稻田环境与除草剂去草胺降解速率的关系

在稻田自然环境中,去草胺乳油和颗粒剂的残留半衰期,在田水中分别为1.65—2.84d和5.78—6.30d,在土壤中分别为2.67—5.33d和4.95—6.30d.经过水稻一个生育期,去草胺在糙米等样品中的最终残留量均降至可检水平以下.土壤微生物对去草胺的降解起着主导性的作用,在灭菌和不灭菌土壤中的残留半衰期分别为433d和18.50—29.40d.去草胶在涂土等四类不同属性的土壤中的渗漏性大小顺序,依次为涂土、小粉土、青紫泥和红壤.     

一株稻田土壤梭状芽孢杆菌的分离及其固氮产氢能力研究

为研究水稻土壤中协同固氮产氢菌的固氮产氢特性,拓展协同固氮产氢菌菌种资源,利用厌氧微生物富集培养、亨盖特厌氧滚管等技术,从华南稻田土壤中筛选到一株同时具有产氢和固氮能力的菌株BZ-1. 经形态学观察及16S rRNA基因序列系统发育分析,鉴定菌株BZ-1属于梭状芽孢杆菌属(Clostridium sp.). 通过测定产氢量、生物量、发酵产物及固氮酶酶活等,对菌株BZ-1的产氢能力及协同固氮产氢特性进行分析. 结果表明:菌株BZ-1发酵34.55 mmol/L葡萄糖可产生42.19 mmol/L H₂,主要副产物为丁酸(15.96 mmol/L)、乙酸(7.14 mmol/L)和乳酸(5.09 mmol/L);菌株BZ-1具有固氮酶活性,能够以N₂为唯一氮源进行生长;菌株BZ-1固氮产氢时,相比于添加7 mmol/L氯化铵的试验组,产氢量提高了14.71%,最大生物量降低了33.33%,乙酸产量提升了61.49%. 研究显示,菌株BZ-1在协同固氮产氢条件下固氮能力的提升、生物量的降低以及核心碳代谢途径的改变可能是其产氢量提升的原因. 固氮产氢菌株BZ-1的获得将为提高土壤肥力以及缓解铅、镉等重金属对农作物的胁迫作用提供新的思路.      

稻田环境与除草剂去草胺降解速率的关系

在稻田自然环境中,去草胺乳油和颗粒剂的残留半衰期,在田水中分别为1.65-2.84d和5.78-6.30d,在土壤中分别为2.67-5.33d和4.95-6.30d.经过水稻一个生育期,去草胺在糙米等样品中的最终残留量均降至可检水平以下.土壤微生物对去草胺的降解起着主导性的作用,在灭菌和不灭菌土壤中的残留半衰期分别为433d和18.50-29.40d.去草胶在涂土等四类不同属性的土壤中的渗漏性大小顺序,依次为涂土、小粉土、青紫泥和红壤.     

LAS对土壤环境理化性状和生物活性的影响

以太湖地区黄泥土为例 ,通过土壤物理性质测定、毒性物质吸附实验以及实验室微生物培养 ,研究了不同浓度LAS对土壤环境理化性质和微生物活性的影响 .表明LAS显著影响土壤溶液性质 ,降低土壤环境对苯酚的吸附量 ,但对重金属离子的吸附无明显效应 ;土壤硝化作用和氨化作用对LAS十分敏感 ,反硝化作用受到一定程度的促进 ;土壤中细菌受到LAS的刺激 ,而真菌受到抑制 ;土壤呼吸活性在培养前期随LAS浓度表现增强 ,但在 >5mg/L浓度下 ,一周后均表现出抑制 .本研究表明 ,土壤中存在对LAS耐受的微生物群落 .土壤对LAS污染的环境效应与土壤类型和性质有关 ,尚需进一步研究 .     

模拟酸雨对土壤微生物活性的影响

本文通过对广西南宁、柳州山地森林土壤(0~5cm)进行模拟酸雨(pH5.6~3.1)土柱淋溶试验,连续淋溶1280mm模拟酸雨,研究了酸雨对土壤微生物活性的影响。酸雨对土壤呼吸作用抑制的程度与土壤特性及雨水酸度有关。pH3.1的模拟酸雨使硝化作用受到显著抑制。pH3.7、pH3.1的模拟酸雨连续淋溶有机氨的矿化作用激活或抑制取决于土壤本身特性。对土壤酶活性产生激活、抑制或无影响,与土壤及酶特性有关。      

小流域农业面源氮污染时空特征及与土壤呼吸硝化关系分析

土壤呼吸与硝化特性是控制土壤生态系统中氮素转化和面源氮流失的关键因子,也是土壤氮循环的重要组成部分.选取位于巢湖北部的柘皋河流域作为案例研究区,应用BaPS技术测定林地和农田土壤呼吸、硝化和反硝化特性,运用SWAT模型分析农业面源氮污染输出的时空特征,并初步探讨土壤呼吸和硝化特性与农业面源氮污染的相互作用关系.结果表明,由于土地利用和施肥量的变化,1996~2012年间的年均和月均面源氮污染负荷明显大于1980~1995年间的模拟结果,不同月份的面源氮污染输出负荷均存在显著性差异,月均氮负荷受降雨量影响密切.1996~2012年流域面源总氮流失平均负荷为10.40 kg·hm-2,明显大于1980~1995年的8.10 kg·hm-2,方差分析表明两个时期面源总氮流失负荷的空间分布存在一定的差异.林地的呼吸速率远大于农田的呼吸速率.农田较高的总硝化速率和反硝化速率导致土壤氮库中的氮素减少,从而在一定程度上使得面源氮污染的输出负荷减小.农田土壤的总硝化速率大于反硝化速率,导致农田硝态氮的面源污染流失量增加,而有机氮的流失量有所减少.因此,土壤呼吸与硝化特性的研究有利于从土壤生物学角度深入分析土壤氮循环,对农业面源氮污染的防治具有重要的理论和现实意义.     

构建湿地中试系统基质剖面微生物活性的研究

对稳定运行的复合垂直流构建湿地中试系统基质进行分层采样,测定微生物数量,生物量氮,酶活性,硝化作用,反硝化作用以及呼吸作用等各项指标.结果表明,上行流和下行流池0～10cm的基质层中好氧微生物数量高出30～55cm的层面1～2个数量级;反硝化细菌除下行流池0～10cm的层面外其他基质层数量都达到10⁷个/g干土以上.0～20cm的基质层中脲酶活性明显高于30～55cm的层面;而0～10cm的层面中脱氢酶活性明显高出10～55cm的层面2～5倍.硝化反硝化作用广泛存在于基质中,硝化作用表现出一定的空间规律,0～10cm的基质硝化作用强度要比40～55cm层面的高出20%;反硝化作用的空间差别很小,其作用率最低也达到85.5%.     

氢气和氮气对厌氧甲烷降解过程及微生物多样性的影响

针对厌氧甲烷氧化过程,考察了填埋场稳定化过程中气态物质(H₂、N₂)的影响,阐明了微生物群落结构的响应。结果表明:在N₂氛围下,存在甲烷氧化、固氮、硝化、反硝化的循环过程;通入H₂对于厌氧甲烷降解过程有一定影响,CH₄含量呈先下降后升高再降低的趋势,CO₂含量则呈先升高后降低趋势,表明H₂可将CO₂还原为CH₄。经过N₂和H₂长期驯化后,土壤微生物群落结构发生了显著变化,放线菌门中具有硝化、反硝化及固氮作用的菌群增加,出现了具有甲烷氧化功能的Methylococcale菌群。好氧菌(如甲烷氧化菌、硝化菌)对O₂的消耗有利于反硝化和厌氧甲烷氧化的进行,为反硝化型厌氧甲烷氧化的发生提供了有利条件。研究揭示了填埋场稳定化过程中气态物质影响厌氧甲烷氧化的过程。     

DMPP对稻田田面水氮素转化及流失潜能的影响

采用杭嘉湖地区典型的小粉土和青紫泥土壤,进行水稻盆栽试验,研究新型硝化抑制剂3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)对稻田田面水氮素转化及径流流失潜能的影响.结果表明,小粉土和青紫泥土壤稻田应用添加DMPP抑制剂的尿素,与常规尿素处理相比,田面水中铵态氮的浓度增加24.8%和16.7%,硝态氮浓度降低47.7%和70.9%,亚硝态氮浓度降低90.6%和88.9%,总无机氮浓度下降13.5%与23.1%,能显著减轻农田氮素流失对水环境存在的污染;DMPP可使田面水的电导率下降,降低盐基离子随农田排水或暴雨径流所导致的流失风险,有助于保护河流水体等地表水环境.     

Microbial response to CaCO3 application in an acid soil in southern China

Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) application is widely used to ameliorate soil acidification. To counteract soil and bacterial community response to CaCO₃ application in an acidic paddy soil in southern China, a field experiment was conducted with four different dosages of CaCO₃ addition, 0, 2.25, 4.5 and 7.5?tons/ha, respectively. After one seasonal growth of rice, soil physicochemical properties, soil respiration and bacterial communities were investigated. Results showed that soil pH increased accordingly with increasing dose of CaCO₃ addition, and 7.5?tons/ha addition increased soil pH to neutral condition. Moderate dose of CaCO₃ application (4.5?tons/ha) significantly increased soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) content, enhanced soil respiration, while the excessive CaCO₃ application (7.5?tons/ha) decreased these soil properties. High-throughput sequencing results illustrated that moderate dose of CaCO₃ application increased the richness and alpha diversity of soil bacterial community. Compared with control, the relative abundance of Anaerolineaceae family belonging to Chloroflexi phylum increased by 38.7%, 35.4% and 24.5% under 2.25, 4.5 and 7.5?tons/ha treatments, respectively. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that soil pH was the most important factor shaping soil bacterial community. The results of this study suggest that proper dose of CaCO₃ additions to acid paddy soil in southern China could have positive effects on soil properties and bacterial community.     

Effects of cultivation on N2O emission and seasonal quantitative variations of related microbes in a temperate grassland soil

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四种酰胺类除草剂对土壤酶活性的影响

在实验室控制条件下,研究了酰胺类除草剂丁草胺、乙草胺、丙草胺和异丙甲草胺在田间推荐用量下,对土壤过氧化氢酶活性和脱氢酶活性的影响.结果表明,培养初期,4种除草剂对2种酶活性有不同程度的抑制作用,土壤过氧化氢酶活性于第7d就很快恢复,而脱氢酶活性在13d后得以逐渐恢复.添加稻秆可使土壤酶活性提高,土壤脱氢酶比过氧化氢酶活性变化大.4种除草剂对土壤生态环境影响不大,稻秆还田有利于提高土壤中生化过程的活性,缓冲外来污染物对土壤生态的影响.     

两种土壤增效剂对稻田氨挥发排放的影响

硝化抑制剂和生物炭是农田土壤管理常用的土壤增效剂.其中,硝化抑制剂可以增加作物产量提高氮素利用率,而生物炭是生物质资源利用的一种新方式,且具有一定的吸附特性.以减少稻田氨挥发带来的氮素损失及环境污染问题为目的,在原状土柱模拟试验条件下,以单施化肥处理(CN)为对照,研究了生物炭(B)添加、硝化抑制剂(CP)添加及复合添加处理(BCP)对田面水p H、田面水铵态氮浓度、水稻产量及氨挥发损失的影响.结果表明,两种增效剂施用对水稻产量无显著影响,硝化抑制剂添加有增加水稻产量的趋势.两种土壤增效剂添加均显著增加了稻田氨挥发损失,损失量占施氮量的25%～35%.其中,肥期(施肥后7 d内)氨挥发损失占总损失的86%～91%,是氨挥发损失的主要时期.与CN处理相比,CP处理明显提高了田面水NH_4~+-N浓度和氨挥发损失,基肥期、穗肥期和非肥期增加效应明显,氨挥发增幅分别为138%、48%和78%,全生育期氨挥发总损失量增加59%.生物炭添加对稻田氨挥发损失也有明显的促进效应,且具有阶段性特征,前期(基肥期和蘖肥期)的增加效应高于后期(穗肥期和穗肥后),田面水NH_4~+-N浓度和p H也表现出相同的趋势.两者配施添加处理显现出了正交互作用,氨挥发损失量大于单施处理,与化肥处理差异显著.结果说明,生物炭添加不能解决硝化抑制剂添加引起的铵态氮浓度升高和氨挥发损失增加的问题,对于硝化抑制剂添加引起的氨挥发损失增加的问题需要继续研究.     

Determination of respiration, gross nitrification and denitrification in soil profile using BaPS system

A facility of BaPS （Barometric Process Separation） was used to determine soil respiration, gross nitrification and denitrification in a winter wheat field with depths of 0-7, 7--14 and 14-21 cm. N2O production was determined by a gas chromatograph. Crop root mass and relevant soil parameters were measured. Results showed that soil respiration and gross nitrification decreased with the increase of soil depth, while denitrification did not change significantly. In comparison with no-plowing plot, soil respiration increased significantly in plowing plot, especially in the surface soil of 0-7 cm, while gross nitrification and denitrification rates were not affected by plowing. Cropping practice in previous season was found to affect soil gross nitrification in the following wheat-growing season. Higher gross nitrification rate occurred in the filed plot with preceding crop of rice compared with that of maize for all the three depths of 0-7, 7-14 and 14-21 cm. A further investigation indicated that the nitrification for all the cases accounted for about 76% of the total nitrogen transformation processes of nitrification and denitrification and the N2O production correlated with nitrification significantly, suggesting that nitrification is a key process of soil N2O production in the wheat field. In addition, the variations of soil respiration and gross nitrification were exponentially dependent on root mass （p〈0.00l）.     

Impacts of wastewater sludge amendments in restoring nitrogen cycle in p-nitrophenol contaminated soil

The possible impacts on nitrogen-cycle in a p-nitrophenol (PNP) polluted soil and the e ectiveness of wastewater sludge amendments in restoring nitrification potential and urease activity were evaluated by an incubation study. The results indicated that PNP at 250 mg/kg soil inhibited urease activity, nitrification potential, arginine ammonification rate and heterotrophic bacteria counts to some extents. After exposure to PNP, the nitrification potential of the tested soil was dramatically reduced to zero over a period of 30 days. Based on the findings, nitrification potential was postulated as a simple biochemical indicator for PNP pollution in soils. Nitrogen-cycling processes in soils responded positively to the applications of wastewater sludges. A sludge application rate of 200 tons/ha was su cient for successful biostimulation of these nitrogen processes. The microbial activities in sludge-amended, heavy PNP-polluted soils seemed to recover after 30–45 days, indicating the e ectiveness of sludge as a useful soil amendment.     

Inhibition of nitrification in soil by metal diethyldithiocarbamates

IntroductionNitrificationisaprocessinwhichammoniumformofnitrogenisconvertedintonitrateform .Nitrogenuseefficiencyintermsofplantuptakeisgenerallylowandvariesgreatlyunderdifferentsoilandcroppingconditions.MostfertilizerNappliedtosoilsisintheformofammonium orammoniumproducingcompoundssuchasurea,andisusuallyoxidizedrapidlytonitratebynitrifyingmicroorganismsinsoils.Applicationofnitrogenfertilizersmorethanoptimumlevelsleadstolownitrogenrecoveriesandgreaternitrogenaccumulationinthesoilprofile .Theac…     

Soil enzyme activities and their indication for fertility of urban forest soil

To reveal the biological characteristics of urban forest soil and the effects of soil enzyme on soil fertility as well as the correlation between physicochemical properties and enzyme activities, 44 urban forest soil profiles in Nanjing were investigated. Basic soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activities were analyzed in the laboratory. Hydrogen peroxidase, dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and cellulase were determined by potassium permanganate titration, TTC (C₁₉H₁₅N₄·Cl) colorimetry, phenyl phosphate dinatrium colorimetry, and anthrone colorimetry, respectively. The result showed that soil pH, organic carbon (C), and total nitrogen (N) had great effects on hydrogen peroxidase, dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase activities in 0–20 cm thick soil. However, pH only had great effect on hydrogen peroxidase, dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase activities in 20–40 cm thick soil. Hydrogen peroxidase, dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase were important biological indicators for the fertility of urban forest soil. Both in 0–20 cmand 20–40 cmsoil, soil enzyme system (hydrogen peroxidase, dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and cellulase) had a close relationship with a combination of physicochemical indicators (pH, organic C, total N, available K, available P, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and microbial biomass carbon (C_mic)). The more soil enzyme activities there were, the higher the fertility of urban forest soil. __________ Translated from Urban Environment & Urban Ecology, 2007, 20(4): 4–6, 9 [译自: 城市环境与城市生态]     

生物炭对滨海湿地盐碱土壤碳氮循环的影响

滨海湿地盐碱土壤在全球碳氮循环及调节气候变化中起着重要作用。环境友好型土壤改良剂生物炭（Biochar,BC）在缓解气候变化和促进农业可持续发展方面前景巨大。然而,现有研究多关注BC对滨海湿地盐碱土壤中温室气体排放及土壤氮素流失的影响,缺乏其对滨海湿地盐碱土壤碳氮循环的深入研究和系统总结。本文综合分析了施用BC对滨海湿地盐碱土壤植被碳库、有机碳库、有机碳矿化及生物固氮、硝化、反硝化、矿化、氨损失等碳氮循环过程的影响和可能机制。指出未来应关注长期野外研究,利用宏基因组等现代分子生物技术,阐明BC对土壤碳氮循环影响的分子生物学机制,以期为滨海湿地生态系统的修复与功能保育提供理论依据。     

不同退耕还草方式下宁夏南部山区土壤氮素转化速率与微生物变化的耦合关系

为了明确不同退耕还草方式下土壤养分转化的机理及其影响因素,以宁夏南部山区(下称宁南山区)天然草地、人工草地和撂荒地土壤为研究对象,运用PVC顶盖埋管法对3种类型草地土壤中氮素的净转化速率、微生物区系和氮素微生物生理群进行了研究,探讨土壤氮素净转化速率与微生物的关系. 结果表明:①在培养过程中,3种草地类型土壤中细菌、放线菌和真菌数量平均值分别为9.6×105、3.8×104和4.0×101 CFU/g(以干土计),氮素微生物生理群数量表现为氨化细菌(4.5×104 CFU/g)>自生固氮菌(4.3×103 CFU/g)>硝化细菌(6.5×102 CFU/g)>反硝化细菌(3.9×102 CFU/g)>亚硝化细菌(1.7×102 CFU/g),其中,人工草地土壤中微生物数量最高;②细菌、真菌、反硝化细菌与亚硝化细菌数量的峰值均出现在培养第120天,放线菌和自生固氮菌数量的峰值均出现在第240天,硝化细菌数量的峰值出现在第60天,而氨化细菌数量在各类型草地土壤中出现峰值的时间不统一;③各类型草地土壤氮素的净矿化速率、净氨化速率、净硝化速率均在61~120 d内最低,净矿化速率与净硝化速率在181~240 d内最高,净氨化速率在241~360 d内最高,微生物固氮速率的峰值出现在121~180 d,最低值出现在241~360 d. 在该区土壤氮素转化速率与微生物数量紧密相关,土壤温度、土壤水分通过影响微生物数量而成为影响土壤氮素矿化的主要因素;土壤氮素的生物固持过程比有机氮矿化过程更为活跃;种植苜蓿的人工草地比天然草地和撂荒地更有利于微生物的繁殖与土壤氮素的矿化.      

多效唑的土壤微生物生态效应

通过室内实验和野外田间实验,研究了多效唑对土壤硝化作用,脱氢酶活性,呼吸强度和微生物生物量的生态效应,阐明多效唑对土壤微生物无长期不利影响。但其短期效应仍值得关注,需进一步深入探讨。