糖蜜酒精生产废醪液资源化利用探析

酒精生产废醪液作为下一级的原料用以制沼气发电,再将沼液用于农业灌溉和施肥,使原本是对水体产生严重污染的废液得到两次资源化利用,实现最终“零排放”。     

酒精废液的处理

生产酒精时排出的酒精废液如果不加任何处理而排放,将造成严重的环境污染。本文在叙述酒精废液污染治理的通用方法的基础上,重点探讨酒精废液浓缩燃烧法。酒精废液对环境的污染酒精废液是一种BOD_5高、颜色深的污染液。一般来说,酒精厂每生产一个体积的酒精,便产生11～15个体积的酒精废液。COD值约为7～8×10~4mg/l,BOD_5值约为5×10~4mg/l,有机物含量在5～10％。据测算,一间日产60吨酒精的酒精厂,所排出的酒精废液中含有的生化耗氧有机物,相当于一个百万人口城     

酒糟废液的处理与综合利用技术

<正> 一、概述酒糟废液(又称酒精蒸馏废醪)是以甘薯、玉米和糖蜜等为原料,经过生物发酵和酒精蒸馏后,从蒸馏塔底排出的一股废液。每生产1米~3酒精约产生12—16米~3的酒糟废液。随着原料的不同,产生的酒糟废液组成成分也不大相同,各类酒糟废液的典型组成如表1所示。     

生物沥浸对牛粪沼液脱水性能的影响研究

采用嗜酸性硫杆菌,通过摇瓶试验研究了不同硫杆菌及其复合生物沥浸对含固率为3.4%的沼液脱水性能的影响.设置了如下5个处理：①原始沼液（作对照）;②4 g.L-1 Fe2＋（不接菌）;③2 g.L-1S0＋25 mL A.t;④4 g.L-1Fe2＋＋25 mL A.f;⑤2g.L-1 S0＋4 g.L-1 Fe2＋＋12.5 mL A.t＋12.5 mL A.f.考察了不同的处理生物沥浸过程中的pH、Fe2＋、Fe3＋、总Fe、比阻、毛细吸水时间（CST）、沉降性能及沉降12 h后上清的浊度等的变化.结果表明,原始沼液＋Fe2＋、原始沼液＋Fe2＋＋A.f和原始沼液＋Fe2＋＋S0＋A.f＋A.t这3个处理沼液的比阻和CST都得到了不同程度的降低,综合沼液的脱水性能、沉降性能以及沉降12 h后的上清液浊度,结合经济成本分析,建议选择原始沼液＋Fe2＋＋A.f作为沼液生物沥浸处理比较合理.生物沥浸后沼饼中的有机质、N、P、K的含量分别降低了1.14%、0.09%、0.05%、0.1%,不影响肥效,对沼饼中的重金属Cu、Zn的去除率分别为63.2%和91.3%,同时对沼液中的总大肠杆菌的杀灭率超过了99%.可见,生物沥浸技术为沼液的资源化利用提供了一个全新的途径.     

合理利用制糖废液

广西红河实业总公司制糖总厂利用ＧＸ ＥＭ技术 ,有效治理了该厂高浓度有机废水———糖蜜酒精废液 ,做到达标排放 ,同时为蔗农提供了有效的水源和肥源 ,促进了甘蔗生产。高浓度有机废水———糖蜜酒精废液及洗滤布水是最难治理的 ,这一废水量大浓度高 ,不易处理。为解决这一难题 ,红河糖厂经过多方考察 ,决定运用广西必佳微生物工程有限公司的ＧＸＥＭ技术 ,对糖蜜酒精废水和洗滤布水进行生物降解处理。该系统由 3个动态生化反应池和 3个静态生化池、澄清塘组成 ,将甘蔗制炼糖产生的洗滤布水和糖蜜生产酒精产生的废液自然混合后排入动态生…     

应用微藻及人工藻菌处理沼液沼气的研究进展

厌氧发酵生产沼气是处理农业固体废弃物利用的理想途径。但现有沼气生产工艺产气品位低下,CO_2含量过高,同时沼液污染严重,使得大量农业固废难以通过厌氧发酵达到有效的资源化利用。微藻与人工藻菌共生体是实现固废厌氧发酵中沼液资源化利用,解决沼气品位低下等问题的一种新途径,已引起有关研究者高度重视。该文论述了微藻与人工藻菌共生体在沼液污染物去除、沼气能源品位提升等方面的研究现状,并指出了微藻与人工藻菌共生体在生物处理沼液沼气的应用前景和发展趋势,以期引起同行的重视并推动该领域的进一步发展。     

酒精废液的综合利用

自古以来,人们迎亲送友,红白喜事都离不开酒,酒已成了人们生活中不可缺少的一部分。然而在生产酒的过程中,会产生大量的酒精废液,按年产100万吨酒精,产生1500万吨废液计算,每年排放的固体物约90万吨,这不但污染环境,而且也是一种能源的浪费。为此,我们应对酒精废液变废为宝,综合利用。酒精废液的成分分析我国一般用山芋干、木薯、玉米等为原料,经清洗,粉碎,发     

气液比与光强对小球藻净化沼气及去除沼液污染物效果的影响

研究了沼气、沼液比(G/L)与光强条件变化对小球藻(Chlorella sp.)净化沼气、处理沼液效果的影响。实验结果表明,中、低光强条件比高光强更有利于小球藻的生长。在沼气净化与沼液中污染物的去除过程中,最佳G/L比为7∶1,最佳光强(中等光强)为120~140μmol/(m~2·s)。在此最佳条件下,COD、TN和TP的去除率可达(83.62±4.17)%、(80.29±3.54)%和(74.08±5.06)%;此时沼气中CH_4体积分数为(95.21±2.94)%。     

开发锅炉粉煤灰与酒精废液制作混合肥料

我省有六十余座机制白糖厂,大都设有酒精生产车间,利用生产白砂糖中的付产物——废蜜发酵蒸馏生产酒精。酒精生产过程中,要排放大量的蒸馏废液,其量约为酒精产量的十四倍左右。酒精废液虽不含有毒物质,但含有少量的醇、醛,有刺鼻味,加上色泽棕红,较高的COD和BOD_5。直接排放会造成环境与水源的污染。但足,酒精废液虽然含有上述提到的醛、醇,可还有一定数量的氨、磷、钾等     

铁碳微电解预处理高浓度酒精废液

采用废铁屑-焦碳组成微电解工艺预处理高浓度酒精废液。通过正交试验和单因素分析试验考察了反应时间、铁碳比、曝气强度对铁碳微电解工艺降解有机物,提高废水可生化性和pH的影响,最终确定了最佳反应条件。试验结果表明,反应时间、铁碳比和曝气强度对铁碳微电解处理酒精废液的影响程度依次降低,且最佳反应条件为反应时间2小时,铁水比125：500,曝气强度4m^3／m^2h,CODcr的去除率达到50％,废水的BOD5／CODcr值可由O．3提升到0．48,pH由3．5提高到5．2左右。作为高浓度酒精废液预处理工艺,铁碳微电解能够经济、有效降低后续处理工艺的负荷,提高废水的可生化性和碱度。     

Forestry projects for climate change mitigation: an overview of guidelines and issues for monitoring,evaluation, reporting,verification, and certification

Monitoring and evaluation of forestry projects is needed to accurately determine their impact on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and other attributes, and to ensure that the global climate is protected and that country obligations are met. We present an overview of guidelines recently developed for the monitoring, evaluation, reporting, verification, and certification (MERVC) of forestry projects for climate change mitigation.¹ These guidelines are targeted to developers, evaluators, verifiers, and certifiers of forestry projects, and address several key issues, including methods for estimating gross and net carbon savings. The next phase of our work will be to develop a procedural handbook providing information on how one can complete monitoring, evaluation and verification forms.     

生物多样性的干扰、生活史及优化管理

在许多生态系统中,日益增长的人类活动已经加剧了干扰的频度和强度.结果,在地球上,短命物种(包括许多外来的物种)在丰富度上可能会有巨大的提高;同时长寿命的物种又可能消失.这个结论可以通过对理论和经验研究中大量演替循环的观察得到.这篇文章主要讨论现有生态管理政策和保护中两个受到忽视的问题①生活史的限制因素;②未来全球变暖趋势.同时也强调了这两个因素在平衡干扰的频度和强度以优化生物多样性保持和生态系统管理方面的重要性.     

奢侈之风不可取

有报告称，中国已经成为世界第三大奢侈品消费国。一时间，世界奢侈品厂商纷纷转移“主战场”，移师中国，欲在中国这个深具潜力的市场上占有一席之地。     

Complementarity,biodiversity viability analysis,and policy-based algorithms for conservation

Biodiversity conservation “area-selection” strategies include not only trade-offs among society’s needs in land-use allocation, but also allocation of economic instruments such as incentives, levies, and biodiversity credits. For these applications, the key property of an area is its “complementarity”—the context-dependent, marginal gain in biodiversity provided by the area. Given that there has been little implementation of whole-sets of areas generated by the popular computer-based selection methods, we suggest that analogous “policy-based algorithms” would be a more effective real-world application of complementarity. Areas would be “selected” for conservation over time as a consequence of policies in which dynamic complementarity values influence application of economic instruments. These integrated biodiversity/economic strategies can use an extended form of complementarity reflecting marginal changes in regional probability of persistence of biodiversity. While probabilistic measures of biodiversity viability have been explored in area-selection for some time, it remains difficult to make viability statements about “all of biodiversity.” New approaches that use biodiversity surrogate information for “biodiversity viability analysis” (BVA) can take advantage of a general quantitative biodiversity framework in which pattern-based relationships among areas allow predictions at the species level. A standard assumption of “unimodal” species responses to environmental gradients yields an expected distribution of species in an ordination pattern, and allows sampling of inferred species. Based on environmental correlates, inferred species can be mapped in geographic space, forming distribution fragments. This information, when linked to species persistence models, may allow ongoing calculation of areas’ complementarity values. An example illustrates application of these ordination models to museum collection data for lizards from New South Wales (NSW), Australia.     

保卫蓝天,保卫碧水,保卫地球家园

“环境污染已经成为当前中国发展中的一个重大问题。这个问题至今没有得到很好的解决。‘十五’计划我们大多数的指标都基本完成了，但是坦白地告诉大家，环境指标没有完成。”3月14日，温家宝总理在全国人大中外记者招待会上的这一席话令人深思。     

Public support for carrot,stick, and no-government water quality policies

Public support for environmental policy provides an important foundation for democratic governance. Numerous policy innovations may improve nonpoint source pollution, but little research has examined which types of individuals are likely to support various runoff reduction policies. We conducted a household mail survey of 1136 residents in southern Wisconsin. In general, residents were more likely to support water quality policies if they were communitarians, egalitarians, concerned about water pollution, and perceived water quality as poor. The majority of respondents somewhat to strongly supported all of the seven proposed water quality policies, but opposed relying on voluntary action without government involvement on farms. Residents had higher support for incentives and market-based approaches (carrot policies) than regulation and taxes (stick policies). A more complicated pattern emerged in within-subject comparisons of residents’ views of carrot and stick approaches. Stick approaches polarized respondents by decreasing support among people with individualistic worldviews, while slightly increasing support among people with communitarian worldviews. Residents with an agricultural occupation were more likely to support voluntary, non-governmental approaches for reducing agricultural runoff, and were also more likely to support regulation for reducing urban lawn runoff. This research highlights the dominant role of cultural worldviews and the secondary roles of water pollution concern, perceived water quality, and self-interest in explaining support for diverse policies to reduce nonpoint source pollution.     

铅锌矿区及周边土壤铅、锌、镉、铜的污染健康风险评价

从点、线、面3个角度利用指数和健康风险2个评价模型对东关镇铅锌矿区土壤中Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu的含量进行健康风险评价.结果表明,点、线和面土壤中Pb、Zn、Zd、Cu的平均含量都表现为Pb>>Zn>>Cu>>Cd;点和线土壤中Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu 4种元素的平均含量远远大于对应面中的含量,其中以Pb、Zn含量最为明显;土壤点、线、面中Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu 4种元素空间分布很不均匀;土壤中重金属Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu含量所引起的成人与儿章平均个人风险均是Pb>>Cd>Cu>Zn;儿童比成人更易受到土壤重金属含量的影响,总的健康危害风险是成人的3倍左右;东关镇全镇土壤中重金属Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu环境质量现状尚属安全,但越靠近矿区重金属污染的土壤对周围居民人体健康的危害风险越大.     

北京市防震减灾示范区系统工程--预报、通讯、指挥、现场、整合部分

新组建的北京市地震局迫切需要建成一个比较完善的地震业务工作体系,首都圈防震减灾示范区系统工程建设为北京市地震工作实现"三大工作体系"带来了契机.本文重点介绍北京市防震减灾示范区系统工程中的预报、通讯、指挥、现场部分,为了提高效率、节省资金,项目组还在硬件、信息和资源共享、网络平台、虚拟专网、各系统间的联接、可持续发展等方面进行了整合.