底泥扰动下藻类对不同形态磷在水体中分布的影响

研究了反复扰动与藻类共存条件下,水体中溶解性磷、颗粒态磷、生物有效磷的分布规律,并分析了颗粒物质物理化学吸附与藻类生物利用对水体中磷消失的贡献率.结果表明,扰动抑制了水体中藻类生长,叶绿素a增加量仅为3.53μg/L(初始30μg/L)和4.80μg/L(初始120μg/L),而无扰动下该值分别为21.36μg/L (初始30μg/L)和14.49μg/L (初始120μg/L).并且,溶解氧水平和pH值均低于无扰动状态.扰动导致水体中总磷和颗粒态磷显著增加,但溶解性总磷(DTP)和溶解性磷酸盐(DIP)均有所降低.对于DTP而言,扰动状态下,颗粒物质吸附占90%,而无扰动下,则降低至60%,相应地,藻类生物利用则增加至40%.无论扰动与否,BAP基本处于稳定状态,而BAPP占BAP的百分比则有所增加.扰动状态下BAPP占PP的百分比明显低于无扰动状态.这暗示了扰动对水体中磷迁移和转化的作用大于藻.     

鲥鯸淀水中有机农药污染特征及生态风险评价

为充分了解鲥鯸淀水体中农药污染状况,该文对其水体中的杀虫剂(15种有机磷、8种有机氯类以及氯虫苯甲酰胺、氟虫双酰胺、氰戊菊酯)以及常见的除草剂(莠去津、利谷隆、灭草松、乙草胺、丁草胺)残留量进行了检测与生态风险评价。结果显示:杀虫剂中检出10种有机磷农药(检出率10%～50%),以及菊酯类杀虫剂氰戊菊酯(检出率100%),其中有机磷杀虫剂最大残留值为3.6×10~(-2)μg/L,氰戊菊酯最大残留值为5.8μg/L;除草剂中仅莠去津被检出(检出率100%),最大残留值为0.1μg/L;其它农药未检出。生态风险评价结果表明:甲胺磷、对硫磷、甲基对硫磷、乙酰甲胺磷、三唑磷以及毒死蜱在部分地区对枝角类构成低风险(0.11);综上,莠去津和氰戊菊酯是造成鲥鯸淀水体生态风险的主要来源,需要引起重视。     

重庆主城区流域邻苯二甲酸酯生态风险评价

以长江、嘉陵江重庆主城区段为研究水域,利用Agilent6890N气相色谱仪对丰水期该研究水域12个采样点水体中五种邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）含量进行测定,分析了PAEs在该区域水体中丰水期的分布特征并进行了生态安全评价。结果表明：丰水期水体中∑PAEs的浓度范围为0.87μg/L-55.66μg/L;DBP与DEHP为优先污染物,其浓度范围在0.15μg/L-28.32μg/L与0.26μg/L-26.29μg/L;按商值法对PAEs进行生态安全评价,DMP、DEP对该水域中水生动植物无生态风险,DBP和DEHP存在潜在低风险。     

酞酸酯在海河干流水体和菹草中的分布

于2008年3月29日~5月25日对海河干流水体和水生植物菹草中酞酸酯的分布进行了采样调查.结果表明,海河干流水体和菹草中均检出了酞酸二丁酯(DBP)和酞酸二异辛酯(DEHP),水体中DBP、DEHP的浓度分别为0.35~40.68μg/L(均值7.32μg/L)和3.54~101.2μg/L(21.72μg/L);菹草中DBP、DEHP浓度分别为0.007~0.242μg/g(0.078μg/g)和0.163~1.286μg/g(0.457μg/g),菹草生长旺盛期DBP和DEHP浓度最高,浓度变化主要受水体中DBP和DEHP浓度的影响;菹草中DBP和DEHP的PCF值显著大于1,为生长初期最高,衰败期最低;DBP在菹草中浓度及其PCF值均低于DEHP.海河水体中菹草生物巨大,因此菹草是酞酸酯这类疏水性有机污染物的一个重要的汇.     

电化学氧化技术对藻源性湖泛的降解效果

为探索电化学氧化技术降解藻源性湖泛的可行性和实施效果,选取太湖藻华发生水域的浓缩藻类在室内稀释后,于高温黑暗条件下腐烂形成湖泛水样. 用钛基阴阳极板于24 V额定电压、100 W额定功率的变压器下在室内进行降解,并分别设置3个试验组和1个对照组. 结果表明:反应51 h后ρ(Chla)从初始的2 909.87 μg/L降至72.02 μg/L,降解率达97.6%;悬浮物〔OSM(有机悬浮物)、ISM(无机悬浮物)、TSM(总悬浮物)〕、含氮污染物〔TN、TDN(溶解性总氮)〕、COD_Mn、DOC(溶解性有机碳)的降解率分别为40.8~94.7%、37.4~58.9%、78.8%、40.1%;电化学氧化法对水体有机物的降解效果好,而短期内水体藻类污染物的自降解能力较为微弱. 电化学氧化法能有效去除湖泊水体中的藻类污染物,并且极板功率较小、反应时间短.      

我国环境中PFOS的预测无效应浓度

采用全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)对我国生物物种的生态毒性数据,根据欧盟现有化学物质风险评价技术指导文件,对不同环境介质中PFOS的预测无效应浓度(PNEC)进行了推导.我国水体、沉积物及土壤中PFOS的PNEC值分别为1μg/L, 2.7μg/kg (湿重), 1μg/kg (湿重).该数值为我国PFOS的生态环境风险评价提供科学依据.     

污水处理厂出水中雌激素活性物质浓度与生态风险水平

再生水在环境和景观水体利用中,由微量有毒有害污染物,特别是内分泌干扰物引起的长期生态风险备受关注. 以再生水生态风险控制为目的,对城市污水处理厂出水(再生水)中雌激素活性物质浓度分布情况进行了研究,归纳了8种雌激素活性物质的出水浓度水平,比较分析了各物质的雌激素活性和生态风险. 结果表明:8种物质的质量浓度分布在ng/L～μg/L,其中ρ(类固醇)最低,为nd～50 ng/L;ρ(酚类)及ρ(酞酸酯类)主要在μg/L水平,个别高达40 μg/L. 雌激素活性分析和生态风险评价结果表明,污水处理厂出水(再生水)中3类雌激素活性物质的雌激素活性和生态风险顺序均为类固醇物质＞酚类物质＞酞酸酯类物质. 城市污水再生处理厂应优先控制乙炔基雌二醇(EE2)、雌酮(E1)和雌三醇(E3)等3种雌激素活性物质.      

不同质量浓度的磷对铜绿微囊藻生长及细胞内磷的影响

通过室内模拟的方法研究了在磷质量浓度不同的水体条件下,在铜绿微囊藻水华形成过程中微囊藻的增殖特征及细胞内磷、可溶性磷的变化特征.在模拟的太湖水体中,随着外源磷的增加,藻生长最终限制因素由磷限制(ρ(TP)≤0.045 mg/L)发展到光限制(ρ(TP)≥0.445 mg/L),而ρ(TP)=0.445 mg/L是微囊藻最适生长浓度;同时,微囊藻细胞内磷含量(QP)、水体可溶性磷(DTP)也随藻类生长而发生变化,在水体ρ(TP)＜0.445mg/L时,细胞内磷对微囊藻增殖有促进作用,而在ρ(TP)＞0.445 mg/L的水体中,磷对微囊藻增殖有抑制作用.     

孤东水库水体富营养化评价及其生态控制研究

对孤东水库水生物状况进行系统调查和水体富营养状态进行评价,在此基础上,提出了生态修复技术,通过理论计算与试验确定草食性和滤食性鱼类的投放量,并进行了围格试验.结果表明,孤东水库菹草优势度达80%,浮游植物量为22,32mg/L,单位面积上的总磷浓度是0.310 g/(m<'2>·a),水体处于富营养化状态,通过保持孤东水库鲢、鳙鱼的水体生物量在19-25 g/m<'3>左右,在9月藻类繁殖高峰期,生物量由14.6 mg/L降为3 mg/L.总磷、总氮和高锰酸盐指数年均值分别由生态控制前的0.06 mg/L、3.06 mg/L和4.42 mg/L降为0.03 mg/L、1.58 mg/L和3.73 mg/L,水库水质改善效果明显,同时下游水厂的单方水药耗也由生态控制前的42g/rn3降至25g/m<'3>.试验证明,通过采用合理投放草食性和滤食性鱼类的生态修复技术,可以有效控制水库富营养化状态,并取得显著的社会、经济效益.     

北京清河水体及水生生物体内抗生素污染特征

利用高效液相色谱和串联质谱联用的方法,分析了北京市清河水体和水生生物体内4类抗生素含量水平及污染特征.结果表明:清河水体中QNs(喹诺酮类)和MCs(大环内酯类)抗生素是主要污染物质,ρ(∑QNs)和ρ(∑MCs)的平均值分别为2 238.9和814.9 ng/L;在检测的5种大型水生植物体内,QNs和TCs(四环素类)抗生素是主要污染物质,w(∑QNs)和w(∑TCs)的平均值分别为945.3和389.2μg/kg;在鱼类和软体动物体内,QNs和SAs(磺胺类)抗生素是主要污染物质,w(∑QNs)和w(∑SAs)的平均值分别为3 213.9和653.5μg/kg.抗生素对清河水生态系统的环境风险评价结果表明,OFL(氧氟沙星)、CIP(环丙沙星)和NOR(诺氟沙星)对藻类和水生植物的HQs(危害系数)均大于1,说明在清河水体中这3种抗生素对藻类和水生植物存在环境风险.研究表明,清河水环境存在一定程度的抗生素污染,其中QNs抗生素的HQs较高,其环境风险不容忽视.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.