二丁基卡必醇萃取废线路板中金的性能研究

采用二丁基卡比醇(DBC)从印刷电路板废料中萃取金。考察了萃取剂浓度、氯离子浓度、氢离子浓度、反萃取剂浓度对反应的影响。实验结果表明:DBC萃取剂在盐酸介质中萃取浸取液中[Au3+]=0.307mg/L的最佳萃取条件为:[H+]=2.00mol/L,[Cl-]=1.00mol/l,O/A=1∶1,萃取时间=90s,DBC=50%(体积比)。在此条件下一级萃取率可达97.33%。选用亚硫酸钠作为反萃剂。通过实验总结出用该反萃剂从负载[Au3+]=0.272mg/L的DBC萃取剂中反萃金的最佳反萃条件为:亚硫酸钠浓度=5%,反萃时间=90s,O/A=5∶2。在此条件下,一级反萃率为95.04%。     

废弃电子元器件酸性浸出液中铜的萃取研究

利用国产新型铜萃取剂DZ988,以PEG-NO2/H2SO4混酸溶液氧化浸取废弃电子元器件得到的酸浸液为萃取原液(含铜浓度CCu=3.132 g/L),进行铜的萃取研究,考察各因素对铜的萃取及反萃取的影响。试验结果表明,铜的萃取率随萃取剂浓度、O/A比、萃取温度及pH的提高而提高;在萃取剂浓度设定为25%,萃取料液浓度用氨水调至pH=2,油水比O/A=1:1,常温的条件下,对废弃电子元器件的PEG-NO2/H2SO4混酸浸出液中的铜的萃取率可达99.45%,铜、铁分离系数达1 151;以硫酸作反萃剂,对负载铜的萃取剂进行反萃取研究,在硫酸溶液浓度为250 g/L,相比O/A=1:1时,铜的反萃率接近100%。同时,DZ988基本不萃取Co、Ni,后续可从铜萃余液中继续回收Co、Ni。     

萃取-反萃法综合回收磷矿浮选尾矿中磷和镁

针对某磷矿浮选尾矿的资源特点,将其作为高镁低品位磷矿进行处理,用萃取-反萃法分离酸浸液中的镁和磷。选择正丁醇作为萃取剂,在磷酸浓度为30%、萃取相比为1:1,温度为常温,萃取时间为5min的均衡搅拌条件下,五氧化二磷萃取率可达68%以上;用水作为反萃剂,在其加入量为反萃前有机相体积的30%,反萃时间为3min,常温条件下进行反萃,反萃率可达90%以上。该研究为综合回收磷矿浮选尾矿提供了基础性资料,     

络合萃取法处理金刚烷胺制药废水

采用络合萃取法处理金刚烷胺制药废水,考察了初始pH、络合剂种类、稀释剂配比、油/水相比和反应温度等对废水中金刚烷胺萃取效率的影响,并对萃取剂中金刚烷胺进行了反萃取分离回收. 结果表明:采用V(P₂₀₄)〔P₂₀₄为二(2-乙基己基磷酸)〕∶V(正辛醇)为3∶2的复配萃取剂处理金刚烷胺制药废水,在初始pH为8.0、油/水相比为1∶1和温度为25 ℃的条件下,能够去除废水中99.7%以上的金刚烷胺;在反萃取过程中,V(P₂₀₄)∶V(正辛醇)为1∶4的复配萃取剂可以获得更高的反萃取效率,以1.0 mol/L的HCl溶液为反萃取剂,当油/水相比为1∶1时,可将51.7%的金刚烷胺从萃取剂中反萃分离,回收得到的金刚烷胺盐酸盐溶液可以回用到生产工艺中,P₂₀₄-正辛醇复配萃取剂可在萃取和反萃取过程中多次重复使用.      

高位阻叔胺(N_(3418))自盐酸溶液中萃取铂的研究

本工作以高位阻叔胺萃取剂N34 18自盐酸溶液中对铂 (Ⅳ )的萃取进行了研究。对萃取时间、水相的酸度、水相的 pH值、萃取剂的浓度、稀释剂等影响因素进行了较全面的分析。用NaOH作为反萃剂对反萃率进行了研究。应用连续变换法、饱和法 ,斜率法确定了萃合物的组成 ,萃合物的组成为 1 4。     

DNNSA反胶团溶液萃取净化电镀含锌废水研究

以二壬基萘磺酸(DNNSA)反胶团煤油溶液萃取电镀含锌废水中的锌离子(Zn(Ⅱ)),分别考察了萃取时间、油水比、萃取剂浓度、萃取温度和初始锌离子浓度对其萃取效果的影响。试验结果表明:以DNNSA作为萃取剂,磺化煤油作为稀释剂,萃取剂DNNSA浓度为0.2mol/L,萃取平衡时间为5min;萃取反应为吸热反应,升高温度有利于萃取,过程热效应△H=53.95kJ/mol;DNNSA反胶团溶液萃取锌离子的萃取容量为35.48mg/g,负载锌的有机相可采用硫酸反萃取。     

有机磷和十二胺对制革废液中Cr3+和Fe3+的萃取分离研究

针对制革污泥淋滤液Cr3+与Fe3+的分离,研究了二(2-乙基己基)磷酸(D2EHPA)和十二胺(RNH2)2个不同萃取体系萃取分离Cr3+与Fe3+的适宜条件。结果表明,在pH=2左右,采用D2EHPA和RNH3Cl为萃取剂分离Cr3+与Fe3+时的分离系数β均在500以上,且水相中Fe3+的残留浓度可以控制在10mg/L左右,并且分别以5mol/L和1mol/LHCl为反萃剂反萃负载有机相,单级反萃率均可以达到90%左右,为制革产生的多金属废弃物的溶剂萃取法提供了1种处理工艺。     

从负载铅的DNNSA-P204煤油溶液中反萃铅

研究了从二壬基萘磺酸-二(2-乙基己基)膦酸(DNNSA-P204)负载有机相中反萃铅的影响因素.考察了反萃剂种类、反萃时间、反萃温度、反萃剂浓度和反萃油水比(VO/VA)对负载有机相中铅反萃的影响.实验结果表明,硝酸为最佳反萃剂,反萃平衡的时间为5 min,低温有利于反萃.反萃过程为放热过程,过程焓变为-942.7 J·mol-1.广角激光光散射和FT-IR结果表明:DNNSA浓度不变时,DNNSA-P204形成的混合反胶团随着P204浓度的增加而变大,负载有机相中的铅以Pb AD形式增溶进入混合反胶团内水相中.经多次反萃后,萃取剂DNNSA-P204对铅仍有较好的萃取能力.当反萃时间为5 min,温度为298 K,油水比为2∶1,硝酸浓度为0.6 mol·L-1时,反萃率可达到70%.     

钛白废酸回收技术研究

通过臭氧氧化技术将钛白废酸中的Fe^2＋氧化成F^3＋，再用萃取法除去Fe^3＋。考察了络合剂（盐酸）浓度、萃取剂、萃取相比和多级错流萃取级数等对Fe^3＋萃取率的影响，初步探索了反萃法回收萃取剂及萃取剂的循环利用。结果表明，当盐酸浓度为3．4-4．0mol／L时，几乎可完全络合溶液中的Fe^3＋，Fe^3＋的萃取率随相比（O／W）的增加而增大，萃取级数愈多萃取效果愈好。O／W=1：1的单级萃取与总相比O／W=0．5：1的四级错流萃取率接近。当反萃相比（V／O）=1．5：1时，Fe^3＋的反革率达97％，萃取剂经过6次萃取一反萃循环后．Fe^3＋的萃取率没有明显下降。去除Fe增的钛白废酸，经蒸馏浓缩到70％左右，再与浓硫酸混合后可用于钛白粉的生产，蒸馏过程中得到的盐酸循环使用，反萃出来的Fe^3＋可作为生产铁红的原料。     

电镀污泥中镍的回收技术研究

采用30%N902从除杂后的电镀污泥氨浸液中回收金属镍。在萃取原料液pH=9,相比(A/O)=2∶1,反应时间为5min条件下可使镍的萃取率达到99%。负载有机相经水洗后,用2mol/L A/O=1∶1的硫酸进行反萃,反萃时间为30min,反萃级数为8级,得到产品硫酸镍。硫酸镍溶液中镍离子含量90g/L,其它杂质达到产品质量要求。     

森林与径流关系——一致性和复杂性

@论文综述国外近一个世纪以来在配对集水区研究方面所取得的结论,从水的自然属性出发,从森林变化对径流(年径流量、洪峰与枯水径流)的影响,径流响应的干扰临界值及水文恢复各方面探讨森林变化与径流关系的一致性与复杂性。森林变化与径流关系的一致性主要表现在由较长时间尺度表达的年径流量上。绝大多数的配对集水区的试验研究表明,采伐森林就会增加年径流量,而在荒地上造林就会减少年径流量。而由较短时间尺度表达的洪峰径流与枯水流量则呈现较大的复杂性和难预估性。综述表明,对径流特别是洪峰与枯水径流的定义及分析方法的不同也是造成森林与径流关系复杂性的重要原因。森林与径流关系的复杂性要求人们在研究及应用其关系时就必须有系统观,必须考虑植被、径流与其它过程(土壤变化、气候变化等)的相互作用。论文还认为尽管配对集水区试验作为一种研究方法为研究者提供了许多可靠的结论,但由于许多研究者只把集水区看作是“黑箱”Q从而对认识森林与径流关系的复杂性有一定的局限性。未来的研究应把配对集水区的试验与其它对过程的研究技术(同位素、GIS等技术)结合起来。     

科技与可持续发展

科学技术对生产力发展的巨大作用。不仅表现在它对生产力3个要素的渗透性影响。而且表现在它促进生产力结构的优化和系统功能的发挥，但经济发展会带来资源破坏和环境污染等负面影响。应在发挥科技作为第一生产力作用的同时，遏制其带来的负面影响，以促进可持续发展。     

真菌和细菌对染料的吸附脱色及再生能力的研究

进行了真菌和细菌共培养对染料的吸附脱色和吸附脱色能力再生的研究。结果表明，青霉菌G－1首先对偶氮染料S－119、蒽醌染料艳紫KN－B（C．I．Reactive violet 22）水溶液中染料进行快速吸附去除，菌丝对同种染料的吸附速度随菌丝培养液中葡萄糖浓度的增加而加快，吸附染料的G－1菌丝在与细菌的共培养中完成对染料的脱色降解，脱色速度受培养液中葡萄和氮源浓度影响较大，从吸附速率和完全脱色时间综合评价，以葡萄糖浓度为5g/L、酒石酸铵为20mmol/L的培养基中培养的菌丝对染料的吸附脱色效果最好，吸附在菌丝上的艳紫KN－B脱色后菌丝吸附脱色能力得到再生，菌丝对100mg/L的艳紫KN－B染料水溶液可重复处理4次。青霉菌G－1对酸性染料废水处理3h，色度去除率为75．9％，吸附染料的菌丝在与细菌共培养中完成对染料的脱色，对试验所用染料废水，菌丝的处理能力获得1次再生。     

Homology and phylogeny and their automated inference

The analysis of the ever-increasing amount of biological and biomedical data can be pushed forward by comparing the data within and among species. For example, an integrative analysis of data from the genome sequencing projects for various species traces the evolution of the genomes and identifies conserved and innovative parts. Here, I review the foundations and advantages of this "historical" approach and evaluate recent attempts at automating such analyses. Biological data is comparable if a common origin exists (homology), as is the case for members of a gene family originating via duplication of an ancestral gene. If the family has relatives in other species, we can assume that the ancestral gene was present in the ancestral species from which all the other species evolved. In particular, describing the relationships among the duplicated biological sequences found in the various species is often possible by a phylogeny, which is more informative than homology statements. Detecting and elaborating on common origins may answer how certain biological sequences developed, and predict what sequences are in a particular species and what their function is. Such knowledge transfer from sequences in one species to the homologous sequences of the other is based on the principle of 'my closest relative looks and behaves like I do', often referred to as 'guilt by association'. To enable knowledge transfer on a large scale, several automated 'phylogenomics pipelines' have been developed in recent years, and seven of these will be described and compared. Overall, the examples in this review demonstrate that homology and phylogeny analyses, done on a large (and automated) scale, can give insights into function in biology and biomedicine.     

伊宁市城市水系现状调查及问题与对策

以泉水来源的伊宁市城市水系,具有特有城市标志的同时对伊宁市起着重要的生态、景观、润泽作用。近年来,城市建设的快速发展给伊宁市水系带来了新的问题。文章以如何保护好伊宁市城市水系为出发点,以现场调查及相关数据为基础,对现状问题进行分析,提出了城市水系保护方面的一些建议对策。     

油气集输联合站火灾爆炸危险分析与事故后果模拟

以某联合站为例,根据油气集输联合站站场功能,将联合站划分为油气处理、储运及污水处理3个单元,对各单元发生火灾爆炸事故的可能条件进行分析,并利用DNV公司的SAFETI软件对事故后果进行模拟计算,根据事故影响范围数据,提出相应的安全措施。     

Pesticides and trace elements in cannabis: Analytical and environmental challenges and opportunities

Cannabis is increasingly used for both medicinal and recreational purposes with an estimate of over 180 million users annually. Canada has recently legalized cannabis use in October 2018, joining several states in the United States of America (e.g., Colorado, California, and Oregon) and a few other countries. A variety of cannabis products including dry flowers, edibles, and oil products are widely consumed. With high demand for cannabis products worldwide, the quality of cannabis and its related products has become a major concern for consumer safety. Various guidelines have been set by different countries to ensure the quality, safety, and efficacy of cannabis products. In general, these guidelines require control of contaminants including pesticides, toxic elements, mycotoxins, and pathogens, as well as residual solvents in regard to cannabis oil. Accordingly, appropriate analytical methods are required to determine these contaminants in cannabis products for quality control. In this review, we focus on the current analytical challenges and method development for detection of pesticides and toxic elements in cannabis to meet various guidelines.     

砷的污染、检测与防治

在环境化学污染物中,砷是最常见、最严重的污染物之一.随着现代工农业生产的发展,砷对环境的污染日趋严重.为了更好地评价砷污染对环境和人体的影响,介绍了砷污染的来源、对人体的危害、标准的检测方法和目前砷污染治理的现状.     

Comparison of transabdominal and transcervical CVS and amniocentesis: Sampling success and risk

A total of 2931 women randomized to either transabdominal CVS, transceirvical CVS, or amniocentesis were studied. Unless intended or unintended abortion had occurred, they had completed up to 28 weeks of pregnancy. No significant difference was seen between total fetal loss in the transabdominal CVS group and the amniocentesis group (6.5 and 6.8 per cent, respectively, SE difference = 0.92 per cent, p = 0.01). The total fetal loss in the transcervical CVS group was 10.1 per cent. After pooling our data with data from the Canadian randomized study and the American non-randomized study, the difference in risk between trans-cervical CVS and amniocentesis was 1.8 per cent (SE difference = 0.64 per cent, p = 0.8). When the number of failed procedures and those cases evaluated as infeasible for the assigned method-for anatomical reasons-are compared, the overall sampling efficacy is poorer transcervically than transabdominally.