Environmental performance evaluation and indicators

This article deals with the new ISO standard ISO 14031 on environmental performance evaluation and describes its main outline as well as its link to the EU EMAS Regulation. A further development are sector specific frameworks of accounts for massbalances, shown by the example of breweries. The Appendix A Examples of management performance indicators, Appendix B Examples of operational performance indicators contain more examples of environmental management and operational performance indicators.     

Assessing environmental performance by combining life cycle assessment, multi-criteria analysis and environmental performance indicators

We present a new analytical tool, called COMPLIMENT, which can be used to provide detailed information on the overall environmental impact of a business. COMPLIMENT integrates parts of tools such as life cycle assessment, multi-criteria analysis and environmental performance indicators. It avoids disadvantages and combines complementary aspects of these three tools. The methodology is based on environmental performance indicators, expanding the scope of data collection towards a life cycle approach and including a weighting and aggregation step. A case study on the Thai pulp industry illustrates the usefulness of COMPLIMENT.     

活性滤料滤池过滤性能研究

为了研究进水浓度、水力停留时间和供气量对活性滤料滤池过滤性能的影响,以石英砂作为过滤介质,以高岭土悬浊液模拟配水进行试验,测试不同条件下滤池对SS的去除效果.结果表明:有效过滤高度为700 mm的活性滤料滤池在HRT为10 min、SS为45 mg·L^-1左右时,砂循环周期应为24 h以内;进水SS的浓度和供气量基本不影响活性滤料滤池的过滤性能;随着停留时间的增加,活性滤料滤池对SS去除率逐渐增加;活性滤料滤池用于出水SS由一级B标准提高到一级A标准的合理停留时间应为7.5~10 min,最佳供气范围为7.96~26.53 L·m^-2·min^-1.     

太阳能干燥器的性能测试与研究

对于太阳能干燥器的性能测试实验,本文采用红色朝天椒作为实验对象。实验表明,辣椒在烘干抽屉中的堆积厚度在2cm到6cm之间时,辣椒的干燥速率并不受到太大影响,而辣椒厚度再继续增加的时候,干燥速率开始明显下降。而热风温度越高,辣椒的干燥速率则明显加快。太阳能干燥设备相对自然晾晒提高了卫生条件和产品品质,与其他干燥设备相比,具有节能、低碳、低成本等优势。     

凹凸棒石对十八胺吸附的实验研究

利用天然凹凸棒石对难降解的十八胺进行吸附研究,并对天然凹凸棒石粘土结构和性质进行分析表征,重点研究了固液比、时间、p H值和温度对十八胺在凹凸棒石上吸附的影响.结果表明,十八胺在凹凸棒石上的吸附受p H和温度的影响明显,并且符合准二级动力学方程和Langmuir吸附等温线,由Langmuir吸附等温线(293 K)得出的饱和吸附容量为143.92 mg·g-1.凹凸棒石作为天然粘土有望成为处理十八胺的理想吸附材料.     

Impact of cleaner production on business performance

Extensive research has examined the relationship between environmental management/performance and business performance but yielded no conclusive results. This paper makes two contributions to the literature. First, instead of focusing on one aspect, we try to compare using various types of cleaner production activities: low- and high-cost activities. Second, the study complements the existing literature which focuses on firms in developed countries with an analysis of firms in the Chinese manufacturing industry. In this paper, the relationship between cleaner production and business performance was analyzed using Structure Equation Model (SEM). We find an overall positive impact of cleaner production on firm's business performance. We also found that the cleaner production activities of low-cost scheme have a bigger contribution to financial performance compared to non-financial performance, while cleaner production activities of high-cost scheme have a greater contribution to non-financial performance, compared to financial performance. This study should be useful for firms that consider adopting cleaner production as well as stakeholders who aim to promote cleaner production.     

Evaluating the environmental performance of a university

An increasing number of organisations are moving towards assessing and reporting their environmental performance in a supply-chain context. Not only are such “footprint”-type assessments seen as more rigorous than sustainability reports created in-house, they also offer more abatement options than assessments limited to an organisation’s premises. Hybrid life-cycle assessment methods combining input-output analysis and process analysis are ideally suited to enumerate organisational footprints, because they were developed to enable overall complete results whilst being application-specific. We apply one of these hybrid methods, the Path Exchange Method to the task of planning for a sustainable campus at the University of Sydney in Australia. We show how this method can be used by an environmental or procurement officer for exploring environmental performance and abatement options across supply chains. We also show how parts of an organisation, for example University faculties, can be assessed and compared against each other. Whilst tools like ones used in this work enable quantitative decision support for procurement and operations policies, it takes staff awareness, engagement and training to successfully put such tools into practice.     

预臭氧对砂滤过滤性能的影响

通过规模为200L·h-1的连续动态实验,研究了臭氧预处理对砂滤出水浊度、颗粒数以及运行周期的影响.实验结果表明,投加低剂量0.12mg·L-1的臭氧,就可以显著改善砂滤的运行性能.臭氧预处理可以使砂滤出水浊度和粒径范围为3～7μm的颗粒物(与隐孢子虫大小相当)含量分别从平均0.25NTU和584个mL-1下降到0.05NTU和72个mL-1,其它粒径范围的颗粒数也显著下降,砂滤周期延长了1倍.     

环境政策对企业绩效的影响

一个国家的环境政策是国家保护环境的大致方针,直接关系到这个国家的环境立法和环境管理,更直接影响到这个国家的整体环境状况,不同类型的环境政策对企业也产生了各方面的影响。本文研究环境政策的不同形式、内容、具体执行手段及其对企业的环境、经济绩效产生的影响。通过研究西方发达国家的成功环境政策,探讨我国环境政策中存在的不足与缺陷。最后根据不同管理手段的可行性,有效性及最终效果,联系我国具体国情,在符合可持续发展原则的同时,提出更为有效,对企业绩效具有正面刺激的环境政策建议。     

热扩散管的设计与性能测试

为研究挥发性组分对气溶胶特性的影响,设计加工了一种热扩散管（Thermal Denuder,以下简称TD）,由解析管和吸附管组成,调节温度范围为50~350℃;与文献中已有设计相比,本设计改进了测量TD管内部温度的位置,使得测温、控温更加准确;采用两段加热的方式使得温度分布更为稳定,延长有效停留时间.TD管性能测试表明：TD管内温度分布较均匀,可有效去除挥发性组分;当颗粒物的粒径大于60 nm时,颗粒物在不同温度的TD管内的传输效率变化很小,可近似看作是一个常数.     

硫化物矿山尾矿缓释抑菌剂滴丸的制备及性能测试

为阻止或减缓嗜酸性硫氧化菌对硫化矿物的氧化,研究了十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)对广东韶关大宝山多金属尾矿区分离出的氧化亚铁硫杆菌的杀菌效果.为提高抑菌剂的有效利用率,采用滴制法将其制备成具有缓释功能的抑菌剂滴丸,并分析了抑菌剂滴丸的表面特征、元素组成及缓释性能.结果发现:滴制法可以把SDS均匀地分散在以醋酸纤维素为骨架的缓释滴丸内部;滴丸的载药率可以达到40%以上;实验周期内杀菌成分可在酸性溶液中持续缓慢溶出,溶液中ρ(SDS)逐渐升高.氧化亚铁硫杆菌摇瓶浸矿结果显示:使用抑菌剂缓释滴丸后,实验周期内溶液的pH值、Eh变化幅度较小,而且Zn2+、总Fe的溶出率分别比未加滴丸的处理低61.37%、84.44%,缓释杀菌作用显著.     

污泥臭氧化对MBR运行效能的影响

结合MBR和污泥臭氧化各自的优点,开展了化学法和生物法相结合的污泥减量技术研究,对污泥臭氧化的特点及其对MBR运行效能的影响进行了考察.实验表明,污泥细胞的溶解随着臭氧投加量的增加而改善,但当投加量大于0.16mg/mgMLVSS时,污泥混合液的性状(MLVSS、SCOD)变化趋缓.在最佳的投加量下,53.1%的MLVSS被臭氧溶解,而SCOD和TN分别升高1287,143.9mg/L.臭氧对有机物的氧化使得液相中的C/N比仅为8.6.通过3个MBR系统[污泥臭氧化的数量分别为进水流量(Q)的0、0.5%和1%]的平行运行,结果显示,臭氧化能够显著降低系统的污泥产率(0.5%Q和1%Q系统的污泥产率仅为0.17,0.12kgMLSS/kgCOD,较0Q系统分别下降了29%和50%),同时不对硝化和有机物的去除作用产生明显的影响,系统出水水质良好.     

二硫代氨基甲酸盐的絮凝作用机理及除油性能

用2种端氨基聚醚化合物Jeffamine-T403和Jeffamine-D230作原料分别合成了二硫代氨基甲酸盐型絮凝剂DTC-1和DTC-2,利用红外光谱分析,确认了产物分子的结构.以高岭土悬浊液为处理对象,通过考察DTC分子结构、投药量和Fe2+络离子浓度对絮凝的影响及Zeta电位的变化,讨论了DTC的作用规律和机理.结果表明,与DTC-2相比,DTC-1与Fe2+络合可形成网状超分子结构,故产生的絮体具有较好的网捕作用.金属离子为Fe3+时,絮凝性能较差.DTC-1除油能力强,在 Fe2+的配合下, 20mg/L的投加量可使油浓度从 93.9,404.3, 878.6mg/L分别降至1.1,3.2,6.4mg/L.     

膜/电容脱盐(MCDI)特性研究

以NaCl溶液为除盐对象,采用控制变量法,考察电压、流量、温度和进水浓度对膜/电容脱盐(MCDI)除盐效果的影响以及再生方式对MCDI再生效果的影响.结果表明:MCDI的除盐率随电压和温度的升高而增大,随进水流量和浓度的增大而减小;综合考虑除盐率和能量利用效率,在电压1.2 V、流量5.0~7.5 m L·min-1、温度20~25℃、浓度50~250 mg·L-1时,MCDI的除盐性能最佳;再生时,反接方式再生效率最高但耗能大,断路方式几乎无再生效果,短接方式再生效率良好且无耗能,综合考虑短接方式最佳.     

Part based process performance monitoring (PbPPM)

The performances of completed manufacturing processes were evaluated using the surface response to excitation (SuRE) and Lamb wave methods. Both methods used the same piezoelectric elements attached to the surface of the workpiece. The SuRE method and the Lamb wave method were used to identify the structural changes created by welding, drilling, coating, filling a slot with glue, and composite patching. This study indicates that the tested methods are feasible for part based process performance monitoring (PbPPM) which evaluates the quality of the completed process with the sensors attached to the workpiece.     

Synthesis and scale inhibitor performance of polyaspartic acid

Polyaspartic acid (PASP) has been extensively studied in recent years as a green scale inhibitor. PASP was synthesized by thermal polycondensation of maleic anhydride and ammonium carbonate in this study. The optimal polycondensation reaction conditions were the raw material (maleic anhydride and ammonium carbonate) molar ratio of 1.0:1.2, the polymerization temperature of 180°C and reaction time of 2.0 hr. The results showed that PASP exhibits very good scale inhibiting performance. The inhibition rate was 95% for calcium carbonate and 90% for calcium sulfate by the application of 5 mg/L PASP.     

悬浮填料的选取及其性能试验研究

填料是生物膜法废水处理的关键技术之一。采用无纺布制成一种新型的悬浮填料，根据污水处理工程中对悬浮填料的要求确定了填料的材质、形状及尺寸，并对该填料的性能进行了试验研究。结果表明，选用聚丙烯无纺布作成直径11mm，高11mm的中空圆筒状填料，并经过一定的表面处理可满足污水处理对填料的要求。     

颤蚓对活性污泥沉降性能的影响

系统考察了低、中、高3种不同污泥浓度下(TSS≈4 g·L-1、6 g·L-1和8 g·L-1),一定的颤蚓投加比例对活性污泥沉降性能的影响,并同时考察了颤蚓对污泥特性的影响.研究结果表明,投加颤蚓后60min内,活性污泥沉降速率明显加快,60min时的污泥容积相对于未投加颤蚓前可减少8%～42%;而且.这种效应对污泥浓度高的活性污泥更为显著和有效.然而.通过对污泥特性的分析表明,颤蚓在短时间内(1～3h)对污泥平均粒径、Zeta 电位并无多少影响;此时污泥容积指数(SVI)和胞外聚合物含量(EPS)却反而略有增加.