铝胁迫下马尾松幼苗有机酸分泌和根际pH值的变化

以马尾松幼苗为试验材料,选用砂培法研究铝胁迫对马尾松根际pH值、有机酸分泌以及植株中铝累积变化的影响。结果表明,高浓度铝导致根际pH值增加,当铝浓度高于300μmol.L-1时,根际pH值则趋于平稳。在测试的5种有机酸(草酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸、乙酸)中,当铝浓度由0升至300μmol.L-1时,草酸和苹果酸根系分泌量随之升高,与根际pH值呈正相关关系;而当铝浓度高于300μmol.L-1时,草酸和苹果酸分泌量则趋于平稳,草酸和苹果酸的分泌影响根际pH值的变化。其次,活性铝通过根系进入植株后,由于营养作用和运输机制,出现分布差异,根部铝积累量明显高于茎和叶。当根系接触的铝浓度低于300μmol.L-1时,植株铝积累量与根际pH值,以及草酸、苹果酸分泌量呈显著正相关。     

砷污染土壤对不同品种水稻生长的影响

重金属如何影响水稻(Oryza sativa L.)的生长及产量一直是粮食生产中的研究重点。利用盆栽实验,首次比较了砷(As)对三个品系(杂交稻、常规稻和糯稻)共20个品种水稻生长的影响,以期选定适合在As污染区种植的水稻品种。结果显示,不同品系水稻在As污染土壤中的生长显著不同,杂交稻的生长优于糯稻和常规稻,但糯稻和常规稻差异不显著,表明杂交稻更适宜在砷污染土壤种植。同一品系内不同品种水稻的生长也有较大差异,杂交稻II优804的干物质积累量最高,每株达到0.055g。     

三唑磷降解对水稻叶绿素含量的影响

采用田间试验方法,系统研究了内2优6号、秀水09两个水稻品种生殖生长前期经过喷施不同浓度三唑磷(2 250 mL hm-2、4 500 mL hm-2)后水稻叶绿素含量动态变化及其相关性.结果表明,喷施三唑磷对水稻叶绿素含量产生了影响,其效应随施药浓度增加而增大.三唑磷对叶绿素作用的时效在品种间存在差异,内2优6号和秀水09分别为<20 d和>20 d,具体表现为施药后d 1,所有水稻品种的喷施处理与对照无显著性差异,施药后d 3～14,与对照相比内2优6号和秀水09分别表现为显著降低和增加,施药后d 21,则分别表现为不显著和显著增加.三唑磷降解率与叶绿素含量变化率之间总体存在相关性,但品种间存在显著差异,内2优6号和秀水09分别呈现负相关和正相关趋势.     

我国蚕豆根瘤菌的多样性和系统发育研究

采用数值分类、16S rDNA PCR-RFLP、IGS PCR-RFLP等方法对分离自我国11个省的50株蚕豆根瘤菌及11株参比菌株进行了表型测定和遗传型研究,同时对5株蚕豆根瘤菌的代表菌株进行了16S rDNA全序列测定.表型测定的结果表明,在80%的相似水平上供试菌株分为4个群,各群间存在地区交叉;16S rDNA PCR-RFLP的聚类结果与数值分类的聚类结果有很好的一致性;IGSRFLP反映的多样性更明显,形成的遗传群较多,可用于菌株间的鉴别.实验结果表明我国蚕豆根瘤菌具有极大的表型多样性和遗传多样性.系统发育研究结果表明,蚕豆根瘤菌的代表菌株均位于快生根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)系统发育分支,与R.leguminosarum USDA2370的全序列相似性达99.9%,说明蚕豆根瘤菌属于Rhizobium,系豌豆根瘤菌的一个生物型.图4表3参12     

The effects of exposure to zinc and cadmium separately and jointly on the free amino acid pool of Gammarus pulex (L.)

Effects of the heavy metals zinc and cadmium on the free amino acid (FAA) pool of Gammarus pulex were studied at different metal concentrations and combinations as well as different exposure times. The dominant effect of these two metals was the reduction of most free amino acids and the whole FAA pool, except in the 10‐day low zinc and cadmium concentration exposures which resulted in a rise of free amino acid pool.

Among the free amino acids, the most sensitive to zinc exposure, were alanine, glutamic acid, arginine, and taurine; valine, leucine, asparagine, and isoleucine were among the most sensitive to cadmium. No predictable changes of individual free amino acids were shown in the mixed metals exposures. Elevation of taurine concentration was constant in seven of the eight treatments, it is suggested that this elevation may be related to the hepatopancreatic damage observed and induced synthesis of metallothioneins.     

Trace Metal Voltammetric Determination of Otoliths of Tench Tinca Tinca (L.): Its Possible Uses in Monitoring the Quality of Fresh Waters

New data of heavy metals in otoliths of fresh water teleosts are reported. Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) has been used for determining copper, lead, cadmium and zinc in otoliths of tench, Tinca tinca (L.). the analytical procedure followed gives data of good repeatability and with low detection limits, in a simple and inexpensive way. Tench of age ranging from 3 to 8 years were examined. Four year old fish had maximum concentrations of heavy metals, and an otolith weight adequate for experimental determinations in bulked samples. Fresh water teleosts are less mobile than marine ones, and could be used for monitoring the quality of waters suspected for pollution, and eventually verifying the influence of the environmental variations on the metal bioaccumulation.     

西葫芦对土壤持久性有机氯化物污染的指示性研究

西葫芦(Cucurbita pepo L.)对土壤中持久性有机氯化物的超强吸收能力已被证实,意味其具有指示区域土壤持久性有机氯化物污染状况的潜能。本研究采用农田小区试验,考察了西葫芦不同组织器官(根、过渡茎、茎、叶和果实)在6个生长期对有机氯化物的累积吸收行为;采用同位素稀释高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱法,分析了种植土壤及西葫芦各组织器官中的21种有机氯农药(OCPs)和18种多氯联苯(PCBs)。结果表明,西葫芦可将根吸收的OCPs和PCBs传递到过渡茎和茎。不同生长期采集的西葫芦根、过渡茎和茎中的OCPs和PCBs浓度基本稳定,无明显生物稀释效应,且此3个组织器官中OCPs和PCBs的分布模式与土壤中的分布模式基本一致。因此,可以用西葫芦根和茎中持久性有机氯化物的浓度指示土壤中持久性有机氯化物的污染水平,根和茎的采样时间可以不受西葫芦生长期的限制。