部分酯类化合物结构与毒性关系研究

该文在化合物二维结构基础上,对48个酯类化合物结构进行了表征,进而建立了化合物结构与水生毒性关系模型,模型的相关系数(R~2)分别为0.926 6和0.917 4,标准偏差(SD)分别为0.257 6和0.255 8。采用留一法交互检验评价了模型的稳定性,得到模型交互检验的相关系数(RCV~2)分别为0.885 6和0.799 2,标准偏差(SD_(CV))分别为0.255 8和0.294 5。运用外部样本检验了模型的预测能力,得到外部预测的相关系数(Rtest2)分别为0.991 0和0.952 3,标准偏差(SD_(test))分别为0.079 3和0.182 9。分子结构描述符能较好地表现化合物结构特征,所建模型拟合效果好、稳定性强、预测准确性高。对于环境中有毒化合物的结构-毒性关系研究具有较好的参考价值。     

取代苯对人体细胞的定量结构—遗传毒性研究

通过微核实验,测定了 36 种取代苯类化合物对人体外周血淋巴细胞的遗传毒性;并构建了遗传毒性与分子结构参数之间的 QSAR 模型.结果表明,有 34 种化合物显著地导致了微核的产生,具有明显的遗传毒性;遗传毒性的大小与分子结构描述符辛醇-水分配系数(MlogP)、x 轴主惯性矩(Principalx)、γ 极化率[Polar(γ)]等存在良好的结构-活性相关关系,所建模型的相关系数 R² =0.718,具有较高的预测能力,可用来预测取代苯类化合物的遗传毒性.     

MEDV描述子预测取代芳烃类化合物的藻毒性

以分子电性距离矢量(MEDV)描述子有效表征43个取代芳烃类化合物的分子结构,应用基于预测变量的选择与模型化(VMSP)方法,建立化合物的封闭体系绿藻(Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata)毒性(48 h EC₅₀)与其分子结构之间的定量相关(QSTR)模型. 应用多元线性回归方法建立的QSTR模型具有较高的相关系数(r0.891 1)及LOO(Leave-One-Out)检验相关系数(q0.810 2),表明该模型具有良好的估计能力与稳定性. 应用28个化合物的训练集样本构建QSTR模型预测外部检验集,结果表明,训练集模型也具有良好的预测能力.      

62种杂环芳胺结构与致变活性关系的神经网络研究

应用自适应分子结构描述符生成方法和神经网络数值模式,研究62种烹调食品过程中产生的杂环芳胺结构与致变活性间的关系。该模式预报结果与实验测定结果符合良好;致变剂、非致变剂和勉强有致变活性剂三类间正确分类率超过90％。通过6次自适应分子结构描述符选择迭代,得到５种特征分子描述符为：芳环碳原子取代甲基数、芳环氮原子取代甲基数、母体共轭环数、端环增活结构数和端环抑活结构数。其中,增活结构为具有共轭烯烃碎片结构;抑活结构具有短共轭烯烃结构或不具有共轭烯烃结构。最后,对该构效关系的起因进行了定性解释。     

取代苯类化合物的二维息定量结构-活性相关研究

为了预测非反应性麻醉型化合物对发光菌的发光半抑制浓度,评价该类化合物的毒性效应,采用独特的二维HQSAR分析方法,根据分子碎片的类型,将分子结构转变成具有特征的分子指纹,并用数字进行标记。这些标记出的数字作为QSAR的描述符,经过偏最小二乘法计算,建立起化合物结构与生物毒性之间的相关关系,由此所获得的HQSAR预测值与实测值之间也存在较好的相关性,即-1g_(pre)EC_(50)=0.311 0.929(-1g_(exp)EC_(50))(n=13,r=0.964)。这一模型的预测效果明显优于传统的二维QSAR模型,其结果可以为定量评估同类化合物的生物毒性提供可靠依据。     

PCDFs的Ah受体结合能力的定量结构效应关系

应用单苯环氯取代方法取G₁～G₁₀10个分子结构描述符,通过正向逐步线性回归方法构建对于Ah受体结合能力的定量结构-性质相关(QSAR)模型.与有关文献相比,此模型能更好地预测多氯代二苯并呋喃(PCDFs)竞争结合Ah受体logEC₅₀值,各自变量间不存在共线性.模型可以较好地反映PCDFs分子Ah受体结合能力与其分子氯取代位点之间的关系.     

醇酚类化合物毒性的QSAR研究

化合物毒性与描述符通常呈现为非线性关系,量子化学计算的化合物分子描述符中包含诸多无关特征与冗余特征.最大相关最小冗余(m RMR)是应用较广泛的特征选择方法,但当前的m RMR对连续型因变量不适用,且存在相关性测度与冗余性测度不可比的缺陷.定量构效关系(QSAR)研究中因变量(毒性)与自变量(描述符)多为连续型变量,本文以非线性的距离相关系数(d Cor)取代线性的Pearson相关系数(R),在非线性条件下实现了相关性测度与冗余性测度可比,由此提出了新的特征选择方法 m RMR-d Cor.3个醇酚类化合物毒性QSAR数据集的分析表明,基于m RMR-d Cor选择特征的支持向量回归(SVR)模型独立预测Q2分别为0.954、0.941、0.981,明显优于参比模型与文献报道,m RMR-d Cor选择的多数保留分子描述符得到文献报道支持.m RMR-d Cor在化合物QSAR、定量构质关系等研究中有广泛应用前景.     

用GFA建立苯衍生物对发光菌毒性的QSAR模型

文章用Accelrys公司Material Studio4.0软件计算100个苯衍生物发光菌EC50样本不同类型的分子描述符,并用其中的GFA模块对筛选后的描述符建立了QSAR预测模型。训练集所得的最优的5个模型是同等的,根据r2和r2cv,方程1选为最优模型,其r2=0.933,r2cv=0.929。预测集预测相关系数r2pred为0.70,说明该模型具有较好的预测能力。     

部分酯类化合物对四膜虫毒性的全息QSAR分析

全息定量结构活性相关分析(HolographicQSAR或HQSAR)能快速而简便的产生高统计质量和预测能力的QSAR模型。采用HQSAR分析了30个酯类化合物对四膜虫的毒性与分子结构之间的关系,及分子碎片大小和全息长度对QSAR模型的影响,得到的最佳QSAR模型的R2为0.981,Q2为0.912。此外还应用色码讨论了离群值产生的可能原因。     

改性蒙脱土固定化辣根过氧化物酶对2，4，6-三氯苯酚的催化去除及其影响因素研究

以黄腐酸改性的蒙脱土为模板固定辣根过氧化物酶(Horseradish peroxidase,HRP)研究其催化去除水中2,4,6-三氯苯酚(2,4,6-trichlorophenol,2,4,6-TCP)的效果及其影响因素,并与自由酶催化反应做对比研究了不同催化时间、pH值、温度和固定化HRP浓度对催化反应的影响,以及对固定化HRP催化降解2,4,6-TCP进行了动力学分析,考察了固定化HRP的重复使用性和储存稳定性.结果表明:黄腐酸活化的蒙脱土固定的HRP具有很高的生物活性,固定后的HRP活性高达112 U·g-1;固定化HRP催化降解100μmol·L-12,4,6-TCP,20 min后对2,4,6-TCP的去除率已达到96%,催化降解速率高于自由酶;HRP经过黄腐酸改性的蒙脱土固定化后,催化降解2,4,6-TCP的最优pH值为6;固定化后的HRP其催化反应的适宜温度范围(10~50℃)比自由酶(30~50℃)更宽泛.改性蒙脱土载体固定HRP对2,4,6-TCP的去除作用主要是由固定化HRP的催化作用引起的,吸附去除率贡献仅达到0.77%,氧化去除率仅为2.81%.固定化HRP催化2,4,6-TCP的Linerweaver-Burk反应动力学参数中最大反应速率Vmax=7.14×10-4mol·L-1·min-1,米氏常数Km=1.56×10-3mol·L-1.在储存稳定性方面,固定化HRP的储存稳定性极高,50 d后依然可以保留80%的活性.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.