Evaluation of membrane bioreactor process capabilities to meet stringent effluent nutrient discharge requirements.

A six-stage membrane bioreactor (MBR) pilot plant was operated to determine and demonstrate the capability of this process to produce a low-nutrient effluent, consistent with the nutrient reduction goals for the Chesapeake Bay. Biological nitrogen removal was accomplished using a multistage configuration with an initial anoxic zone (using the carbon in the influent wastewater), an aerobic zone (where nitrification occurred), a downstream anoxic zone (where methanol was added as a carbon source), and the aerated submerged membrane zone. The capability to reliably reduce effluent total nitrogen to less than 3 mg/L as nitrogen (N) was demonstrated. A combination of biological (using an initial anaerobic zone) and chemical (using alum) phosphorus removal was used to achieve effluent total phosphate concentrations reliably less than 0.1 mg/L as phosphorus (P) and as low as 0.03 mg/L as P. Alum addition also appeared to enhance the filtration characteristics of the MBR sludge and to reduce membrane fouling. Aeration of the submerged membranes results in thickened sludge with a high dissolved oxygen concentration (approaching saturation), which can be recycled to the main aeration zone rather than to an anoxic or anaerobic zone to optimize biological nutrient removal. Biological nutrient removal was characterized using the International Water Association Activated Sludge Model No. 2d. The stoichiometry of chemical phosphorus removal was also consistent with conventional theory and experience. The characteristics of the solids produced in the MBR were compared with those of a parallel full-scale conventional biological nitrogen removal process and were generally found to be similar. These results provide valuable insight to the design and operating characteristics of MBRs intended to produce effluents with very low nutrient concentrations.     

Investigating phosphorus limitation in a fixed bed filter with phosphorus and nitrogen profile measurements

In 2000, the European Union adopted the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) (European Commission, 2000). The WFD focuses on increasingly stringent nutrient standards including ultra low nitrogen (< 2.2 mg N-total/L) and phosphorus concentrations (< 0.15 mg total phosphorus/L) in receiving surface waters and in relevant point sources like wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent. Expansion of WWTPs with advanced post-treatment processes, like effluent filtration, is widely proposed to meet possible future effluent discharge standards. When combining biological nitrate-nitrogen and chemical phosphorus removal in one filter, phosphorus limitation in the denitrifying process may occur. This study investigated where in the filter bed and under which conditions phosphorus limitation occurs. Profile measurements for nitrate, nitrite, and orthophosphorus (PO4-P) combined with chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 02 were conducted. Results showed that the required PO4-P/NOx-N ratio is approximately 0.006 mg/mg after phosphorous precipitation and flocculation. Profile measurements have proven to be an applicable and useful tool. It showed how nitrate and orthophosphorus are removed through the filter bed based on the PO4-P/NOx-N ratio. When orthophosphorus is removed more rapidly and efficiently compared to nitrate, the PO4-P/NOx-N ratio decreases. When PO4-P/NOx-N ratio thresholds are approximately 0.006 mg/mg for a certain period of time and water temperatures varied significantly, orthophosphorus limitation may occur. Changing the filter-bed configuration or decreasing the coagulant dosage can prevent limitation of the denitrifying process because of a phosphorous shortage.     

Functionally relevant microorganisms to enhanced biological phosphorus removal performance at full-scale wastewater treatment plants in the United States

The abundance and relevance ofAccumulibacter phosphatis (presumed to be polyphosphate-accumulating organisms [PAOs]), Competibacter phosphatis (presumed to be glycogen-accumulating organisms [GAOs]), and tetrad-forming organisms (TFOs) to phosphorus removal performance at six full-scale enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) wastewater treatment plants were investigated. Coexistence of various levels of candidate PAOs and GAOs were found at these facilities. Accumulibacter were found to be 5 to 20% of the total bacterial population, and Competibacter were 0 to 20% of the total bacteria population. The TFO abundance varied from nondetectable to dominant. Anaerobic phosphorus (P) release to acetate uptake ratios (P(rel)/HAc(up)) obtained from bench tests were correlated positively with the abundance ratio of Accumulibacter/(Competibacter +TFOs) and negatively with the abundance of (Competibacter +TFOs) for all plants except one, suggesting the relevance of these candidate organisms to EBPR processes. However, effluent phosphorus concentration, amount of phosphorus removed, and process stability in an EBPR system were not directly related to high PAO abundance or mutually exclusive with a high GAO fraction. The plant that had the lowest average effluent phosphorus and highest stability rating had the lowest P(rel)/HAc(up) and the most TFOs. Evaluation of full-scale EBPR performance data indicated that low effluent phosphorus concentration and high process stability are positively correlated with the influent readily biodegradable chemical oxygen demand-to-phosphorus ratio. A system-level carbon-distribution-based conceptual model is proposed for capturing the dynamic competition between PAOs and GAOs and their effect on an EBPR process, and the results from this study seem to support the model hypothesis.     

Modification of a full-scale sequencing batch reactor operational mode for biological nutrient removal.

Two biological nutrient removal modes, consisting of anaerobic, anoxic, and oxic sequences, were tested in a full-scale sequencing batch reactor. The modes, identified as BNR-S1 and BNR-S2, had average total nitrogen removals of 84 and 89%, respectively, for the months of August to October. Over the same period, total phosphorus removals for BNR-S1 and BNR-S2 were 88 and 87%, respectively. In contrast, total nitrogen and total phosphorus removals for the regular aerobic mode were 54.7 and 44.7%, respectively. When the wastewater temperature changed from approximately 20 to 15 degrees C in the winter months, total nitrogen and total phosphorus removals for BNR-S2 were reduced to 81 and 70%, respectively. Total nitrogen effluent concentrations were between 2.5 and 4 mg-N/L (at approximately 20 degrees C), while the effluent total phosphorus concentrations were between 1 and 2 mg/L. The BNR-S2 mode was found to require less energy per kilogram of soluble chemical oxygen demand removed than the regular and BNR-S1 modes.     

Slaughterhouse wastewater treatment in a full-scale system with constructed wetlands.

This work evaluated the performance of a full-scale system with wetlands for slaughterhouse (abattoir) effluent treatment in the State of Hidalgo, México. The treatment system consisted of a primary sedimentation tank, an anaerobic lagoon, and a constructed subsurface-flow wetland, in series. The wetland accounted for almost 30% of the removal of organic matter. In general, the treatment system achieved satisfactory pollutant removals, but the final effluent could not meet the Mexican environmental regulations for fecal coliform counts, five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), and total suspended solids (TSS). Overall, removal levels were 91%, 89%, and 85% for BOD5, chemical oxygen demand, and TSS, respectively. However, BOD5 in the final effluent (137 mg/L) was higher than the maximum level of 30 mg/L allowed by the regulatory agency. Although organic nitrogen removal levels were approximately 80%, the nitrogen persisted in oxidation state -3 as ammonia-nitrogen, the removal of which was only 9% in the wetland stage. On average, phosphorus removal was null, and, on occasion, the phosphorus concentration in the treated effluent was higher than that of the influent. Coliform reductions in the overall system were high (on the order of 5 logs on average), whereas the coliform removal in the wetland was between 2 to 3.5 logs. The treatment system was also effective at removing pathogens (Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella, and Shigella). Further laboratory tests with the wetland effluent suggest that post treatment in a sand filter stage followed by disinfection with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) could help meet the Mexican discharge regulations, particularly the criteria for coliforms and total BOD5.     

COD对生物除磷颗粒污泥稳定性影响研究

颗粒污泥稳定性是影响其应用的主要因素之一.以SBR中成熟的生物除磷颗粒污泥为研究对象,探讨进水COD浓度对系统稳定性的影响.结果表明,当进水COD浓度由300 mg/L逐渐升高到500 mg/L时,磷去除率由93%降低到88%;当进水COD浓度在400 mg/L以下时,污泥的最大比释磷速率和比吸磷速率分别为45.2 m...     

为置缺氧区的改良型Pasveer氧化沟工艺脱氮除磷性能研究

针对传统Pasveer氧化沟内缺氧段碳源难以被反硝化菌充分利用的问题,采用内置缺氧区的改良型Pasveer氧化沟工艺,并进行中试规模实验研究,考察了不同内回流比条件下系统的脱氮除磷效果。研究结果表明,在内回流比为200％的情况下,系统的脱氮除磷效果最好,出水TN和TP的浓度分别降至12．7mg／L和0．34mg／L,去除率分别达到61．9％和89．2％。内置缺氧区的设置一方面能使有限的碳源充分用于反硝化,另一方面,促使了反硝化吸磷现象的发生,这使得系统在进水碳源较低的情况下仍能够获得上佳的脱氮除磷效果。但是,过高的内回流比会导致好氧区亚硝酸盐的积累,这对生物除磷是不利的。     

内置缺氧区的改良型Pasveer氧化沟工艺脱氮除磷性能研究

针对传统Pasveer氧化沟内缺氧段碳源难以被反硝化菌充分利用的问题,采用内置缺氧区的改良型Pasveer氧化沟工艺,并进行中试规模实验研究,考察了不同内回流比条件下系统的脱氮除磷效果。研究结果表明,在内回流比为200%的情况下,系统的脱氮除磷效果最好,出水TN和TP的浓度分别降至12.7 mg/L和0.34 mg/L,去除率分别达到61.9%和89.2%。内置缺氧区的设置一方面能使有限的碳源充分用于反硝化,另一方面,促使了反硝化吸磷现象的发生,这使得系统在进水碳源较低的情况下仍能够获得上佳的脱氮除磷效果。但是,过高的内回流比会导致好氧区亚硝酸盐的积累,这对生物除磷是不利的。     

不同工艺再生水补给对景观湖水质变化的影响

再生水回用于景观水体过程中,为了比较不同再生水工艺对景观水体富营养化的影响,以"二级出水+BAF+O3+GFH"和"二级出水+O3"作为再生水处理工艺,以岸滤(bank filtration,BF)作为水质维持工艺,进行再生水景观水体水质保障技术研究。结果表明,"二级出水+O3"出水流量较大,水力流动快,每天运行24 h,平均出水流量25.5 m3/d,氮磷含量偏高;"二级出水+BAF+O3+GFH"出水的氮磷指标控制在较低水平,GFH出水流量8～14 m3/d,水力流动较缓,湖中出现蓝藻。2套系统中BF对NH4+-N的去除率分别为30.5%和20.8%。"二级出水+O3+BF"系统中人工湖进水TN平均浓度24.309 mg/L,TP平均浓度0.583 mg/L,N/P=41,适宜水网藻生长,对湖中N(主要是NH4+-N)、P有较强的去除能力;"二级出水+BAF+O3+GFH+BF"系统中人工湖进水TP<0.05 mg/L,适宜蓝藻生长。     

氯化铁处理AB工艺二级出水中的磷

铁盐混凝剂因其高电荷、安全无毒、易于控制等优点,在城市污水厂除磷方面得到了进一步的发展和应用。为了考察FeCl3除磷的作用特征,探讨除磷效率随pH值、FeCl3投加量等混凝参数的变化规律,以氯化铁(FeCl3)为除磷剂,某城市污水处理厂二级出水为实验水样,进行了实验研究。研究结果表明,水样的硬度对混凝剂除磷性能有较大影响,在最佳工艺条件———不调节水样pH值、FeCl3投加量为75 mg/L时,可将废水中的总磷含量从4.95 mg/L降至0.44 mg/L以下,处理出水可达《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)中的一级A排放标准(GB18918-2002)(TP<0.50 mg/L)。     

Effect of influent nitrogen speciation on organic nitrogen occurrence in activated sludge process effluents

The effect of influent nitrogen composition on organic nitrogen production in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) activated sludge process was investigated. A laboratory-scale SBR was fed with three different type synthetic wastewaters with varying nitrogen compositions (phase I = nitriloacetic acid + ammonium [NH4-N], phase II = NH(4-)N, and phase III = amino acid mixture + NH(4-)N) was operated. The effluent contained approximately 1 to 2 mg N/L organic nitrogen, even though there was no organic nitrogen in influent. The effluent organic nitrogen increased to approximately 4 mg N/L when the influent composition was changed and then stabilized at <2 mg N/L. The maximum nitrifier growth rate constants (microN) were calculated as 0.91+/-0.10 to 1.14+/-0.08 day-1, 0.82 +/-0.13 day-1, and 0.89+/-0.08 day-1 at 20 degrees C for the three different influent compositions. The effluent colloidal organic nitrogen (CON) was negligible, suggesting that the effluent CON found in full-scale plants may be the result of influent-derived suspended matter.     

生物化学协同除磷研究

采用聚合硅酸铝和聚合硅酸铁两种混凝剂,比较了将混凝剂直接投加到反应器中和对生物反应器出水再进行混凝沉淀2种工艺的除磷效果,并对2种混凝剂的除磷效果进行了比较.结果表明:对于聚合硅酸铝,没有生物协同作用;对于聚合硅酸铁,投加量在40 mg/L以下时具有生物协同作用,30 mg/L时协同作用最明显;而且聚合硅酸铁的除磷效果好于聚合硅酸铝.     

生物化学协同除磷研究

采用聚合硅酸铝和聚合硅酸铁两种混凝剂，比较了将混凝剂直接投加到反应器中和对生物反应器出水再进行混凝沉淀2种工艺的除磷效果，并对2种混凝剂的除磷效果进行了比较。结果表明：对于聚合硅酸铝，没有生物协同作用；对于聚合硅酸铁，投加量在40mg／L以下时具有生物协同作用，30mg／L时协同作用最明显；而且聚合硅酸铁的除磷效果好于聚合硅酸铝。     

神经节苷脂生产废水处理技术研究

针对神经节苷脂生产废水蛋白质含量高的特点,研究了等电点沉淀或混凝沉降预处理、厌氧好氧生物处理、化学沉淀和类Fenton氧化后处理组合工艺处理神经节苷脂生产废水的技术。结果表明,神经节苷脂生产废水的等电点在pH=2.2左右,通过等电点沉淀可去除30%以上的COD,但等电点时蛋白质的沉淀速度非常慢;用聚合硫酸铁对神经节苷脂生产废水进行混凝预处理的最适工艺条件是：pH=7～7.5,聚合硫酸铁用量＝500～750 mg/L。在优化条件下,混凝预处理可以使神经节苷脂生产废水的COD从27 000 mg/L左右降到13 000 mg/L左右。混凝预处理后的神经节苷脂生产废水经48 h厌氧和84 h好氧生物处理,COD值进一步下降到600 mg/L左右。然后向每升生化出水中加入2～3 mmol Fe³⁺,通过化学沉淀作用除去其中的磷酸盐,过量的Fe³⁺作为后续类Fenton氧化的催化剂。当H₂O₂(30％)用量为2～3 mL/L时,最终出水的COD值可以达到国家一级排放标准。     

改良型Carrousel氧化沟工艺生物脱氮除磷效果研究

为了提高改良型Carrousel氧化沟工艺污水处理厂的脱氮除磷效果,结合某污水处理厂3年的运行实践,讨论了该工艺的处理效果,生物脱氮除磷原理及影响出水效果的因素.分析表明将DO控制在0.3～0.7 mg/L范围内,能够使出水中的TN浓度低于20 mg/L;在氧化沟中发生的同步硝化反硝化反应(SND)对总氮的去除的贡献占总系统脱氮的66%;该系统剩余污泥的含磷率为3.0%,生物细胞中平均含磷量可达细胞干重的4.2%;总磷去除率与污泥龄具有很好的线性关系,加大污泥排放量可以提高除磷效果.     

垂直流人工湿地系统对污水磷的净化效果

用煤灰渣人工土壤和风车草组成的垂直流人工湿地系统对化粪池出水中总磷和无机磷的去除率分别达到75 %— 92 %和 73%— 92 % ,其处理出水中总磷和无机磷浓度大部分低于 1mg/L ,达到了城市污水二级生化处理的二级排放标准。垂直流煤灰渣人工湿地系统对磷的去除作用主要有 :物理作用、化学吸附与沉淀作用和微生物同化作用以及植物摄取等作用 ,其对化粪池出水中总磷的去除率分别为 2 2 .8%、5 0 %— 6 5 %和 1%— 3%。     

Comparison of the occurrence of antibiotics in four full-scale wastewater treatment plants with varying designs and operations

The occurrence of ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, and trimethoprim antibiotics in four full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) that differ in design and operating conditions was determined. The WWTPs chosen utilized a variety of secondary removal processes, such as a two stage activated sludge process with a nitrification tank, extended aeration, rotating biological contactors, and pure oxygen activated sludge. Several of the WWTPs also employed an advanced treatment process, such as chlorination and UV radiation disinfection. The detected concentrations (microg/l) ranged from 0.20 to 1.4 for ciprofloxacin, 0.21 to 2.8 for sulfamethoxazole, 0.061 to 1.1 for tetracycline, and 0.21 to 7.9 for trimethoprim. The overall percent difference in the concentrations of the antibiotics in the effluent and influent of these antibiotics differed between plants and ranged from 33% to 97%. Based on these four full-scale WWTPs evaluated, the apparent removal of organic micropollutants in wastewater is dependent on a combination of biological and physico-chemical treatment processes and operating conditions of the treatment system.     

垃圾渗滤液生物处理出水的深度处理组合工艺

采用"混凝-电解氧化-完全混合式活性污泥法(CSTR)"组合工艺深度处理垃圾渗滤液生物处理出水。探索了工艺的组合及各种工艺操作条件对垃圾渗滤液深度处理效果的影响,并对其影响机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明,以PAC为混凝剂时,在pH和药剂(有效成分)投加量分别为6.0和600 mg/L条件下,渗滤液COD去除率达到50%,有效降低了难溶惰性COD含量,缩短了后续电化学处置时间。混凝工艺后,采用电化学工艺处理,在最优工艺条件下:pH为6.0、电流I为1.2 A(电流密度为18.18 mA/cm2)、Cl-投加量为1 000 mg/L、极板距离为2 cm,电解30 min渗滤液COD去除率达到36%,同时,难降解有毒物含量明显降低,渗滤液可生化性TbOD/COD由10%提升至最大值64%。最后采用CSTR处理渗滤液电解出水,系统出水COD、氨氮和色度分别为100~150 mg/L、7~13 mg/L和25倍,为反渗透(RO)工序提供了良好的水质条件。     

Coagulation and precipitation as post-treatment of anaerobically treated primary municipal wastewater.

The main objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of coagulation as a post-treatment method of anaerobically treated primary municipal wastewater. Both mesophilic and ambient (20 degrees C) temperature conditions were investigated in a laboratory-scale upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor. In addition, optimization of the coagulant, both in terms of type and dose, was performed. Finally, phosphorus removal by means of aluminum and iron coagulation and phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen removal by means of struvite precipitation were studied. Anaerobic treatment of primary effluent at low hydraulic retention times (less than 15 hours) resulted in mean chemical oxygen demand (COD) removals ranging from 50 to 70%, while, based on the filtered treated effluent, the mean removals increased to 65 to 80%. Alum coagulation of the UASB effluent gave suspended solids removals ranging from approximately 35 to 65%. Turbidity removal reached up to 80%. Remaining COD values after coagulation and settling were below 100 mg/L, while remaining total organic carbon (TOC) levels were below 50 mg/L. Filterable COD levels were generally below 60 mg/L, while filterable TOC levels were below 40 mg/L. All coagulants tested, including prepolymerized aluminum and iron coagulants, demonstrated similar efficiency compared with alum for the removal of suspended solids, COD, and TOC. Regarding struvite precipitation, optimal conditions for phosphorus and nitrogen removal were pH 10 and molar ratio of magnesium: ammonia-nitrogen: phosphate-phosphorus close to the stoichiometric ratio (1:1:1). During struvite precipitation, removal of suspended solids reached 40%, while turbidity removal reached values up to 80%. The removal of COD was approximately 30 to 35%; yet, when removal of organic matter was based on the treated filterable COD, the removal increased to approximately 65%. In addition, nitrogen was removed by approximately 70%, while phosphorus removal ranged between approximately 30 and 45% on the basis of the initial phosphorus concentration. Finally, size fractionation of the organic matter (COD) showed that the various treatment methods were capable of removing different fractions of the organic matter.     

污水生物除磷若干影响因素分析

在系统阐述污水生物除磷机理的基础上,深入分析了微生物群体平衡、城市污水水质、环境因子以及工艺运行参数和运行方式等方面对生物除磷效果的影响.分析结果表明:生物除磷系统的溶解氧浓度不宜太高,一般好氧区DO＜2 mg/L,厌氧区DO＜0.2 mg/L;厌氧段存在硝酸盐对生物释磷有负面影响,缺氧段存在一定浓度的硝酸盐有利于生物聚磷;碳源必须充分、易降解;TKN/COD＜0.1的城市污水有利于生物除磷;pH偏碱性可提高生物除磷效率;低温对生物除磷效果影响不明显.