施用堆肥污泥对土壤肥力及植物生长的影响

土地利用有望成为市政污泥处置的主要途径。本研究以好氧堆肥的市政污泥为研究对象,通过田间试验,设置不同堆肥污泥施用量：0%、30%、50%、70%、100%(堆肥污泥与土壤体积配比),研究堆肥污泥施用对土壤肥力、植物生长以及土壤重金属含量的影响。结果表明：堆肥污泥施用未造成土壤酸碱化,土壤肥力等级由三级一般土壤提升为二级肥沃土壤,土壤主要营养组分含量随污泥施用量的增加均显著提高,其中堆肥污泥添加比例为50%时土壤有机质增加1.9倍、碱解氮增加3.0倍、有效磷增加9.5倍、速效钾增加3.7倍。堆肥污泥添加比例为50%时木春菊组长势最好,添加比例为30%时鼠尾草组和高羊茅&黑麦草组长势最佳,但是不同添加比例下早樱组生长并无显著差异。尽管施用堆肥污泥会导致试验区土壤重金属含量略有升高,但远低于《城镇污水处理厂污泥处置林地用泥质》(CJ/T 362-2011)所规定的污染物指标及其限值,未造成土壤重金属污染。本研究将为堆肥污泥的土地利用提供理论依据和数据支撑。     

城市污泥土地利用安全施用年限估算

通过土壤环境质量二级标准和土壤元素背景值计算土壤重金属环境容量,结果表明,与其他重金属元素相比,Cd、Hg元素的土壤环境容量较小。除As外,其他7种重金属元素的土壤环境容量随着pH值的升高而增加,碱性土壤的重金属环境容量要大于中性和酸性土壤。不考虑土壤重金属元素的输出及其他途径的输入,按中国城市污泥重金属平均含量估算,在酸性和中性土壤上污泥土地利用安全施用年限为34年,在碱性土壤上为66年;A级污泥在酸性和中性土壤上的可施用年限为23年,在碱性土壤上为46年,均达到GJ/T 309—2009《城镇污水处理厂污泥处置农用泥质》所规定的最长10年的施用年限。总体上看,污泥的重金属问题不会成为其土地利用的限制性因素。     

陕北矿区不同土地类型下土壤重金属污染评价

通过对陕西北部矿区4种土地类型(草地、农田、道路、矿区)中8种重金属元素(Cd、Cu、Cr、Hg、Ni、Pb、As、Zn)含量的测定,结合毗邻区土壤重金属背景值,对矿区不同土地利用类型的土壤重金属污染程度和综合潜在生态风险危害进行评价。结果表明:1)研究区土壤Hg和Cd元素累积明显,其余6种重金属虽未超过GB 15618—1995《土壤环境质量标准》二级标准,但已呈现出一定的累积效应; 2) 4种土地利用类型下Hg和Cd元素分担率高达93%以上,单项污染指数达到重度污染水平,其余6种重金属元素分担率相对较低,单项污染指数表现为清洁水平,综合污染指数计算表明,4种土地利用类型均表现为重污染; 3)综合潜在生态风险指数计算表明,草地处于重度风险等级,其余3种土地类型均为严重风险等级。     

铅锌矿区废弃地修复客土层的重金属污染特征分析

采集湖南郴州某典型铅锌矿区废弃地植物修复客土层（0~30 cm）及污染土层（30~50 cm）土壤,测定土壤中Cd、Cr、Cr⁶⁺、Cu、Ni、Pb、As和Hg的含量;采用地累积指数法、内梅罗指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对土壤中重金属的含量及污染程度进行定量评价;并通过BCR连续分级提取法分析重金属的形态.结果表明,客土的As含量以及污染土的Pb和As含量均远超出"土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准（试行）-GB36600—2018"中第二类用地筛选值.对重金属含量和污染程度的评价结果表明,试验土壤主要以Pb和As污染为主,污染土中Cd、Cu、Pb和As的污染程度均高于客土.土壤中Cd和As的生态风险系数较高,最高分别达到了22.96和568.57.Cd和As是研究区域中土壤重金属潜在生态风险的主要贡献者;BCR结果表明,Cd在客土和污染土中均具有最高的生物有效性,酸可溶态Cd的最高占比达到31.9%.污染土和客土之间的混掺,污染土中活性金属向客土层的迁移以及植物根系分泌物的螯合作用都是导致客土层土壤中重金属总量和生物有效性增加的原因.本研究结果可为铅锌矿区废弃地重金属污染治理提供参考.     

经济发达区土地利用变化对土壤性质的影响——以江苏省昆山市为例

在高速工业化和城市化的江苏省昆山市选择6种典型农用土地利用方式,78个土壤样点剖面,对不同土地利用类型的土壤性质进行对比分析。结果显示,土地利用变化对土壤养分、土壤重金属污染有明显的影响,除速效钾外,2002年的土壤养分含量比1981年有所提高。同时发现2002年有机质含量在不同用地类型之间存在明显的规律,即水稻田>园地>抛荒地>菜地;全氮、速效氮含量规律为水稻田>园地>菜地>抛荒地;速效钾的含量规律是园地>水稻田>抛荒地>菜地;速效磷的含量规律是抛荒地>菜地>园地>水稻田。2002年土壤pH值、有机质和全氮含量的变异系数明显高于其他土壤养分,其中全氮含量的变异系数最大。不同土地利用类型中的不同重金属含量表现强弱不一,水稻田土壤的Hg、Cr、Ni、Cd的含量明显高于其区域土壤背景值,而菜地含量比较高的重金属是Hg、Ni、Cu;园地和抛荒地各重金属含量相对较低,但其Ni含量与水稻田和菜地相当。此外,土地经济系数与土壤养分及土壤污染指数具有强相关性。     

淮河流域典型癌病高发区土壤和地下水重金属积累及健康风险

分别采集淮河沿岸某癌病高发区土壤和地下水样品,分析和探讨了土壤和地下水重金属的含量、分布和季节变化,以及土壤和地下水重金属积累的生态与健康风险.结果表明,除Zn外,土壤和地下水重金属含量旱季均高于雨季,癌病高发村庄高于其他村庄,河流污染是沿岸土壤和地下水重金属积累的主要原因.除土壤Cd达到中度潜在生态风险外,土壤中其余重金属的潜在生态风险总体为轻微级.癌病高发村庄居民饮水中重金属致癌和非致癌健康风险明显高于其他村庄居民,均为其他村庄居民的2倍以上,其中,重金属非致癌健康风险达到93.09×10-10a-1,接近国际健康组织推荐的最大可忽略风险,重金属致癌健康风险达到27.82×10-5a-1,分别为ICRP和US EPA推荐的最大可接受风险的5倍和2倍以上.各种重金属中,Pb和Cr是主要的非致癌健康风险因子,Cr是主要的致癌健康风险因子.癌病高发村庄土壤和地下水重金属积累明显,存在较高的饮水重金属暴露健康风险.     

污泥植物处理后对玉米生长及土壤重金属含量的影响

为了探明植物处理后污泥作为肥料施用后对后续作物和土壤的影响,将植物处理后的污泥混于土壤,种植后续作物玉米(Zea mays),测定作物产量以及土壤和作物的重金属含量.结果表明,污泥施用2a后仍有肥效,其玉米生物量显著大于无污泥的对照处理,且单种植物处理后的污泥肥效要优于无植物或套种处理的污泥.施用污泥后的2a内,4季玉米的茎叶和籽粒Zn、Cd、Cu和Pb含量均符合饲料标准;但第3季以后玉米籽粒才可作为食用.施用污泥后土壤重金属含量随时间而下降,Zn的年消失率为32%~35%,Cd为28%~33%,Cu为18%~30%,Pb为15%~23%;施用污泥的土壤重金属年下降率高于对照和化肥处理.污泥施用于土壤2a后,表层土壤全Zn和全Pb含量与对照处理已无明显差异.     

北京市密云水库上游金铁矿区土壤重金属污染特征及对比研究

不同金属矿山选冶活动造成的矿区及周边土壤中重金属的分布累积特征不同.为了解密云水库上游金矿和铁矿矿区土壤中重金属地球化学特征的异同及污染状况,对区域内典型的金矿和铁矿矿区进行土壤样品采集,应用地球化学方法研究了2种土壤中重金属的污染特征,并应用地累积指数法评价了其污染状况.结果表明,2种土壤中除As外的其它重金属含量明显高于北京市土壤重金属背景值,金矿矿区土壤重金属含量普遍高于铁矿矿区.相关性分析表明,金矿矿区土壤中Cu含量与Pb、Zn(p<0.01)及Cr、有机质(OM)含量(p<0.05)之间显著相关,pH值与Pb含量(p<0.01)及Hg含量(p<0.05)呈显著负相关,而铁矿矿区土壤中重金属含量之间的相关性不显著.金矿尾砂中重金属含量明显高于铁矿尾砂,与矿区土壤污染状况一致.地累积指数法评价结果显示,金铁矿区土壤中重金属的污染程度均已十分严重,金矿矿区土壤污染程度高于铁矿,金矿矿区土壤重金属的污染程度由高到低依次为:Pb>Hg>Cd>Cr>Cu>Zn>Co>As;铁矿矿区土壤重金属的污染程度由高到低依次为:Pb>Cd>Cr>Co>Cu>Zn>Hg>As.该研究数据可为同一区域内不同金属矿区重金属污染的有效监控与治理提供科学依据.     

密云水库上游某铁矿区土壤重金属含量及形态研究

应用富集因子法(EF)和风险评估编码方法(RAC)对北京市密云水库上游某铁矿矿区及其周边土壤中重金属的分布状况和潜在生态风险进行了研究.结果表明,各重金属元素含量除As外,其余均明显高于北京市土壤重金属背景值,矿区的选冶活动已经对下游的水体和土壤环境造成一定的影响.富集因子法评价表明Cd、Pb、Cr富集较为严重,达到显著污染水平.形态分析表明,残渣态是重金属元素的主要存在形态, Cd元素可交换态所占比例(2.88%~21.15%)最高,RAC评价结果显示Cd基本处于中等风险水平,Pb为无风险,风险等级由强至弱的顺序为:Cd>Mn>Zn>Cu>Co>Cr>Pb.     

市政污泥改良沙土重金属污染水平与风险评价

该文以北京市密云区某污水处理厂污泥为研究对象,采用ICP-MS和BCR四步提取法对污泥中7种重金属含量和形态进行实验分析,在污泥和沙土重金属含量的基础上,以污泥改良沙土为目的,开展污泥的重金属污染水平以及施用于沙土的潜在生态风险评价。根据结果可知,7种重金属的含量从高到低分别为ZnCrCuPbNiAsCd,非残渣态占比最多的重金属元素为Zn和Cu,占比超过80%,残渣态占比最多的重金属元素为Pb,占比超过70%;7种重金属的综合污染水平为警戒线范围,以1∶1比例施用于沙土的综合潜在生态风险属于低风险等级。建议施用时结合重金属的赋存形态分布情况,降低污泥施用比例以及对非残渣态为主的重金属采取稳定固化处理等措施。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.