宜宾地区气溶胶垂直结构地基空基联合监测分析

利用Cloud-Aerosol LIDAR with Orthogonal Polarization （CALIOP）正交极化云-气溶胶星载激光雷达Level1B资料和LGJ-01型号气溶胶地基激光雷达资料对宜宾地区2016年12月—2017年2月无污染时期、少云轻度污染时期和多云重度污染时期气溶胶的衰减后向散射系数和退偏振比光学参数的垂直分布进行对比分析研究。结果表明：少云轻度污染时期，CALIOP数据监测到海拔高度为0.2~1.0 km范围内气溶胶颗粒集中分布，LGJ-01数据监测到厚度约为0.2 km的近地面气溶胶层，2个激光雷达监测结果基本一致；重度污染时期，LGJ-01地基激光雷达能够较好地探测近地面气溶胶层，CALIOP星载激光雷达能够较好地探测到高空云层，若将两者结合，则能实现不同天气状况下的综合探测，以期较全面客观地为研究气溶胶垂直结构提供观测及科研数据。     

Pool of Dust Particles over the Asian Continent: Balloon-borne Optical Particle Counter and Ground-based Lidar Measurements at Dunhuang, China

Measurements of aerosols were made in 2001 and 2002 at Dunhuang (40 degrees 00'N, 94 degrees 30'E), China to understand the nature of atmospheric particles over the desert areas in the Asian continent. Balloon-borne measurements with an optical particle counter suggested that particle size and concentration had noticeable peaks in super micron size range not only in the boundary mixing layer but also in the free troposphere. Super-micron particle concentration largely decreased in the mid tropopause (from 5 to 10 km; above sea level, a.s.l.). Lidar measurements made during August 2002 at Dunhuang suggested the possibility that mixing of dust particles occurred from near the ground to about 6 km even under calm weather conditions, and a large depolarization ratio of particulate matter was found in the aerosol layer. The top of the aerosol layer was found at heights of nearly 6 km (a.s.l.). It is strongly suggested that nonspherical dust particles (Kosa particles) frequently diffused in the free atmosphere over the Taklamakan desert through small-scale turbulences and are possible sources of dust particles of weak Kosa events that have been identified in the free troposphere not only in spring but also in summer over Japanese archipelago. Electron microscopic experiments of the particles collected in the free troposphere confirmed that coarse and nonspherical particles observed by the mineral particle were major components of coarse mode (diameter larger than 1 microm) below about 5 km over Dunhuang, China.     

基于激光雷达走航车的大气污染物探测技术及其应用

大气气溶胶对人体健康环境和全球气候都有一定的影响,是大气污染的主要来源。为了提升空气质量,大气污染防治刻不容缓。把气溶胶探测激光雷达和测风激光雷达集成在车辆上,进行走航和扫描探测可获得立体的大气气溶胶时空变化状态图。以合肥和芜湖等地大气气溶胶探测为例,基于激光雷达走航车的探测数据,获得大气气溶胶消光系数时空分布图,搜寻污染物排放源和估算颗粒物的PM_2.5输送通量。由此可知,激光雷达走航式探测技术是获得大气污染立体图像便捷的、有效的方法,可为大气污染防治提供精准的科学依据,具有重要的应用价值。     

联网激光雷达的观测性能综合平行比对

激光雷达以其高精度的探测能力在大气污染研究中得到了广泛应用。由于生产厂家和反演算法等的差异,激光雷达观测数据的质量参差不齐。笔者利用2013年11月和2014年3月2种不同型号激光雷达(高频激光雷达和微脉冲激光雷达) 532 nm波段的气溶胶消光系数和气溶胶自动观测网(AERONET)光学厚度数据,对2部雷达在不同空气质量下的观测性能进行综合对比。结果表明:2部雷达在不同空气质量条件下探测效果不同,空气质量为优和良时,2部雷达的消光系数比较一致,偏差主要在1 km以下;随着污染加剧,2部雷达在1 km以下的偏差先减小后增大,1 km以上的偏差随高度增大。与AERONET的光学厚度相比,高频激光雷达在轻度污染和严重污染时相对误差较小(3. 23%和26. 75%);微脉冲激光雷达在良和轻度污染时相对误差较小(40. 00%和25. 81%)。2部雷达设备的差异和重污染时不利的气象条件是影响雷达表现的重要原因。该研究作为全国激光雷达联网的前期工作,为全国激光雷达数据的综合应用提供了参考。     

颗粒物激光雷达在大气复合污染立体监测中的应用

针对由于局地污染、沙尘输入、外源性输入与局地污染物相互叠加所导致的3种灰霾污染发生过程,分别选取3个典型案例,采用颗粒物激光雷达对污染物的时空分布特征进行解析。研究发现,在局地污染发生时,污染物从地面开始垂直向上扩散,扩散高度约1 km。重度污染过程中,气溶胶的日均垂直消光系数随高度的变化背离指数衰减特征,800 m高度处出现消光系数的极大值层,极大值超过2.5 km-1,800 m以下消光系数近乎常数,约为0.3 km-1。这说明,重污染过程中,有一层较厚重的颗粒物分布,使近地面污染物在垂直方向的扩散能力减弱,形成积累效应,造成大面积空气混浊。当有外源性沙尘输入时,激光雷达能够清晰地监测到污染团输入的全过程。沙团突然出现在高空2~3 km。污染团退偏振度较大,超过0.3。随着沙尘粒子的重力沉降,沙团的轮廓在垂直方向上不断地增大。沙团的输入,导致近地面粗颗粒质量浓度的增加幅度明显大于细颗粒。在第3个案例中,激光雷达清晰地监测到高空1.8~3 km突然出现含有大量球形细颗粒的污染团,同时还发现此污染团与近地面的污染物有不同的演化特征。近地面污染物随时间垂直向上扩散,12:00左右扩散高度超过1.8 km。而高空的污染团逐渐沉降进入边界层内,与近地面扩散的污染物相互混合,共同导致本地的灰霾天气。综上所述,激光雷达可以清晰地捕获污染物的垂直结构特征,对不同的致霾过程进行立体解析,实现对大气复合污染的监测和机理研判。     

利用激光雷达太阳光度计等多种遥感手段立体监测一次沙尘事件夏俊荣

利用位于北京以及河北香河的两台地基Mie散射激光雷达、星载激光雷达、太阳光度计以及颗粒物监测仪等一系列仪器对发生在2008年5月底的一次沙尘事件进行立体监测并分析.结果表明,这起较严重的沙尘是由蒙古国输送而来,影响范围很广,持续时间较长,有三次明显的峰值,对应三次沙尘的来袭;沙尘的每次来袭都对应有先升温后降温的现象,并伴随有相对湿度的急剧下降;沙尘入侵前北京香河两地以细粒子为主,入侵后代之以粗粒子为主.     

无人机载核辐射监测及气溶胶采样系统试验分析

利用旋翼式无人机平台挂载机载式γ谱仪、气溶胶采样器及相关监控设备,在稳定风场下开阔平坦场地,对特征金属颗粒物随炸药爆炸后形成的气溶胶进行空中烟云跟踪取样及巡测,测量环境核辐射水平。结果表明,通过8次爆炸物气溶胶跟踪采样,以及放射性点源探测试验,证实旋翼式无人机空中气溶胶取样及对辐射测量的可行性。     

Characteristics of particulate matter pollution in the Pearl River Delta region, China: an observational-based analysis of two monitoring sites

Two-year monitoring data (2006 and 2009), collected at the sub-urban site (WQS) and the background site (TH), were used to study the characteristics of Particulate Matter (PM) pollution in the Pearl River Delta region, China. Similar levels of PM(2.5) concentration measured at both sites seem to confirm that the fine particles have emerged as a major regional pollution issue. The seasonal variation of PM(2.5) concentration is associated with the regional monsoon circulations while the diurnal variation is related to land-sea breeze, traffic emissions and boundary layer development. Negative correlation was found in PM(2.5)-wind speed and PM(2.5)-humidity. Analysis of radiation, temperature and ozone suggests the existence of secondary aerosol formation. Transport effect may be another contributing factor to high PM pollution in the region, such as occasional long-distance dust intrusion and trans-boundary effects from upwind areas.     

Light non-methane hydrocarbons at two sites in the Indo-Gangetic Plain

Measurements of light (C(2)-C(5)) non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) were made along with ozone (O(3)), oxides of nitrogen (NO(x)), carbon monoxide (CO) and methane (CH(4)) at Hissar and Kanpur in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) in India during the month of December, 2004. Air samplings during noon and evening hours provided an opportunity to study the emission characteristics and changes during this period at these sites. The mixing ratio of O(3) was higher during noon hours due to photochemical formation, while the levels of precursor gases showed elevated values during the evening hours on a clear sky day. On foggy days there is no such variation. The lower mixing ratios of O(3) observed on foggy days could be due to the slower rate of photochemical formation caused by a reduction in solar flux and surface deposition caused by the presence of a stable planetary boundary layer. Propene and ethene show the highest evening to noon ratio due to their faster reactivities with OH radicals. Correlations among different species of the measured gases indicate contributions of emissions from biomass and biofuel burning as well as fossil fuel combustion. Although qualitatively in relation to O(3), the propylene (propene) equivalents of NMHCs have been calculated to investigate their roles in O(3) photochemistry and compared with the data from Ahmedabad, an urban site in western India. The important result, which has emerged from the analysis of the observed data, is that while the total amount of these NMHCs is least at Hissar and highest at Ahmedabad, the total propylene-equivalent is highest at Hissar and lowest at Ahmedabad. Further, these two sites in the IGP show significant contributions, almost 72-77%, by propene and ethene while the contribution by these two gases at Ahmedabad is only about 47%. The surface level mixing ratios of O(3) could be treated as representative for the chemical characterization of air mass at a regional scale over the IGP as the month long trends of O(3) show significant similarity compared to the trends in precursors at the two sites.     

京津冀地区一次浮尘过程的车载激光雷达走航观测

利用双波长三通道激光雷达与车载激光雷达,针对2018年3月28日京津冀区域的浮尘天气过程,分别进行了定点垂直观测与车载走航观测,对这次浮尘天气中沙尘的源地、沙尘气溶胶的时空分布、沙尘的传输路径与传输方式进行了综合分析。位于北京的激光雷达监测到28日凌晨开始,沙尘气溶胶与近地面污染物混合,受沙尘影响近地面污染物浓度迅速升高。北京到沧州的车载激光雷达走航观测结果显示,沙尘气溶胶先向南传输到京津冀南部区域,随后向西南方向传输,同时观测到京津冀区域上空1. 5 km左右存在沙尘传输带。结果表明,使用车载激光雷达走航观测,结合定点垂直激光雷达与其他地面监测数据,能可靠地观测到沙尘过程中颗粒物的时空变化特征。     

基于激光雷达分析2020年冬季镇江地区一次大气污染过程

利用气溶胶激光雷达观测结果,结合环境监测站污染物浓度数据、气象观测资料及HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式结果,综合分析2020年1月17—22日镇江市一次大气污染过程。结果显示,此次污染过程前期天气形势稳定,不利于污染物的清除及扩散,后期受偏北风影响,北方污染物向镇江输送,使得本地污染物持续累积,污染不断加重。特征雷达图分析表明此次污染为以PM2.5为主的二次污染。激光雷达显示污染日消光系数为0.0~0.9 km-1,消光系数垂直廓线日变化特征明显,气溶胶粒子主要堆积在0.6 km高度以下,并且很好地揭示了污染气团从高空逐渐下沉最终与本地污染叠加的过程,与HYSPLIT模式解析的污染气团来源结果基本一致。     

基于颗粒物光量子雷达的颗粒物排放实时溯源及应用

在大气污染治理中,传统探测方式在局地大气颗粒物排放源的精准定位和实时溯源方面还有所不足。自主研发的1 550 nm波长颗粒物光量子雷达,具备探测效率高、人眼安全等特点,360°水平扫描一周仅需8.5 min。基于该雷达水平扫描监测,结合迭代拼接法和新发展的颗粒物示踪系数及污染源定位方法,可准确识别并定位出当地的污染排放源位置。对于部分污染排放定位溯源案例,结合多图展现并分析了颗粒物排放、扩散、传输、消散过程中的烟羽变化,并结合卫星图像确认了相应工业生产和建筑扬尘等典型颗粒物排放源。地面监测数据分析了部分污染源对监测站点颗粒物浓度的影响。该雷达通过低仰角、可重复性的快速扫描,结合符合颗粒物扩散规律的分析过程,在颗粒物污染实时溯源定位方面展现了极高的准确性。     

On the usefulness of an airborne lidar for O3 layer analysis in the free troposphere and the planetary boundary layer

Ozone vertical profiling with a lidar is well adapted to the spatial and temporal O3 variability analysis either in the free troposphere, when studying the respective impact of chemical production and dynamical processes, or in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) when characterizing the diurnal evolution of ozone plumes during pollution episodes. Comparisons with other measuring techniques (ozonesonde and aircraft in-situ measurements) demonstrate the lidar ability to characterize narrow layers (< 500 m) with a good accuracy (deltaO3 < 5-10 ppb). Application of airborne or ground-based operation of the CNRS airborne ozone lidar show its ability (i) to observe O3 layering above the PBL during two field experiments held to study air pollution in the Po Valley, Northern Italy, and the city of Marseille, Southern France, (ii) to improve airborne campaign planning (real time information on position of O3 layers) and analysis (three-dimensional perspective for layers detected by in-situ measurements) when chemical characterization of narrow O3 layers in the free troposphere is sought, (iii) to map O3 inhomogeneity down to an horizontal scale of 10-20 km within or above the polluted PBL by airborne measurements. For O3 pollution studies, understanding the origin and the life cycle of O3 layering is the first priority, and in this case the optimum use of the lidar remains the continuous operation of a ground-based instrument.     

基于激光雷达分析一次重霾过程混合层高度

为深化对冬季重霾天气大气混合层高度的认识,利用Mie散射激光雷达观测了成都市2014年1月23日至2月4日一次典型重霾天气过程。基于Mie散射激光雷达探测获取的后向散射系数,使用SBH99算法计算了该过程的混合层高度,并系统分析其演变特征及其与气象因子的关系,研究结果表明:将激光雷达探测的混合层高度与探空曲线表征出的混合层高度进行对比分析,结果显示两者具有较好的一致性,相关系数为0.893 4;此次重霾过程中,混合层高度平均值较低,约378 m;霾天气发生后,混合层高度显著下降,并且混合层高度的最大值与最小值之间差距缩小,日变化波动不明显;混合层高度的发展与空气温度的变化趋势呈正相关关系,与相对湿度呈负相关关系。     

An automated monitoring of atmospheric mixing height from routine radiosonde profiles over South Korea using a web-based data transfer method

This study describes an effort to estimate atmospheric mixing height using vertical profiles of thermodynamic variables measured operationally at radiosonde sites in South Korea. We focus on mixing height at 06UTC (15LST) when vigorous daytime convection is expected with clear skies. For this purpose, we developed a simple numerical algorithm using a new data transfer tool, known as cURL, to determine mixing height and applied it to radiosonde data at Osan and Gwangju for 2010. Emphasis was placed on automating as much as possible the process of determining mixing height. According to the preliminary results, the estimation algorithm performed successfully for most cases with clear sky conditions and was useful in diagnosing and monitoring daytime mixing heights more effectively on a near-real-time basis. With the developed algorithm, it is possible to estimate mixing heights from radiosonde data within a few hours of the development of the convective boundary layer. Application to radiosonde sites in other countries is straightforward and continued modifications of the algorithm are anticipated in the near future.     

An observational case study of ozone and precursors inflow to South East England during an anticyclone

Summertime photochemical air pollution episodes within the United Kingdom have been proposed via modelling studies to be strongly influenced by regional scale inflow of air from the continental European boundary layer. We present a vertically resolved case study using measurements made from the NERC/Met Office BAe 146 research aircraft on 18th August 2005 over the South East of England and the North Sea during a weak anticyclone centred over Northern Europe. The vertical distribution of ozone, CO, NO(x), peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and a wide range of both nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC) and oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) were determined between 500 ft (approximately 152 m) and 7000 ft (approximately 2134 m) over the East Anglia coastline and 50 km inland. In excess of 80 ppbV ozone was observed within inflowing boundary layer air over the North Sea coast in a broad N-S sloping feature around 60 km wide. The inflowing feature of European origin was also observed further inland within the boundary layer albeit with lower, more variable, ozone mixing ratios. The increased variability in ozone over land was a product of titration by fresh surface emissions of NO via rapid upward transport in thermals, a hypothesis supported by the observed vertical wind speed component. Fast boundary layer mixing over land was further illustrated by a uniform distribution in reactive alkenes. A comparison between aircraft and surface O(3) UK AUN (Automatic Urban Network) measurements showed good agreement with the inland site, Sibton, but marked differences with the coastal monitoring site at Weybourne, potentially due to gradients established by ocean deposition in stably stratified marine air.     

Influence of aerosol spectrum and air pollutants on fog formation in urban environment of megacity Delhi, India

Urban areas are facing increasing fog frequencies that may result due to increased air pollution emanating from variety of sources. The increased pollution levels may lead to the atmospheric reactions resulting into the formation of secondary pollutants that may also lead to increased aerosol number concentrations (ANC) in the atmosphere. This could cause enhanced water aerosols in the presence of favourable meteorological conditions and high relative humidity. This study deals with the atmospheric pollution and visibility during winter season of megacity Delhi in order to assess the relationship between the two specifically during fog episodes. Thus, this study analyses the levels of air pollutants, aerosol spectrum and meteorological conditions during one week each in the winter season of the years 2004 and 2006 in order to have an improved understanding of their role in fog formation in mega-city Delhi. More than 300 h of measurements which included episodes of dense, thick and moderate fogs of about 25 h, were studied. The measurements cover most of the accumulation mode and greater size spectrum of aerosols. Thus, the analysis is performed for the entire period, specifically, before the fog sets up, during and afterwards. In general, the relatively small variations in number concentration show larger variations in visibility prior and post dense fog formation than during dense fog episodes. Preliminary analysis of monthly averaged RSPM (Respirable Suspended particulate Matter or PM(10)) concentration values for four winter months for a period of 6 years (1996-2001) and visibility did not show a good correlation with total occurrences of fog. However, daily averaged RSPM concentration showed a good correlation with the occurrences of thick fog. Diurnal variation of Sulfur-dioxide and Nitrogen dioxide were found to have inverse relationship with visibility during fog which may be due to formation of secondary pollutants such as sulfate and to a lesser extent nitrates. Amongst, the daily averaged concentrations of all the criteria pollutants, RSPM was found to be best correlated with the fog in comparison to other pollutants.     

京津冀地区一次污染过程的星载地基激光雷达联合观测分析

针对2018年3月9—15日京津冀地区的一次空气重污染过程,进行了基于地基颗粒物激光雷达组网的星载-地基联合观测分析。颗粒物激光雷达观测到污染前期为局地污染累积过程,中期有明显的污染物区域传输过程,北京受太行山沿线城市污染输送影响较大。风廓线激光雷达观测结果表明:此次污染过程近地面主要为偏南风且风力较弱,冷空气到来时风向转为较强东北风,导致污染消散。微波辐射计观测到保定在污染过程中出现持续6 d的逆温层,同时在污染过程中近地面相对湿度较高,逆温层被打破后污染开始消散。在污染过程的各个阶段中,污染团的空间分布与变化特征均被很好地反映出来,可见地天联合观测对污染物的累积与输送研究有较大的意义,能对京津冀及周边地区的大气污染联防联控提供有力支持。     

能见度分级约束下的大气气溶胶光学厚度特征

利用ＰＩＳ太阳光谱仪观测了北京地区１９９３年３月—１９９５年３月晴天和少云天气的太阳直接辐射光谱，波长范围为０．４０－１．０４μｍ。光谱分辨率１．２５ｎｍ，共有１０６４组数据。观测期间，将地面能见度分为五级。由太阳直射谱获得了各能见度下大气气溶胶光学厚度谱。研究表明，北京地区大气气溶胶光学厚度虽然其总体季节统计规律为春夏大，秋冬小，然而，当加入能见度分级约束后，各能见度下气溶胶光学厚度的季节变化，近于消失。这表明少数“反常”垂直结构不影响能见度分级的平均结果。而不分级的光学厚度季节起伏主要由各季节的几率能见度决定。文中还把年平均五种能见度下的光谱光学厚度与ＬＯＷＴＲＡＮ模式作了对比。由光学厚度谱反演出了气溶胶粒子谱分布，为建立我国北方局地气溶胶模式构造了基本框架