视觉影响评价技术初探

首先简要介绍了国内外开展视觉影响评价的情况和意义 ,提出了视觉影响评价的基本概念、步骤和方法。针对视觉影响评价的特点 ,介绍了 4种视觉模拟用以预测影响的手段。最后针对我国视觉影响评价的现状提出了一些加强和改善建议。     

视觉影响评价技术研究与应用

文章首先对于国内外出现的视觉影响评价与景观影响评价的概念进行了对比分析，提出“视觉影响评价”在功能表述上更为确切，并给出了视觉影响评价的基本概念，然后针对视觉影响评价的特点，介绍了视觉模拟用以预测影响的手段以及评价方法和减缓措施，并通过一具体实例进行了说明，最后针对我国视觉影响评价的现状提出了一些加强和改善的建议。     

No evidence for visual context-dependency of olfactory learning in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Drosophila</Emphasis>

How is behaviour organised across sensory modalities? Specifically, we ask concerning the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster how visual context affects olfactory learning and recall and whether information about visual context is getting integrated into olfactory memory. We find that changing visual context between training and test does not deteriorate olfactory memory scores, suggesting that these olfactory memories can drive behaviour despite a mismatch of visual context between training and test. Rather, both the establishment and the recall of olfactory memory are generally facilitated by light. In a follow-up experiment, we find no evidence for learning about combinations of odours and visual context as predictors for reinforcement even after explicit training in a so-called biconditional discrimination task. Thus, a ‘true’ interaction between visual and olfactory modalities is not evident; instead, light seems to influence olfactory learning and recall unspecifically, for example by altering motor activity, alertness or olfactory acuity.     

青藏铁路景观视觉管理系统研究

铁路建设需要设置取(弃)土场、砂石料点、施工营地等工程场地,这些工程场地如果设计不合理,必将对沿线景观造成破坏,进而对视觉产生强烈的冲击。该文参考美国林务局的“视觉管理系统(VisualManagementSystem,VMS)”和美国土地管理局的“视觉管理(VisualResourcesMana-gement,VRM)”,利用遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)技术,结合新建青藏铁路沿线景观特点和工程场地的位置、面积、所处的坡度、相对于铁路的距离、沿铁路方向的长度以及相对于本底景观的对比度,建立了新建青藏铁路沿线的景观视觉管理系统,定量分析和评价了铁路建设工程可能对高原景观带来的冲击,并为修改和重新设计工程场地提出了指导性建议。     

景观及视觉影响评价初探

总结和论述了景观及视觉影响评价的概念及评价的过程、内容与方法等,结合我国的实际情况提出了开展此项工作的建议。由于景观及视觉影响不同于通常的污染影响,具有直接可见性和不易改变性等特点,故应及早重视,使发展项目所制定的计划与景观及视觉环境相协调。该评价方法主要包括计算机技术支持下的图形叠加法和GIS法等。      

北京市能见度下降与颗粒物污染的关系

为了解北京市能见度下降的主要原因,在1999—2000年对各种污染物的消光系数和不同粒径太小颗粒物的质量浓度进行了观测．发现颗粒物的散射消光作用在北京市能见度下降中占有主要地位,其中与细粒子的关系更为密切．在不同季节运用不同的回归方程,利用细粒子质量浓度可以方便快捷地估算出大气能见度的近似值。     

景观元素视觉特性对其感知优先度的影响分析

作为环境影响评价中景观资源影响评价研究的基础,采用照片测试法对景观元素感知优先度进行研究,分析了景观元素的客观视觉特性对其感知优先度的影响.结果表明:①不同景观元素的感知优先度得分不同.②景观元素感知优先度受到景观元素视觉特性的影响.元素的相对面积、形状以及在视域范围内所处的位置都会影响人们对景观元素的感知.相对面积较大、形状较规则、边界整齐且位于视域中下部的景观元素更易被识别,感知优先度得分相应较高.③元素视觉特性对于景观元素感知优先度的影响随元素类别不同而有明显差别.      

辽宁中部地区大气能见度器测与目测数据的对比分析

以辽宁中部地区沈阳、鞍山、本溪3个城市为研究对象,利用2010年全年的高精度仪器观测与人工定时观测能见度资料,对这2种观测方法进行了对比分析,研究了二者的差异与相关性. 结果表明,从辽宁中部地区全年总体来看,虽然平均器测能见度大于平均目测能见度,但目测能见度在一年中的大部分时间大于器测能见度(所占日数比例为59.5%). 各城市之间器测能见度的相关系数比目测能见度高,2种方法的观测结果较为一致地反映出能见度在午后会达到高值. 2种方法观测的能见度均与大气相对湿度和可吸入颗粒物质量浓度表现为负相关关系,其中目测能见度与相对湿度的负相关性更为显著,而器测能见度与颗粒物质量浓度的相关性更为显著.      

地下水流数值模拟中可视化设计与科学计算研究

本文介绍了地下水流数值模拟中进行可视化程序设计与科学计算的一种方法，通过VC与Fortran混合编程理论上的分析及实例计算，论证了应用DLL技术进行数值模拟可视化设计与科学计算实现的可行性，这将为地下水流数值模拟系统软件设计提供依据。     

Perception of environmental tobacco smoke odors: An olfactory and visual response

Odor perception of approximately 200 subjects was measured to determine whether visual contact with an odor source affects sensory responses and to estimate the magnitude of such an effect. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) odors were generated in a chamber either by a smoke machine or by an investigator who smoked. Several levels of odor intensity were generated. Odor intensity, odor hedonics and odor characters were the parameters measured before and after visual contact with the odor source. Visual contact increased the perceived odor intensity, the hedonic nature of the odor changed directionally toward unpleasant and the number of subjects perceiving tobacco odor increased. The change caused by visual contact led to differences that were statistically significant.     

河流水环境可视化仿真系统的开发

为了对河流进行有效管理,必须建立完善的河流水环境管理系统。计算机技术已广泛用于水环境管理。开发河流水环境可视化仿真系统是推进河流水环境管理科学化的主要工作之一。本文基于GIS平台,结合Vega虚拟现实仿真工具开发河流水环境可视化系统,不仅能够将各监测站点地理信息、河流水质信息等在GIS上展示,还实现了河流虚拟现实漫游的功能,为提升河流水环境管理水平提供基本的软件保障。     

露天煤矿土地复垦适宜性评价专家系统设计

根据大型露煤矿土地复垦适宜性评价的特点，利用可视化语言VC 6．0实现了基于以产生式规则作为知识表达方式的大型露天煤矿土地复垦专家系统的知识库可视化设计。该研究易于应用在具有不同条件下露天矿土地复垦中利用方向和适宜性评价问题。     

The effect of flower-like and non-flower-like visual properties on choice of unrewarding patterns by bumblebees

How do distinct visual stimuli help bumblebees discover flowers before they have experienced any reward outside of their nest? Two visual floral properties, type of a pattern (concentric vs radial) and its position on unrewarding artificial flowers (central vs peripheral on corolla), were manipulated in two experiments. Both visual properties showed significant effects on floral choice. When pitted against each other, pattern was more important than position. Experiment 1 shows a significant effect of concentric pattern position, and experiment 2 shows a significant preference towards radial patterns regardless of their position. These results show that the presence of markings at the center of a flower are not so important as the presence of markings that will direct bees there.     

Digitale Bildanalyse als optische Meßtechnik in der Biochemie

Digital image analysis can be used to assist or complement visual perception. In quantifying light intensities it is superior to the human visual system and therefore is an appropriate and useful tool for research. Using microphotometry as an example the physical bases of digital image analysis are explained and the applications of this measuring technique to biochemical analysis are demonstrated.     

美国风景资源管理系统及其方法

本文对美国的风景资源管理(VRM)系统及其内容和方法作了结构性的介绍。文中概要描述了该系统形成的背景、研制的目的、理论依据和应用范围。全文重点论述了VRM系统结构框架以及包括构成VRM系统的风景景色质量评价、敏感水平、视觉管理目标和视觉影响评估等几个主要方面的内容。最后从应用和方法论方面对VRM系统进行了评价。     

Representation of complex visual stimuli in the brain

A method was developed to investigate transfer properties of neurons in the visual system using pictures of complex visual stimuli. The picture is moved over the receptive field of a neuron so that it can scan it along programmed lines. The activity of the neuron during the scanning procedure is presented in a two-dimensional dot display on scale with the original picture. By superposition of the stimulus and the transfer pattern, one can find out to which detail of a stimulus the neuron responds. Neurons in the first intracerebral relay of the visual system, the lateral geniculate body, reduce a complex stimulus, such as a photograph of a natural environment, to its contours. Cortical cells only respond to contours either of a limited or of a wider range of orientations (simple and complex cells, respectively). But the course of contours is only described by a continuous representation of these contours in the cortical map of the visual field. This is done by the simple cells, which have small receptive fields and thus a higher resolving power, whereas complex cells with their large receptive fields monitor the approximate location of a moving stimulus. The function of these two classes of neurons is discussed in terms of visual behavior, i.e., for fixation, hold, and binocular vergence movements (simple cells), and for detection of moving objects and motor command signals towards these objects (complex cells). These functions are an important condition for foveal vision which is the basis of perception in primates. An important function of orientation sensitivity of simple cells may be the binocular alignment of contours in binocular fusion and stereoscopic vision.     

Relative importance of taste and vision in reducing bird damage to crops with methiocarb,a chemical repellent

The relative importance of taste and vision for methiocarb-induced food aversions was studied in captive house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus). Seed handling behavior and patterns of consumption of safflower seeds treated with methiocarb indicated that taste was not involved. Rather, the data suggest that, in the absence of visual cues to palatability, the finches responded to physiological effects following methiocarb ingestion. In an experiment to assess the effect of an added visual signal, pairs of finches given methiocarb-treated hulled oats with red tape on their food bowl showed more aversion to the treated food than did pairs without tape. These and other findings suggest that methods to reduce bird damage to crops with chemical repellents should emphasize visual cues rather than taste.     

曝气池容积计算方法分析

文中对曝气池容积的计算方法———BOD5污泥负荷率法与污泥龄法进行了分析。这两种方法实质上是属于同一个公式 ,只是考虑的角度不同而引入的两个不同概念。如能将考虑的角度有机地结合 ,将使曝气池容积的设计计算更趋合理。     

Die Sinneszellen der Wirbeltiernetzhaut

Vertebrate visual cells represent a system in an extraordinarily dynamic state. Major parts of the photoreceptors are continually degraded and resynthesized, thus, the cell's morphological and functional integrity is maintained. Some components of visual cell renewal processes follow an endogenous, circadian rhythm driven by an ocular oscillator. Regulative mechanisms of these circadian rhythms may comprise interactions between the neurohormone melatonin and the putative retinal neurotransmitter and neuromodulator dopamine.