used to explain delivery of phosphorus from land to water were precipitation and soil clay content. Aquatic loss of phosphorus was significant in streams of all sizes, with the greatest decay predicted in small‐ and intermediate‐sized streams. Geological sources, including volcanic rocks and shales, were the principal control on concentrations and loads in many regions. Some localized formations such as the Monterey shale of southern California are important sources of phosphorus and may contribute to elevated stream concentrations. Many of the larger point source facilities were located in downstream areas, near the ocean, and do not affect inland streams except for a few locations. Large areas of cultivated land result in phosphorus load increases, but do not necessarily increase the loads above those of geological background in some cases because of local hydrology, which limits the potential of phosphorus transport from land to streams.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.