不同微生物降解木质纤维素效率和过程的对比研究

在固态秸秆上培养黑曲霉M1M15M19、黄孢原毛平革菌、杂色云芝和草菇VT53,优化营养条件和培养方式,测定秸秆降解过程中木质纤维酶类和秸秆成分的变化.结果表明,4菌株降解木质素的最佳碳氮比均为1 g秸秆中加入0.4 g葡萄糖和0.006 g氯化氨.单菌株降解时,黄孢原毛平革菌对木质素的降解效果最好,32 d固态培养后,木质素降解率为37.2%;多菌株联合降解时,先接黄孢原毛平革菌后接杂色云芝方式下的降解效果最好,32 d固态培养后,木质素降解率为51.3%;4株微生物都可产生漆酶(Laeease,Lac)、锰依赖过氧化物酶(Manganese-dependent peroxidase,MnP)、木质索过氧化物酶(Lignin pemx-idase,Lip)、纤维素酶(Cellulase,Cel)、半纤维素酶(Hemieellulase,Hcel)等木质素降解酶类(黑曲霉M1M15M19、黄孢原毛平革菌不产生Lac).Lac、MnP、Lip是影响木质素降解的关键性酶类,Cel、Hcel是纤维素和半纤维素降解的关键性酶类,且酶活性越高,降解率越大.纤维素和半纤维素的降解优先于木质素;秸秆降解过程中产生还原性糖类,碳元素含量减少.研究表明,采用先接黄孢原毛平革菌后接杂色云芝的方式处理秸秆32 d时降解效果最好,可使木质纤维素发生生物高效降解.     

固定化漆酶对水中邻苯二胺的去除研究

以壳聚糖为载体,戊二醛为交联剂,采用交联法与吸附法相结合的方法对漆酶进行固定化,研究固定化漆酶在水处理中的应用,并进行了酶促反应的动力学和热力学分析,探讨了戊二醛质量浓度、交联时间、固定化时间以及漆酶质量浓度对固定化漆酶活性的影响。结果表明,漆酶固定化的最佳条件如下:戊二醛质量分数为5%,交联时间为8 h,固定化时间为6.5 h,酶质量浓度为20g/L。此条件下得到的固定化漆酶的比活力达到15 015.4U/g。利用制得的固定化漆酶对水中邻苯二胺进行处理。在最适温度50℃,最适pH=6条件下,利用12000U的固定化漆酶催化处理100mL质量浓度为200mg/L的邻苯二胺溶液,反应6 h后邻苯二胺的去除率达到94.8%。连续5次重复使用固定化漆酶处理邻苯二胺,6 h降解率均在60%以上。用自来水代替蒸馏水配制邻苯二胺溶液时,底物的去除率为55.1%,去除效果明显降低。固定化漆酶处理邻苯二胺反应属于一级反应,反应活化能约为44.1 kJ。     

白腐菌Phlebia brevispora TMIC34596对林丹的酶促降解特性

为了阐明白腐菌株Phlebia brevispora TMIC34596对有机氯杀虫剂林丹的酶促降解机理及规律,在实验室条件下,通过菌株的纯培养、超声波破碎和高速离心等过程,提取到胞内粗酶液和胞外粗酶液,并研究了胞内及胞外酶对林丹的降解特性、最佳降解条件及动力学参数等。结果表明,胞内酶起主要的降解催化作用,相同处理时间内对林丹的降解率是胞外酶的4~5倍。胞内酶降解林丹的酶促反应最适温度为35℃,最适p H值为5.0,最适条件下反应2 h后的林丹降解率为64.0%。胞内酶在25~40℃、p H值在4.0~6.5时能保持较高的降解活性,对林丹的降解率在50%以上。胞内酶降解林丹的米氏常数Km为1.30μmol/L,最大反应速率Vmax为1.18μmol/min,表明胞内酶对林丹有较强的亲和力,降解林丹速度较快。通过气相色谱-质谱分析,五氯环己醇和四氯环己二醇被鉴定为林丹的胞内酶代谢产物,表明胞内酶可通过连续的脱氯及羟基化作用将林丹转化为多羟基化产物,该途径不同于目前所报道的白腐菌对林丹的降解途径。     

R-工程菌表达产物酯酶B1的纯化及其特性

为将酯酶B1应用于果蔬农药残留的降解,对其进行分离纯化,并对其酶学特性进行研究。R-工程菌在LB液体培养基中37℃震荡培养14 h,细胞经石英砂冰浴研磨破壁,粗提酶液经硫酸铵分级盐析、Sephadex G-50分子筛柱层析脱盐、DEAE-Sepharose FastFlow离子交换层析、Sephadex G-75分子筛柱层析得到凝胶电泳均一的酯酶B1。SDS-PAGE结果表明,该酶分子量为67 kDa。酯酶B1的纯化倍数为43.4,收率为2.94％。该酶的最佳作用条件是37℃、pH=7.O,常温(25℃)下,酯酶B1的半衰期为62 h,42℃时该酶仍然十分稳定。酶促反应动力学曲线采用双倒数法,37℃时最大酶促反应速度Vm=0.73 mg/(mL·min),米氏常数Km=3.89 mg/mL。酯酶B1活力强、在常温下反应速度快、稳定高,说明其用于果蔬农残降解在技术上是可行的。本文将酯酶B1纯化至电泳纯,因而工艺复杂、收率较低,但在实际应用中,只需进行粗分离,工艺简单,收率高达70％,因此,该酶的开发应用在经济上也是可行的。     

漆酶介体系统对蒽与苯酚共存体系的降解研究

以2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)为介体,研究了漆酶/ABTS介体系统对蒽与苯酚共存体系的降解效果,并考察了不同苯酚浓度对共存体系中蒽降解效果的影响。同时,分析了漆酶/ABTS介体系统对共存体系的作用机理。结果表明,苯酚的引入会抑制蒽的去除,且随着苯酚浓度的增大,蒽降解被抑制地更明显,而蒽对苯酚的降解影响可以忽略不计;蒽体系和蒽与苯酚共存体系中蒽的氧化降解过程均符合一级动力学规律。     

MBBR-A2O/MBR处理农村生活污水动力学研究

采用MBBR-A2O/MBR(又称BCO-MBR)工艺,对水质特征呈现低碳源高氮磷、水质波动大和日变化系数大等特点的农村生活污水进行研究。对比MBBR-A2O/MBR工艺在5种不同水力停留时间下的(0.42 d、0.50 d、0.75 d、1.25 d、1.50 d)运行状况,挑选出最佳的水力停留时间,并利用Lawrence-McCarty模型构建该工艺的污染物降解动力学方程。结果表明,随着水力停留时间(HRT)的延长,MBBR-A2O/MBR工艺对污染物的去除效果逐渐提升。当HRT为1.25d,CODCr、NH3H、TN、TP平均进水质量浓度分别280.67mg/L、36.88 mg/L、50.59 mg/L、2.51 mg/L时,平均出水质量浓度分别为34.33 mg/L、3.19 mg/L、5.13 mg/L、0.63 mg/L,平均去除率分别可达87.86%、89.92%、89.85%、74.95%。CODCr、NH3H、TN出水质量浓度在城镇污水排放标准一级A限值以下,TP出水质量浓度达到一级B标准,因此确定最佳的HRT为1.25 d。污染物降解动力学计算所得模拟值与实际出水质量浓度测量值拟合度良好,其中CODCr模拟值与平均测量值一致性最高,相对误差在0.02~0.14,NH3H与TN的相对误差分别在0.19~0.60和0.1~0.33。这表明污染物降解动力学方程可以较好地模拟工艺出水的污染物质量浓度。CODCr降解动力学方程常数为Vmax=0.19 d-1,KS=82.97 mg/L;NH3H降解动力学方程常数为Vmax=0.02d-1,KS=8.49 mg/L;TN降解动力学方程常数为Vmax=0.024 d-1,KS=8.10 mg/L。研究的动力学常数与传统活性污泥法动力学常数相比,KS较高,而Vmax较低,导致Vmax较低的主要原因可能是测定的污泥质量浓度高于实际有效的质量浓度。研究对利用MBBR-A2O/MBR工艺处理农村生活污水和传统活性污泥工艺提标改造具有一定的应用参考价值。     

波茨坦短芽孢杆菌降解4-氯酚和苯酚的特性

考察了波茨坦短芽孢杆菌对4-氯酚的降解特性及4-氯酚与苯酚在双底物体系中的相互作用。结果表明,波茨坦短芽孢杆菌能以4-氯酚为唯一碳源和能源,完全降解200 mg/L、250 mg/L及300 mg/L的4-氯酚所需时间分别为48 h、63 h和84 h,但该菌无法降解350 mg/L的4-氯酚,表明较高浓度的4-氯酚对细胞生长有较强的抑制作用。酶活分析表明,4-氯酚可诱导波茨坦短芽孢杆菌合成氯代邻苯二酚1,2-加氧酶并通过邻位裂解途径降解。细胞生长动力学过程符合Haldane方程,动力学参数为细胞最大比生长速μmax=0.145 h~(-1),半饱和系数KS=30.45 mg/L,底物抑制系数Ki=127.62 mg/L,决定系数R~2=0.98。在4-氯酚和苯酚双底物降解过程中,4-氯酚的存在会抑制苯酚的降解,当4-氯酚初始质量浓度为40 mg/L时,1 400 mg/L苯酚被完全降解耗时更长,菌体优先利用苯酚作为碳源和能源,苯酚被完全降解后大部分4-氯酚才开始被降解;苯酚对4-氯酚降解的影响体现为低浓度促进和高浓度抑制,苯酚促进时质量浓度为100~300 mg/L,而苯酚质量浓度高于300 mg/L会产生抑制作用,当苯酚初始质量浓度为200 mg/L时4-氯酚降解速率最大。采用Abuhamed动力学方程可以准确描述4-氯酚/苯酚双底物降解体系中细胞生长过程,苯酚对4-氯酚降解的抑制程度I_(1,2)=1.47,4-氯酚对苯酚降解的抑制程度I_(2,1)=2.56,决定系数R~2=0.95。研究表明,4-氯酚对苯酚降解的抑制作用大于苯酚对4-氯酚。     

C3降解长链烷烃的条件优化及其机理研究

以正十六烷无机盐培养基为选择培养基,从武汉石化输油管附近土壤中筛选出了1株高效降解长链烷烃的菌株C3。采用摇瓶实验,研究了菌株C3降解正十六烷的降解条件、降解动力学及降解机理。菌株C3降解正十六烷的最适宜条件为温度35℃、初始p H=7、摇床转速150 r/min。动力学研究显示,在底物质量浓度为1 000 mg/L时,其降解动力学拟合结果符合Monod方程,半饱和常数Ks=609.8 mg/L,最大降解速率v_(max)=62.1mg/(L·h)。对C3降解正十六烷产物进行红外光谱及GC/MS分析,推测该降解方式为末端氧化。     

波茨坦短芽孢杆菌降解间甲酚和4-氯酚的特性

为了高效处理工业含酚废水,研究了波茨坦短芽孢杆菌降解双底物体系过程中间甲酚和4-氯酚的相互作用及苯酚对间甲酚和4-氯酚降解的影响。结果表明,在间甲酚-4-氯酚体系中,4-氯酚会抑制间甲酚的降解,4-氯酚初始质量浓度为40 mg/L时,160 mg/L的间甲酚降解时间延长了8 h;同时间甲酚也抑制4-氯酚的降解,间甲酚初始质量浓度为40 mg/L时,160 mg/L的4-氯酚降解时间延长了4 h。采用Abuhamed动力学方程可以准确描述间甲酚-4-氯酚双底物降解体系中细胞生长的过程,动力学参数I_(1,2)=1.77,I_(2,1)=2.47,决定系数R~2=0.96。拟合参数表明,4-氯酚对间甲酚降解的抑制要强于间甲酚对4-氯酚降解的抑制。酶活测定表明,底物抑制作用增强时苯酚羟化酶和邻苯二酚1,2-双加氧酶的活性降低。添加低质量浓度的苯酚会对间甲酚和4-氯酚的降解产生促进作用,最佳促进质量浓度为200mg/L;添加300 mg/L以上的苯酚会对间甲酚和4-氯酚的降解产生抑制作用,抑制作用随苯酚质量浓度升高而增强。     

复合菌系RXS中木质纤维素降解酶类分析

复合菌系RXS能分泌多种木质纤维素降解酶,为探究这些酶在木薯渣降解中的作用,对RXS的培养时间、酶作用的温度和pH值,以及添加金属离子对酶活性和降解效果的影响进行了研究。结果表明,在培养48 h后,木聚糖酶(Xylanase)、滤纸酶(FPAase)和内切葡聚糖酶(CMCase)酶活性均达到最大值(分别为56.02 U/m L、3.14U/m L和6.78 U/m L),pH=6.0(FPAase和Xylanase的最适pH值)、温度为55℃(FPAase和CMCase酶活性最高)条件下,RXS酶液处理可使木薯渣的失重率达到18.78%,纤维素和半纤维素质量分数分别由31.46%和20.19%下降到22.12%和12.23%。添加Cu~(2+)有效地抑制了酶液中FPAase和Xylanase的酶活性,木薯渣几乎不降解,纤维素和半纤维素组分质量分数基本不发生变化;分别添加Co~(2+)和Zn~(2+)时,对3种酶均有一定程度的抑制,木薯渣失重率仅为3.29%和4.70%;分别添加Fe~(2+)、Mg~(2+)时,FPAase酶活性被抑制,Xylanase与CMCase共同降解底物,木薯渣失重率分别达12.77%和15.81%,纤维素和半纤维素质量分数明显降低。研究表明,Xylanase与CMCase是复合菌系中降解木薯渣的关键酶,其协同作用可使木薯渣有效降解。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。