中尺度流域的景观格局分析--以湖北四湖流域为例

以湖北四湖流域为中尺度流域的代表，对流域九种景观类型657个斑块的形状、6种景观类型分离程度、四个分区及全流域的景观异质性进行了分析。结果表明：斑块伸长指数和形状系数是完全相关的，它们与周长／面积各自表达着形状复杂性的不同方面，有必要对其进行综合评价；四湖流域的不同类型的景观斑块形状有较大差异，分区间的斑块形状差异较小；湿地类型的斑块形状趋于简单，其中湖泊斑块形状员简单，非湿地类型的斑块形状趋于复杂，又以林地类型为员。这表明本地区的湿地，特别是湖泊，受到了更大的人类活动影响；湖泊斑块的分布最集中，居民点斑块的分布员分散，这不利于控制流域内的洪涝灾害；从流域的上游到下游，景观多样性和均匀度呈增加的趋势，景观破碎化程度呈下降趋势，这种景观异质性的空间差异反映了流域空间开发历史的长短和人类活动强度的差异。     

四川省甘孜州松茸栖息地动态变化研究

应用3S技术结合野外调查,对甘孜州松茸栖息地10 a间（1994~2004）的动态变化特征进行综合分析。结果表明：（1）根据建群种的生活型可将松茸栖息地划分为3大栖息地类型（12个群系）,分别为硬叶常绿阔叶林栖息地、针阔叶混交林栖息地以及针叶林栖息地;（2）松茸栖息地破碎化整体上呈增加趋势,主要表现为最大斑块指数减小,斑块边界总密度、形状指数及多样性指数增大;（3）至2004年松茸栖息地总面积达1 728 96309 hm2,较1994年面积增加4329%;新增川滇高山栎川西云杉混交林和高山松黄背栎混交林两大斑块类型,面积分别为409 95468 hm2和24 61428 hm2;栖息地面积、类型及数量的增加,对破碎化的发展速度起到一定的延缓作用;（4）鳞皮冷杉林、高山松林、川滇高山栎川西云杉混交林以及高山栎鳞皮冷杉混交林为栖息地的优势斑块类型,有必要对其乔木层片与灌木层片中栎类植物的组成比例进行调整,改善栖息地环境质量     

三峡库区重庆段人类活动强度的景观格局梯度响应

基于三峡库区重庆段1995、2005、2015年土地利用图像,利用ArcGIS和FRAGSTATS软件,并结合夜间灯光数据构建人类活动强度带,分析了三峡库区重庆段在不同人类活动强度带3个时期的景观格局变化特征,并进一步研究了2015年研究区4种面积变化较大的景观类型格局特征随人类活动强度的梯度变化规律。研究结果表明：（1）人类活动的空间分布差异显著,强度由西向东逐渐递减,长江干线流域的人类活动强度相对周边区域更强;（2）在景观水平上,随着人类活动强度的增加,研究区景观斑块数大幅减少,多样性和均匀度指数先增加后减少,连通性有所下降;景观聚集度先减后增,破碎化程度有所增加,但在2015年得到一定改善;（3）在类型水平上,建设用地、水域、草地、低密度植被覆盖林地这4种景观类型能较好地反映景观格局变化特征,其中各景观类型的斑块密度、形状指数和分维数随人类活动强度的变化表现出较为明显的波动;除建设用地外其余景观类型的最大斑块指数和面积变化幅度较小,在人类活动强度最大时的建设用地面积占比和斑块指数分别达到71.2%、35.72%;（4）三峡工程、移民工程、城市化推进以及“退耕还林”等政策实施是三峡库区景观格局演变的重要驱动力。揭示了20a来三峡库区重庆段景观格局沿人类活动强度的梯度变化规律,可为研究区自然资源的合理开发及区域可持续发展提供参考。     

高原环湖城镇聚落的景观格局及空间形态演变特征 ——以滇池为例

城镇景观格局及空间形态的演变是对快速城镇化的响应，西部高原环湖地区特殊地理环境下的城镇聚落时空演变特征明显有别于平原、山地等地区。以Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI影像为数据源，解译了滇池1990、2000、2010及2018年4期城镇斑块，并采用景观格局指数深入分析16个城镇的演变特征与形态规律。结果表明：（1）1990～2018年城镇聚落经历了“低速增长-高速增长-理性增长”的演变波过程，2000～2010年城镇扩张最快且速率为54.2%，不同时期不同方向演变模式差异显著；（2）城镇斑块的空间特征与发展方向具有明显的依赖性和紧凑，且K-means聚类将城镇斑块分为4种类型，大斑块主导型占6.7%、高密度团簇型占35.8%、中密度团状型及低密度散点型占48.6%和8.9%；（3）城镇斑块在空间上表现为“中心-外围”的扩张特征，前卫、矣六等街道扩张迅速，而碧鸡、海口等街道增长缓慢，五华、官渡区域内城镇斑块数量、聚合度和凝聚度呈递增趋势，且各乡镇间的连通性和聚集性随斑块增长对破碎化影响较小；（4）基于影响因素，城镇斑块主要分布在海拔1 900~2 100 m和坡度小于9°的地区，并与人口和GDP具有强相关性，体现出强烈的交通指向性和河流指向性。     

GIS支持下的岷江上游流域景观格局分析

在GIS技术支持下,利用2000年遥感资料,在土地利用分类基础上编制景观类型图;运用生态学与景观生态学的基本原理,选取景观斑块数、变异系数、分维数、分离度、破碎度等反映景观空间格局的指数,从景观斑块特征、景观形状、景观异质性以及景观的空间分布等方面对岷江上游流域的景观格局进行了分析。结果表明：①草地与林地构成了研究区景观的主体,二者面积占研究区总面积的95.12%,草地因其面积最大而成为整个景观的基质;②研究区幅员辽阔,以藏、羌族为主的少数民族居民喜好聚居等特点,使得耕地、城乡居住建设用地出现小聚居、大散居格局,其分离度与破碎度均较大;③因研究区海拔高差大,整个景观格局呈现出明显的垂直分布特征,从山谷到山顶依次按照城乡居住建设用地—耕地—林地—草地—水域—未利用地的顺序分布。     

Differences in plant species diversity between conifer (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus tabulaeformis</Emphasis>) plantations and natural forests in middle of the Loess plateau

We compared differences in plant species diversity between conifer (Pinus tabulaeformis) plantations and natural secondary forests in the middle of the Loess plateau. The goal of the study was to examine the differences in the effect of stand development on species diversity and in species responses to changes between forest types and between forest layers. To clarify the effects of differences in forest management, we emphasized the functional types of plant species occurring in each forest type. The result as follow: (1) The H′ and S of tree layer were significantly lower in natural conifer forest than old conifer and secondary forest, but were not different compared with mid aged conifer forest. The H′ and S of shrub layer were significantly lower in mid aged conifer forest compared with other forest types. The H′ of herb layer showed no significant differences in the four forest types. The evenness index (J′) of tree layer of mid aged conifer forest was lower than other forest communities and its J′ of shrub layer was highest although its richness of shrub layer was lower than in the other forest types. (2) The analysis of β diversity index also indicated large differences between conifer plantations and natural forests. Although the tree layer species were similar in old plantation and natural conifer forests, they differed greatly between the natural conifer and secondary forests. The natural conifer and secondary forest species composition in shrub layer differed significantly from those in plantation and secondary plots. Tree species were significantly less common in plantations than in abandoned coppice forests. Species composition in the herb layer of different forest types was similar. (3) The management of P. tabulaeformis plantations alters plant species composition considerably; the number of sub tall-tree species is increased in old aged conifer forest, especially species dispersed by animals. Plantation management appears to affect ecological processes through seed dispersal. From the perspective of management, the change in the structure and composition of the canopy in plantations could affect the behavior of dispersers and regeneration.     

杭州湾南岸滨海平原土地利用/覆被空间格局变化分析

杭州湾南岸滨海平原位于沪、杭、甬经济金三角的中心地带,是我国沿海经济最发达的地区之一。研究其土地利用/覆被空间格局变化对合理利用土地资源,促进沿海地区的可持续发展具有重要意义。利用1987年和2000年2个时期的TM影像,分析了杭州湾南岸滨海平原土地利用/覆被数量及空间格局变化特征。结果表明,杭州湾南岸滨海平原建设用地、水体和养殖用地呈现明显的增长趋势,水田、旱地、滩地、林地和盐田呈减少趋势。受自然和人类活动的共同影响,土地利用/覆被类型斑块平均面积由0.245 km2降至0.173 km2,斑块密度则由4.081个/km2提高到5.781个/km2,斑块数量增加了42%。由于斑块的破碎化,大部分土地利用/覆被类型的边界密度、形态指数、分维数和斑块密度都有不同程度的增加。城市化和非农化的发展使得建设用地格局指数变化表现出一定的特殊性。     

洞庭湖的景观动态分析

景观元素分为三种：嵌块体、走廊、本底，在洞庭湖区，湖泊是洞庭湖的本底，洲滩是一种典型的嵌块体，在湖区分布广泛，数量众多，是现在洞庭湖区最为活跃的景观元素之一，研究湖泊的演变规律，洲滩的结构，动态变化，以及洲滩对洞庭湖功能的影响，对洞庭湖的治理有着重要参考价值，整个湖区洲滩面积呈增长趋势，从1961年到1985年面积增长了815km^2，由于人工因素和自然因素的差异，洲滩分布在不同湖区县市，不同时期，不同高程出现了不同规律：洲滩主要分布在岳阳、沅江和汉寿三地，不同类型洲滩的演化动态在不同湖区分布呈现异质性，洲滩（景观结构）的改变导致洞庭湖功能（调蓄功能，生态功能等）的退化，因而沿庭湖洲滩治理刻不容缓，此外，还论述了芦苇，人工林和洲滩演化的相互影响，论证了芦苇是洲滩扩张的一个重要因素，而人工林有利于开发和治理洲滩。     

三峡库区多功能防护林体系构成与布局的思考

三峡库区多功能防护林体系主要由水源涵养林、水土保持林、防风固沙林、农田防护林、护岸护滩林、道路防护林及四旁植树等林种构成。多功能防护林布局一是要遵循不同地貌部位的立地条件和社会经济发展需求,最大限度地发挥多功能防护林涵养水源、保持土壤、改善环境等生态功能;二是根据防护对象及可能发生的自然灾害,因地制宜、因害设施布设不同的防护林林种;三是以保障库区的可持续发展为原则,使区域内的自然资源最有效、最合理地得以利用;四是在多功能防护林体系建设中,工程措施与生物措施相结合;五是生态效益与经济效益相结合,当前利益与长远利益相结合;六是在树种选择上实行乔、灌、草相结合。林种配置上,网、带、片相结合;七是以防护林为主,多林种协调发展,使三峡库区防护林体系结构整体优化。     

三峡库区主要森林植被类型土壤有机碳贮量研究

根据全国森林资源清查资料,按主要优势树种和分布面积将三峡库区主要森林植被划分为马尾松针叶林、栎类混交林、灌木林等11种主要森林植被类型。基于196个土壤剖面数据,分析了11种主要森林植被类型下土壤有机碳含量、碳密度大小和分配特征。研究发现,三峡库区主要森林植被类型下土壤有机碳含量和碳密度均存在较大差异,二者总体上都随土层加深而降低。11种主要森林植被类型中以杉木针叶林土壤有机碳密度最大,达16.0 kg/m2,温性松林下土壤碳密度最小,仅为7.9 kg/m2。不同植被类型下土壤有机碳贮量在土层中的分配比例也不同,以灌木林和柏木林土壤碳贮量在土层间的差异最大。11种主要森林植被类型土壤平均厚度为56.3～98.5 cm,其中杉木针叶林土壤最厚,达98.5 cm,灌丛土壤最薄,平均厚度仅56.3 cm。三峡库区11种主要森林植被类型总面积为3 313 251 hm2,土壤总有机碳贮量为 366.36 t,其中0～10、10～20、20～40和＞40 cm土层分别占22.90%、18.36%、28.33%和30.41%。     

Shifting maize cultivation and secondary vegetation in the Southern Yucatán: successional forest impacts of temporal intensification

Shifting cultivation around the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve of Mexico, part of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor, appears to be intensifying temporally through reductions in crop–fallow cycles, with potential impacts on species diversity in the regenerating forest patches surrounding the reserve. This paper documents the temporal intensity of shifting maize cultivation in the region and links it to the species diversity found in secondary vegetation of different ages following different crop–fallow cycles. It finds that younger secondary growth, which is increasing under intensification, has less diversity in species composition. Simultaneously, the concentration of cultivation practices appears to foster more patches in older and more species-diverse vegetation. The implications for the preservation of the region’s forest remain uncertain, however, given the spatial concentration of open lands along two key axes, one which dissects the reserve.     

Variations in the annual increment and net production of Hylocomium splendens in the southern taiga forests of Krasnoyarsk krai

The dynamics of annual increments in the glittering wood-moss Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) Schimp. in B.S.G. has been studied in different forest types (Kezhemskii district, Krasnoyarsk krai). The linear increment and phytomass of mosses have been measured over 7 years. The density of moss mats has been determined, and parameters of annual aboveground production under different growing conditions have been compared.     

Impacts of interannual climate variability on past and future forest composition

Numerous analyses of the possible impacts of future climatic changes on tree species composition have been published for both lowland and high-elevation forests. Most of these studies were based on the application of forest "gap" models, and the vast majority of them considered only changes in the average of climatic parameters over time. In this study, we use a unique data set on reconstructed past climatic variations to analyse forest dynamics simulated by the forest gap model ForClim. This analysis forms the basis for a systematic exploration of the ecological effects of changing means vs. changing variability of climate on central European forests. A reconstruction of historical climate covering the last 470 years in the Swiss lowlands (ClimIndex) is extrapolated to a transect across the alpine (cold) treeline and used to simulate the influence of climate variations on the time scale of decades on forest biomass and tree species composition at both sites. While the simulation at the low-elevation site shows little sensitivity to climate variations, the results from upper subalpine forests suggest that two major dieback events would have occurred at elevations above the current but below the climatic tree line, induced by clusters of exceptionally cold summers. The results are in agreement with available dendrochronological data and with documentary evidence on massive negative impacts on flora and fauna at high elevations during these periods. We conclude that ForClim is capable of capturing the effects on tree population dynamics of climate variability at these sites as reconstructed from the ClimIndex record. A factorial design is used to address the sensitivity of ForClim to changes of the long-term averages vs. changes of the variability of monthly temperature and precipitation data. To this end, the simulated tree species composition of near-natural forests is examined along a climate gradient in Europe. The results indicate that there are three types of forest response: (1) little sensitivity to both kinds of change, (2) strong sensitivity to changes in the means, but little sensitivity to changing variability, and (3) strong sensitivity to changing variability at least in parts of the examined climate space. Half of the cases investigated fall under the third category, suggesting that emphasis should be placed on also assessing the sensitivity of ecosystems to future changes in climate variability rather than on changes of average values alone. Electronic Publication     

亚热带山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林物种幼苗功能性状差异研究

以湖南八大公山25 hm~2常绿落叶阔叶混交林动态监测样地中24个常见物种为研究对象,按照不同生长阶段(H_1:5≤H20 cm、H_2:20≤H40 cm、H_3:40≤H80 cm、H_4:80≤H130 cm、H_5:H≥130 cm且DBH1 cm)获取了826株幼苗并测量了叶片和茎干功能性状,分析了不同生长阶段、冠层和叶片习性幼苗功能性状变异,以及不同功能性状对幼苗存活的影响。结果表明:(1)幼苗功能性状在不同生长阶段差异显著,随着幼苗生长,比叶面积(SLA)、叶片碳氮比(C/N)呈现下降趋势,比茎密度(SSD)、叶柄长度(PL)、叶片氮磷比(N/P)和叶绿素含量(Chl)呈现升高趋势;(2)SLA在灌木层、亚乔木层和乔木层间无明显变化,叶片厚度(LT)、Chl和N/P在3个冠层间变化显著,SSD和PL均在灌木层和乔木层间无明显变化,C/N在灌木层和亚乔木层间无明显差异;(3)常绿树种幼苗具有较高的Chl和LT,落叶树种幼苗具有较高的SLA、叶片氮含量(LNC)、叶片磷含量(LPC)和PL;(4)个体大小对幼苗存活具有显著正效应,LPC促进落叶树种幼苗存活,抑制常绿树种幼苗存活。在植物生活史早期,不同功能群植物针对林下低光环境采取了不同生长适应策略,不同生长阶段幼苗也根据光环境的改变调整自身功能性状。另外,八大公山常绿落叶阔叶混交林中幼苗的生长主要受氮素限制,且这种限制作用随着幼苗生长逐渐减弱。     

Ecosystem service provision,management systems and climate change in Valsaín forest,central Spain

This study addresses the impact of climate change and management approach on the provision of four ecosystem services (ES) (timber production, protection against gravitational hazards, carbon sequestration and biodiversity) in Valsaín forest in central Spain. The hybrid forest patch model PICUS v1.6 was used to simulate the development of 24 representative stand types over 100 years (2010–2110) in a full factorial simulation experiment combining three management regimes [“business as usual” management (BAU) and two alternatives to BAU (AM1 and AM2)], a no-management scenario (NOM) and six climate scenarios (historic climate represented by the period 1961–1990 and five transient climate change scenarios). Simulations indicated relatively small differences as regards the impact of the different management alternatives (BAU, AM1 and AM2) on the provision of ES as well as a clear improvement in biodiversity, protection and carbon storage under the no-management regime (NOM). Although timber production indicators were the most sensitive to climate change scenarios, biodiversity-related indicators responded fastest to the management regimes applied. Indicators of protection against rockfall and landslides were affected by both management and climate change. The results indicate substantial vulnerability of ES provisioning under the more extreme climate change scenarios at low elevations (1250 m). At higher elevations, the productivity of Scots pine stands may show a moderate decrease or increase, depending on the climate change scenario.     

三峡库区常绿落叶阔叶混交林的监测研究

生物多样性的长期动态监测是生物多样性研究的热点之一。陆生植物监测实验站作为长江三峡工程生物与环境监测系统的重点站,完成了大量的野外监测样地建立工作,为今后的长期研究打下了良好的基础。以米心水青冈及曼青冈组成的常绿落叶阔叶林的相关研究为例,介绍了陆生植物观测实验站现阶段关于监测方面的部分研究工作。在多个尺度下对米心水青冈及曼青冈两种优势种进行格局分析,结果表明两者均为聚集分布,米心水青冈的聚集强度高于曼青冈。按1 ～4 cm, 4 ～ 8 cm及8 cm以上3个径级对曼青冈分布格局进行比较,各径级间聚集强度相似,这与群落年龄、特殊的地形环境及种群的生态习性有关。群落的地形异质性研究表明0.96 hm2范围内坡度及坡向存在明显的差异,研究范围内样方的平均坡度在18.2°～ 74.6°之间。坡向可以分为南坡、西南坡及东南坡3部分。地形的异质性影响着群落的内部结构,植物与地形因素的相关分析表明不同的种对地形的适应性不同,群落中的24种主要植物可以分为4个生态种组。     

The effect of natural and anthropogenic disturbance in forest canopy and its effect on species richness in forests of Uttarakhand Himalaya,India

Pinus roxburghii (chir-pine) and Quercus leucothchophora (banj-oak) are dominant forests of mountainous part of the Uttarakhand Himalaya. The continued anthropogenic disturbance is opening the canopy, forming canopy gaps and as a result forest fragments are developing. Thus, the present study aims to analyze variations in species richness and vegetational parameters in relation to canopy gaps in forests. Total species richness was greater in open canopied forest compared to moderate and close canopied forests. In comparison between oak and pine forest, it was greater in oak forest while the proportion of common species was low between oak—pine forests. Mean species richness did not significantly vary from one canopy gap to another as well as in oak and pine dominated forest. This indicated that dominant forest types played an important role to form the community structure. The shrubs richness were greater in closed canopy and between the forests it was greater in pine forest. Tree and shrub density was low in open canopy while herb density was high in moderate canopy. Thus, this study indicated that the dominant canopy species play an important role in deciding the community structures especially the distribution of under canopy species. These parameters should be considered for conservation and maintenance of plant biodiversity of a region.     

Floristic contamination of suburban forests near the city of Ivanovo

In the course of floristic studies in suburban forests near the city of Ivanovo, 206 species of vascular plants have been recorded, including 39 invasive species (18.9%). Information on specific features of distribution and activity of introduced species growing feral and accidental weeds in different forest types is presented. The most aggressive species are distinguished. Factors responsible for the invasion of alien species to forest cenoses and main tendencies in their dynamics are discussed.     

基于遥感的巢湖流域景观格局变化研究

以1989年、1999年、2009年3期6景LandsatTM/ETM遥感影像为数据源,采用分层分类、监督分类与人工目视纠错相结合的方法对巢湖流域土地利用景观类型信息进行分层提取,运用Fragstats软件分析流域内20 a间的景观格局变化,并研究其变化规律特征。结果表明：（1）巢湖流域1989~2009年建设用地增加38 380 hm2,动态度高达18％,耕地面积减少34 230 hm2,水体面积相对稳定,常绿林地增加40 350 hm2,落叶林地减少6 760 hm2,城镇建设用地的增加主要来源于农田和其他用地类型的转入。（2）近20 a间流域斑块个数(NP)与斑块密度(PD)呈现直线下降,下降率均约为22％,块形状指数(LSI)的下降率更加迅速,〖JP2〗约为28％,最大斑块指数(LPI)则表现出V字变化规律,聚合度指数(AI)呈稳步上升,说明景观变化受人类活动的影响越来越大。（3）从景观类型上看,2009年的斑块个数(NP)和斑块密度(PD)比1989年下降了近1/2,常绿林和其他用地的变化是主要因素;块形状指数(LSI)降低则是受农田和其他用地的影响所致。（4）伴随巢湖流域行政格局改变和经济快速发展,流域土地利用将发生巨大改变。研究成果将是新格局发展的背景记录,为今后巢湖流域社会经济发展规划提供科学的理论支撑     

岷江上游高山森林凋落叶在冬季河流中的质量损失特征

凋落叶在高山森林河流中的分解不仅是生态系统物质循环的重要内容,而且与森林养分流失以及下游水体环境密切相关,并可能受到冬季雪被变化和土壤季节性冻融的影响,但一直缺乏必要的关注。因此,以岷江上游高山森林4种代表性植物康定柳(Salix paraplesia)、高山杜鹃(Rhododendron lapponicum)、方枝柏(Sabina saltuaria)和四川红杉(Larix mastersiana)凋落叶为研究对象,采用凋落叶分解袋法,研究了一个冬季不同冻融时期(冻结初期、冻结期和融化期)的质量损失特征。经过一个冬季(162d)的分解,康定柳、高山杜鹃、方枝柏和四川红杉凋落叶分别完成了初始干重45.5%、18.9%、26.4%和23.8%的分解;除康定柳凋落叶质量损失在融化期最大外,其余3种凋落叶均表现为冻结初期最大;康定柳、方枝柏和四川红杉凋落叶质量损失与河流水环境的平均温度和正积温均表现出显著或极显著的正相关关系,且与河流流速和硝态氮显著正相关,而与河流pH显著负相关;高山杜鹃凋落叶质量损失除与HCO3-含量显著相关外,与河流水温及其它水质特征均无显著相关关系。这些结果表明高山森林河流流速及水环境特征显著影响了凋落叶分解及其相关的物质循环过程,但影响程度受到凋落叶特性的调控。