应用固相萃取技术分析全血中阿米替林,多虑平药物

本文用国产大孔径树脂ＧＤＸ－４０３固相柱富集分离全血中的阿米替林、多虑平药物，并用ＧＣ／ＮＰＤ毛细管气相色谱技术进行检测，在１．０ｍｌ全血中加入２．０μｇ药物，回收率分别为８３．６％和３９．７％，ＣＶ值为４．４４％和３．３２％，检出限为２５ｎｇ．ｍｌ＾－１和３０ｎｇ．ｍｌ＾－１。研究结果经动物实验验证，获得满意的结果。     

九龙江口桐花树红树林对重金属的吸收与累积

探讨了福建九龙江口桐花树红树林对ＣＵ、Ｐｈ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ、Ｍｎ元素的吸收、累积及分布．结果表明：该林地土壤５种元素的储量关系为Ｍｎ＞Ｚｎ＞Ｐｈ＞ＣＵ≥Ｃｄ；植物体不同部位，各元素含量有着明显的差异，含量范围分别为Ｃｈ１．５１～５．７０、Ｐｂ１．３０～１０．７０、Ｚｎ１８．０～１００．１、Ｃｄ０．０４～０．２３和Ｍｎ１５．５～２３７．５（ｗ／１０－６）；植物对土壤元素的富集系数大小依次为Ｃｄ＞Ｚｎ＞Ｍｎ＞Ｃｕ＞Ｐｈ；群落现存生物量中，ＣＵ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ、Ｍｎ元素的现存累积量分别为１６．５６、６３．３０、４４５．０５、１．１４和１６５６．９３（ρＡ／ｍｇ·ｍ－２）．其中，地下部分别占７０．２％、８１．８％、７６．２％、７２．２％和８２．１％；林地残留物相应元素的储量分别为２１１．１１、１８４．００、１９４１．６９、６．１９和２２２４８．３１（ρＡ／μｇ·ｍ－２）．     

施垃圾堆肥拌CaCO3对蔬菜中重金属的累积影响

垃圾堆肥拌施ＣａＣＯ３对蔬菜中重金属的累积效应试验结果显示：单施垃圾肥会增加蔬菜中重金属的累积量，但若施垃圾堆肥同时拌施ＣａＣＯ３（按施垃圾堆肥量的０．５％或１％），则可有效地降低蔬菜中重金属的累积水平．与单施垃圾堆肥相比，拌施ＣａＣＯ３能使番茄中Ｐｂ含量下降２９％－４１％；Ｃｒ下降５％－４６％，Ｃｄ下降９％－４２％；Ｃｕ下降２％－２４％；ＡＳ下降４％－６０％；有的元素如Ｐｂ和Ｃｄ甚至能降到本底值（即不施垃圾肥者）以下。青菜中Ｐｂ、Ｃｕ、Ａｓ的含量下降较明显。试验还显示：施垃圾堆肥拌施ＣａＣＯ３，土壤中重金属可提取总量低于单施垃圾堆肥者。     

8种拟除虫菊酯农药对稀有鲫的急性、亚慢性毒性研究

８种拟除虫菊酯对稀有鲫的急性毒性和其中２种拟除虫菊酯的亚慢性毒性研究结果表明：溴氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、二氯炔戊菊酯、胺菊酯、甲醚菊酯对稀有鲫均属剧毒,它们的ρ（９６ｈＬＣ５０）／μｇ·Ｌ－１分别为３．１６,３．２４,６．３１,７．２１,７．３５,３２．４５,９１．７５和８８２．６;甲氰菊酯、二氯炔戊菊酯对稀有鲫７ｄ亚慢性毒性的最低有影响浓度ρ（ＬＯＥＣ）和最高无影响浓度ρ（ＮＯＥＣ）分别为０．８８～０．４４μｇ／Ｌ,４．０～２．０μｇ／Ｌ,以ρ（９６ｈＬＣ５０）／μｇ·Ｌ－１为基准,２种拟除虫菊酯的安全系数均为０．０６～０．１２５．     

水样品中重碳酸根离子排斥色谱法研究

本文研究了用离子排斥色谱法分析了水样品中重碳酸根的最佳色谱条件，分离方式和流动相的选择，样品溶液ｐＨ值与峰高的关系，实验结果显示，该方法具有简便，用样量少，灵敏度高于和干扰少等优点，测量下限为０．１２μｇ．ｍｌ＾－１ＨＣＯ＾－３在１－１０μｇ．ｍ＾－１和１０－１００μｇ．ｍｌ＾－１浓度范围内，ＨＣＯ３浓度与峰高的线性相关系数在０．９９５以上，该方法用于自来水和油田水样品的分析获得较好的结果。     

欧洲红豆杉细胞培养的研究

从欧洲红豆杉（Ｔａｘｕｓｂａｃｃａｔａ）的嫩茎及什叶诱导出愈伤组织，并对之进行了愈伤组织培养及细胞悬浮培养研究；利用ＨＰＬＣ方法测定了培养物合成紫杉醇的能力．探索了提高培养细胞生长率及紫杉醇含量的一些措施．结果表明，欧洲红豆杉愈伤组织及悬浮培养细胞的生长速率已分别达到０．２７ｇ·Ｌ－１·ｄ－１和０．３５ｇ·Ｌ－１·ｄ－１，紫杉醇含量分别为０．００３１％和０．０１７％。     

环境条件变化对太湖沉积物磷释放的影响

本文系统研究了环境条件变化对太湖沉积物磷释放的影响，结果表明：温度、ＰＨ、氧化还原条件对沉积物磷释放有很大影响，获得了在不同环境条件下磷释放的方程，结果还表明，厌氧下（ＤＯ〈１．０ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１）沉积物磷的最大释放量明显高于好氧条件（ＤＯ〉８．０ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１），其释放速率分别为３．１４μｇ．ｇ＾－１．ｄ＾－１和２．７５μｇ＾－１．ｄ＾－１，相应的动力学方程可表示为ＣＰ＝Ａｅ＾ｂ／ｔ，观察到藻与沉     

催化动力学光度法测定水中痕量亚硝酸根

基于亚硝酸根对溴酸钾氧化甲基紫的反应具有催化作用，建立了测定亚硝酸根的催化动力学光度法，研究了最佳测试条件，用于测定水样和标准样品中的亚硝酸根，获得满意结果，方法检出限为０．１６μｇ．５０ｍｌ＾－１，线性范围为０．２５－１２．０μｇ．６０ｍＬ＾－１，回收率在９０％－１０８％之间。     

固定化微生物厌氧移动床——好氧法处理偶氮染料废水

在分离获得的三株高效脱色菌组成的混合脱色菌种基础上，利用固定化微生物 氧移动床与好氧生物氧化法结合的工艺处理人工配制的偶氮染料废水，在１５－１８℃的条件下，当原水ＣＯＤ浓度为１５００ｍｇ／Ｌ＝１５８０ｍｇ／Ｌ，色度４００倍，厌氧水为停留时间８ｈ，好氧容积负荷率４．０ｋｇＣＯＤ／ｍ＾３（填料），ｄ时，色度及ＣＯＤ的去除率分别为９６．９％及９３．４％。     

阻抑动力学测定痕量砷（Ⅲ）的研究

在硫酸介质中，痕量Ａｓ（Ⅲ）能阻抑溴酸钾、镍化钾和锆试剂之间的褪色反应，研究了阻抑褪色反应的最佳佳实验条件，建立了测定初量Ａｓ（Ⅲ）的方法，本方法的最低检测限为３．６×１０＾－５μｇ·ｍｌ＾－１，测定范围为０．０－１．０μｇ·２５ｍｌ＾－１，用于测定工业废水中的Ａｓ（Ⅲ），获得了满意的结果。     

模拟酸雨对南方红壤镉释放的影响

采用室内模拟酸雨淋溶土柱的方法,研究了酸雨对2种红壤镉释放的影响。结果表明,酸雨加速了红壤中镉的释放。在pH4.5的酸雨作用下,镉的平均释放水平是对照的1.6～1.7倍,在pH3.5的酸雨作用下,镉的平均释放水平是对照的2.0～6.5倍。经过相当于9150～10650mm降水量的淋溶后,pH4.5的酸雨使红壤镉的累积释放量提高63.0%～80.0%,pH3.5的酸雨使其提高102.7%～630.6%。红壤镉的释放与铝、铁的释放具有极显著或显著相关性。酸雨对镉释放的影响可增加水体中镉的负荷,从而加重镉对人类的直接或潜在危害。     

Effects of a lead- and cadmium-resistant fungal strain on the absorption of heavy metals by Vetiveria zizanioides北大核心CSCD

A two-factor randomized complete block experiment was used to explore the remediation by a plant-microorganism combination on soils contaminated by lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). Factor A was the amount of fungi, for which four values were considered, namely, 0, 1, 3, and 5 g. Factor B was the level of contamination by lead and cadmium, for which six values were considered, namely, Cd0Pb0, Cd10Pb400, Cd20Pb600, Cd30Pb800, Cd50Pb1200, and Cd80Pb1800 (data in units of mg/ kg). The results showed that the resistant fungi promoted the growth of vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides). At weights of 1, 3, and 5 g, the resistant fungi increased the biomass of vetiver by 41.9%, 74.9%, and 71.7% respectively. The resistant fungi stimulated the absorption of lead and cadmium by both the aerial and underground parts of vetiver. In the presence of 80 mg/kg of Cd2+ and 1 800 mg/kg of Pb2+, the contents of lead in the aerial parts of vetiver were increased by 120.6%, 265.4%, and 242.9%, while the lead content in the underground parts were increased by 110.3%, 278.2%, and 266.2%, after the addition of 1 g, 3 g, and 5 g of fungi, respectively. The content of cadmium in the aerial parts increased by 113.2%, 238.3%, and 217.3%, while the content of cadmium in the underground parts increased by 103.1%, 298.8%, and 274.4%, after the addition of 1 g, 3 g, and 5 g of fungi, respectively. The addition of fungi strengthened the effect of V. zizanioides to remediate soils contaminated by lead and cadmium, and the remediation after the addition of 3 g of fungi was better than that after treatment with 1 g and 5 g of fungi. The combination of resistant fungi and the heavy metal enrichment plant, vetiver, under different concentrations of lead and cadmium showed that the fungi had a significant effect on the remediation of soils contaminated by lead and cadmium. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Vehicle-Induced Lead and Cadmium Contamination of Roadside Soil and Plants in Italy

Lead and cadmium concentrations in spontaneous vegetation and in soil sampled at various distances (0–208 m) from several motorways throughout Italy were measured. Lead and cadmium concentrations appear to be correlated to distance from the motorway and to traffic levels. A comparison with data from a remote and unpolluted site shows that foliar lead concentrations can be up to 40 times higher, and foliar cadmium concentrations up to 3 times higher. Plants behave differently in their accumulation of lead and cadmium; conifers present the highest levels. Also the various receptors and compartments of the roadside ecosystem differ in their accumulation of lead and cadmium; soil and bark have consistently higher concentrations, while the leaves and twigs of trees have consistently lower levels. the data recorded by ad hoc introduced bio-accumulating plants (Lolium multiflorum L.) are consistent with those of the spontaneous vegetation. the concentrations of both lead and cadmium in Lolium vary from June to November, following in part the fluctuation in traffic density.     

聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠固定香菇废弃物吸附Pb和Cd的最佳配方

选用香菇废弃物作为生物吸附剂,用聚乙烯醇(PVA)-海藻酸钠(SA)同定香菇粉制成PVA-SA固定香菇,以吸附溶液中铅(Pb)和镉(Cd)的能力为主要评价指标,结合成球性、机械强度和耐酸性等,通过正交试验确定出吸附Pb的PVA-SA固定香菇最佳配方是8%PVA+1%SA+3%香菇粉+2%CaCl2的饱和H3BO3,对Pb的吸附率为95.4%,吸附Cd的PVA-SA同定香菇的最佳配方是5%PVA+1%SA+3%香菇粉+2%CaCl2的饱和H3BO3,对Cd的吸附率为63.7%.二小球的成球性、机械强度和耐酸性都较好.Langmuir等温吸附模型能最好地拟合香菇吸附Pb的热力学过程,相关系数R2达0.993 9;Freundlich模型能更好地描述香菇吸附Cd的热力学过程,R2为0.999 3.Freundlich等温吸附模型适合描述PVA-SA同定香菇吸附Pb和Cd的热力学过程,R2分别为0.958 7和0.982 3.自由香菇对Cd的理论最大吸附量qm-Langmuir (2.832 1 mg g-1)小于PVA-SA固定香菇的理论最大吸附量qm-Langmuir (6.447 5 mg g-1),自由香菇吸附Pb的Freundlich模型参数k(0.312 7)小于PVA-SA固定香菇吸附Pb的k(0.431 0),香菇固定后吸附Cd和Pb的能力有所提高.PVA-SA固定香菇吸附Pb和Cd的吸附平衡时间分别为3 h和7 h,比自由香菇吸附Pb和Cd的平衡时间(1 h)长.伪二级动力学模型能很好地拟合固定香菇吸附Pb和Cd的动力学过程,R2分别为0.999 9和0.994 6,由该模型计算出的对Pb和Cd的平衡吸附量理论值分别为0.453 6 mg g-1和0.2060 mg Cd g-1.伪二级动力学模型能很好地拟合同定香菇吸附Pb和Cd的动力学过程,由该模型计算出的固定香菇对Pb和Cd的平衡吸附量理论值分别为0.453 6 mg g-1和0.206 0 mg g-1,自由香菇对Pb和Cd的平衡吸附量理论值分别为1.817 2 mg g-1和0.842 5 mg g-1.PVA-SA固定香菇吸附Pb/Cd的伪二级动力学反应速率常数k2为1.324 1/1.253 1,自由香菇吸附Pb/Cd的k2为0.780 510.213 0,自由香菇吸附Pb/Cd的k2大于固定香菇的k2,表明固定香菇吸附Pb/Cd达到平衡所需要的时间比自由香菇所需要的时间长.图3表6参16     

近岸海域典型水体中镉的水生态风险评估

为了解我国近岸海域重金属污染现状,以镉为目标污染物,选择北部湾、渤海湾、杭州湾、辽东湾、闽江口、珠江口、长江口、黄河口等8个典型海湾、河口区域作为评估目标区域进行水生态风险评估。研究结果显示:北部湾、渤海湾、杭州湾、闽江口、长江口、珠江口、黄河口等7个海域水体中镉的暴露水平较低,从2005至2013年其急、慢性暴露的最高潜在影响比例均低于5%,且整体呈下降趋势。辽东湾水体中镉从2005至2013年对水生生物的最高潜在影响比例为28.67%(95%置信区间26.29%~30.06%),5%、10%、15%、20%超过率对应的潜在影响比例分别为18.95%(17.84%~20.23%)、12.51%(11.65%~13.61%)、8.26%(7.40%~9.15%)、5.45%(4.62%~6.16%),其在2005—2010年间呈现略微上升趋势,2010—2013年间呈现下降趋势。水体中镉暴露水平主要受入海河流污染物输入的影响,其中五里河、大凌河影响最强。     

树体自动滴输微肥对果树生理和果实品质的影响

研究了树体自动滴输技术在苹果树、核桃树及柿树上的应用．结果表明：通过输施微肥可以促进树体营养生长和发育，提高核桃树花粉生活力及坐果率．节果树经输施后，果实着色显著增加，微量元素含量显著提高，铁(Fe)、锌(Zn)元素可分别比对照提高13．28％～22．90％、42．54％～43．22％，处理果实中硒(Se)及锗(Ge)的增幅较大，分别是对照的9．545倍及4．7173倍．该技术是提高我国果树生产力和改善苹果营养价值的有效方法．图1表7参18     

Assessment of Trace Metals in the Sediments From the Coastal Zone of Alexandria, Egypt

Freshly deposited surface sediments from the Alexandria coastal zone were collected and analysed in 1995 for their trace metal concentrations. Metal concentrations in the sediments vary between sites within a wide range for copper, zinc, iron, lead, chromium and cadmium. the statistical analysis between the metal concentrations and the different constituents (organic carbon, total nitrogen, silt, clay and total iron) showed significant correlations. the enrichment factors for the sediments ranged between 3 and 4-fold for copper, chromium and zinc and reached up to 9-fold for lead and 113-fold for cadmium. the highest index for cadmium and lead may be attributed to the anthropogenic inputs from the surrounding area, where they are highest in lower discharge areas.     

Assessment of Trace Metals in the Sediments From the Coastal Zone of Alexandria,Egypt

Freshly deposited surface sediments from the Alexandria coastal zone were collected and analysed in 1995 for their trace metal concentrations. Metal concentrations in the sediments vary between sites within a wide range for copper, zinc, iron, lead, chromium and cadmium. the statistical analysis between the metal concentrations and the different constituents (organic carbon, total nitrogen, silt, clay and total iron) showed significant correlations. the enrichment factors for the sediments ranged between 3 and 4-fold for copper, chromium and zinc and reached up to 9-fold for lead and 113-fold for cadmium. the highest index for cadmium and lead may be attributed to the anthropogenic inputs from the surrounding area, where they are highest in lower discharge areas.     

Determination of Cd,Cr, Cu,Pb and Zn from various water samples with use of FAAS techniques after the solid phase extraction on rice bran

A facile and novel method has been developed for the determination of cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, and zinc from various water samples using FAAS. In the present investigation, a syringe was loaded with sorbent (rice bran) for the separation and enrichment of cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, and zinc, prior to their analysis by flame atomic absorption spectrometry which was described to substitute the batch and column techniques. The syringe was loaded with 2.0 g of sorbent in order to retain the analyte elements. Six milliliter of sample solution (pH 8.0 ± 0.2) was drawn into the syringe in 15 s and discharged over a period of 15 s. Then, 2.0 M HCl eluent was drawn into the syringe and ejected back to desorb the analyte elements. At the optimum conditions, the percentage recoveries of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn was in the range of 95.5–99.4% with SD of 0.10%. The elements could be concentrated by drawing and discharging several portions of sample successively. The detailed study of various interferences made the confirmation of the method highly selective. The risk of contamination is less than that with the column technique. The method was successfully applied for the determination of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn in spiked and natural water samples. The results obtained are in good agreement with the reported methods at the 95% confidence level.