机体细胞镉摄入离子转运通道研究进展

镉是人体非必需金属离子,长期镉暴露易引发镉中毒。机体内没有负责镉转运的特定载体,镉可通过必需金属离子转运载体进入机体细胞。机体内能够转运镉的载体有多种,主要包括铁的转运载体二价金属离子转运蛋白1(DMT1)、钙离子通道(电压门控钙通道(VGCC)、瞬时感受器电位(TRP)和钙库调控的钙通道(SOC))以及锌铁调控蛋白ZIP家族中的ZIP8和ZIP14等,且不同的机体细胞镉吸收所需转运载体不同。转运载体对镉离子的转运符合米氏方程,不同载体调节镉吸收的米氏常数Km值不同。机体细胞镉的吸收是个复杂的过程,通常存在着多种转运载体的交互作用,机体细胞可根据环境变化而选择镉的转运载体。对镉的生理毒性,以及细胞镉吸收常用的转运载体类型加以阐述,并分析了不同机体细胞镉吸收的可能转运载体,以期为后续探究机体细胞镉吸收具体分子机制提供理论指导。     

内源性气态SO2对血管的舒张作用及其机制：细胞离子通道的作用

为了探讨内源性气态二氧化硫(SO2)对心血管功能的调节作用,首次采用SO2气体直接作用血管环的方法,观察SO2对血管环张力的影响及其与血管组织细胞离子通道的关系.结果发现:1)SO2气体不论在生理相关浓度范围内,还是在高浓度下均可剂量依赖性地引起血管环的舒张反应,EC50值为(1247.38±98.32)μmol·L-1.在生理浓度((110.34±35.22)μmol·L-1)和较低浓度下(<450μmol·L-1),SO2的舒张作用是内皮依赖性的,而在较高浓度下(>500μmol·L-1),SO2的舒张作用与内皮无关;2)硝苯地平(Nifedipine,L型钙通道阻断剂)可部分抑制较高浓度(1500μmol·L-1)SO2引起的舒张反应,而对较低浓度(30、300μmol·L-1)SO2引起的舒张反应无显著影响;3)四乙基氯化铵(TEA,非特异性钾通道阻断剂)则对较低浓度和较高浓度SO2引起的舒张反应均有部分抑制作用;4)格列本脲(Glibenclamide,ATP敏感的钾通道(KATP)的特异阻断剂)可部分抑制1500μmol·L-1SO2引起的舒张反应,而对30、300μmol·L-1SO2引起的舒张反应无显著影响;5)IbTx(Iberiotoxin,大电导钙激活钾通道(BKCa)阻断剂)只可部分抑制30、300μmol·L-1SO2引起的舒张反应,而对1500μmol·L-1SO2引起的舒张反应无显著影响.由此结论:内源性气态SO2对大鼠离体胸主动脉环有剂量依赖性的舒张作用;在生理浓度和较低浓度下,SO2的舒张作用是内皮依赖性的,其作用机制与BKCa通道有关;而在较高浓度下,SO2的舒张作用与内皮无关,其作用机制与KATP和L型钙通道等有关;气态SO2的生理作用远大于它的衍生物亚硫酸盐和亚硫酸氢盐.     

土壤重金属镉对高等植物的毒性效应研究进展

重金属镉在土壤-植物中有较高迁移率,不仅直接影响植物生长发育、降低作物产量与品质,还可通过食物链进入人体,严重危害人类健康.本文通过大量文献调研,以有食用价值的作物和有经济价值的其他高等植物为研究对象,系统综述了近年来土壤重金属镉的毒性效应最新进展,主要包括镉对高等植物生长发育、生理生化、细胞超微结构、生物量和产量以及...     

植物细胞代谢产物的诱导释放

植物细胞培养是植物有用代谢物质的潜在来源.目前植物细胞培养难以工业放大的一个关键问题是生产成本过高.虽然可通过固定化方法实现植物细胞的连续使用,减少由于接种量过高而产生的附加成本,缩短培养周期,但由于许多代谢产物储存于液泡里,释放量很少或根本不释放,限制了固定化技术在工业上的应用,同时也增加了后期产物分离的操作,因此很多研究者在致力于研究如何诱导细胞次级代谢产物的释放.本文将从以下4个方面的研究进展做一评述.1　培养条件的调控1.1　ｐＨ值改变培养基的酸度对代谢物的分泌很重要.研究表明,一些次级代谢物是与Ｈ 通过…     

活性氧介导砷诱导的蚕豆保卫细胞死亡

采用蚕豆(Vicia fabaL.)表皮条生物法,研究砷的细胞毒性作用机制。结果发现,一定浓度的NaAsO2可使气孔保卫细胞活性降低,部分细胞死亡,细胞死亡率呈浓度依赖性增高;砷处理组保卫细胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平升高。抗氧化剂抗坏血酸和过氧化氢酶及Ca2+特异性螯合剂EGTA、Ca2+通道抑制剂LaC13与NaAsO2共同作用时,砷诱发的细胞死亡被显著抑制;MAPK激酶抑制剂PD98059亦能有效阻止NaAsO2诱发的细胞死亡。研究结果表明,砷胁迫引起的胞内ROS合成增加可能通过Ca2+信号途径介导了保卫细胞的死亡过程,MAPK途径参与了砷诱导的细胞死亡。     

砷酸根在可变电荷土壤颗粒表面的配位吸附

研究了砷在3种可变电荷土壤颗粒表面的吸附对土壤胶体Zeta电位的影响及砷酸根吸附过程中羟基的释放特征.在酸性条件下,土壤胶体吸附砷酸根后土壤表面的负电荷增加,Zeta电位下降.这说明砷酸根在土壤颗粒表面发生了专性吸附,吸附的砷酸根离子进入土壤胶体双电层的紧密层中.亚砷酸根吸附对土壤胶体Zeta电位的影响很小,说明它在土壤颗粒表面主要通过形成外圈型表面络合物而发生非专性吸附.砷酸根在土壤颗粒表面的吸附过程中有羟基释放,说明砷酸根与表面羟基发生了配位交换反应.羟基释放量随砷酸根加入量的增加和pH值的升高而增加.动力学实验结果表明,砷酸根吸附量和羟基释放量随时间具有相似的变化趋势,在开始的20min内,二者均随时间迅速增加,随后变化较小.羟基释放量与砷酸根吸附量的摩尔比也随时间的增加而增加,说明羟基释放反应滞后于砷酸根吸附反应.土壤体系中羟基释放量与砷酸根吸附量的摩尔比小于针铁矿体系,说明除铁铝氧化物外,土壤的其它固相组分也参与了对砷的吸附反应.     

宁夏荒漠草原枯落物分解过程中植物营养元素变化特征

以宁夏荒漠草原优势植物赖草(Leymus secalinus)、胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolor)及二者混合物为研究对象,采用分解袋法研究了不同处理间植物枯落物营养元素残留率变化特征,旨在揭示荒漠草原优势植物枯落物分解过程中营养元素变化规律。结果显示,(1)随着分解时间变化,P在3种处理植物枯落物中均呈"释放-富集-释放"的规律;K在胡枝子和混合枯落物中呈"释放-富集-释放"的规律,而在赖草枯落物中则仅表现为释放现象;N在赖草和胡枝子枯落物中呈"释放-富集-释放"的规律,而在混合枯落物中则仅表现为释放现象。(2)经过640d分解,P和K残留率表现为胡枝子枯落物赖草枯落物混合枯落物,N残留率表现为赖草枯落物混合枯落物胡枝子枯落物。(3)经过640 d分解,植物枯落物P、K和N在3种处理间整体上呈净释放状态。研究表明,宁夏荒漠草原植物枯落物营养元素变化特征与植物种的差异性密切相关;混合植物枯落物P和K释放率高于单一种植物枯落物,而N释放率表现为胡枝子枯落物高于赖草及二者混合枯落物。     

石墨烯对高等植物幼苗的毒性及机理探究

随着石墨烯产品的广泛应用和潜在的环境释放,其对生态环境的影响已引起广泛关注。为探讨石墨烯对高等植物生长的影响,探究了其对黄瓜幼苗和玉米幼苗生长的影响及其致毒机理。结果表明,水培条件下,不同浓度的石墨烯(10、50、100、500、1 000和2 000 mg·L~(-1))处理植物幼苗15 d后,对植物幼苗的生长具有抑制作用。且随着处理时间和石墨烯浓度的增加,植物幼苗生长的所有指标,包括根/地上部鲜重和干重、根长、根尖数、株高和叶面积均相应降低。另外,黄瓜幼苗比玉米幼苗对石墨烯更加的敏感。进一步研究发现,石墨烯与黄瓜幼苗根部直接接触导致的物理损伤、氧化损伤,以及营养耗竭是其致毒机理。而石墨烯对玉米幼苗的致毒机理包括物理损伤和营养耗竭。本研究为石墨烯的环境风险评价提供了基础数据。     

低pH值,铝及钙铝比对斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)谷胱甘肽含量影响研究

本文研究了低pH值条件下,铝及钙铝比对斜生栅藻生长及细胞中谷胱甘肽(GSH)水平的影响.结果表明,低pH值和铝对藻的生长具有抑制作用,而对细胞中GSH水平则有显著激发作用;当培养基中加入适量钙离子,一定程度降低藻细胞中GSH水平.这说明钙对低pH值及铝的毒害具有一定缓解作用,其缓解程度主要取决于钙与铝的相对量;并讨论了钙缓解作用的可能机理.     

粗枝云杉不同径级根系分解过程中4种养分元素的释放特征

植物根系分解是养分元素进入土壤的重要途径之一.为了解径级对根系分解过程中养分元素释放的潜在影响,以川西亚高山针叶林中的粗枝云杉(Picea asperata)为对象,采用原位分解试验,研究云杉3个径级(0-2 mm,2-5 mm和5-10 mm)根系分解过程中钾(K)、钠(Na)、钙(Ca)和镁(Mg)元素的浓度、残留...     

包膜控释和常用氮肥氮素淋溶特征及其对土水质量的影响

大量施用氮素化肥所引起的氮素损失和环境污染正日益受到重视。通过土柱模拟氮素养分的淋洗试验,探讨包膜控释氮肥和常用氮肥的氮素淋失特点及其对土壤和地下水质量的影响。研究结果表明,不同氮肥施入土壤后氮素的淋失率有着显著的差异,其中硝酸钾中氮素淋失率最高,其次为尿素,硫酸铵和碳铵的氮素淋失量明显较小。然而控释氮肥因其控制释放的特点,在氮素释放的高峰期,其模拟淋失量较高,但如果在田间条件下此释放高峰期与作物吸肥高峰期相吻合,则会显著地降低其淋失率。除尿素外,被淋失的氮素均以硝态氮为主,尿素则以酰胺分子态被淋溶。大量速效化肥的施入会形成土壤中的肥料"微域点",引起交换性Ca2+、Mg2+离子的淋失,从长远来看可引起土壤结构的破坏,而施用控释肥则很少形成这种"微域点",有利于土壤结构和肥力的维持。不同氮肥处理淋洗后对土壤pH值和有效氮含量变化的影响差异较大,其中以控释肥对土壤pH值变化的影响较小。大多数氮肥处理在淋洗后,土壤中各层速效氮含量较淋洗前有所降低,然而两种控释氮肥处理的土壤表层却能持续保持较高的有效氮含量。     

Uranium speciation in river sediments contaminated by phosphate ores

Large amounts of phosphate ores with high concentrations of uranium were dumped by a phosphate plant into the Flix water reservoir in the Ebre River, Catalonia, NE Spain. These phosphate wastes have been mixed over the years with effluents from other industries as well as with the sediments of the river, resulting in a complex mixture of solid wastes and sediments. No investigations on uranium speciation in such sediments were made because of the complexity of the sediments composition as well as the relatively low uranium content. However, these studies are necessary in order to predict the release of the uranium to the river waters. Here, we studied uranium speciation in sediments from two sampling points of the Flix water reservoir and at depths from 5 to 113 cm. We used room temperature time-resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy and a three-step sequential extraction procedure described by the Standards, Measurements, and Testing Programme of the European Union. We found that uranium was mainly present in the sediment samples as meta-autunite [Ca(UO₂)₂(PO₄)₂·10–12H₂O], whose low solubility will result in a low release of uranium to the river waters. In addition, we found that some uranium was linked to sediments by forming surface complexes. We therefore made the first study of uranium speciation in the sediments of the Flix water reservoir.     

Potential nitrogen constraints on soil carbon sequestration under low and elevated atmospheric CO2

The interaction between nitrogen cycling and carbon sequestration is critical in predicting the consequences of anthropogenic increases in atmospheric CO2 (hereafter, Ca). The progressive N limitation (PNL) theory predicts that carbon sequestration in plants and soils with rising Ca may be constrained by the availability of nitrogen in many ecosystems. Here we report on the interaction between C and N dynamics during a four-year field experiment in which an intact C3/C4 grassland was exposed to a gradient in Ca from 200 to 560 micromol/mol. There were strong species effects on decomposition dynamics, with C loss positively correlated and N mineralization negatively correlated with Ca for litter of the C3 forb Solanum dimidiatum, whereas decomposition of litter from the C4 grass Bothriochloa ischaemum was unresponsive to Ca. Both soil microbial biomass and soil respiration rates exhibited a nonlinear response to Ca, reaching a maximum at approximately 440 micromol/mol Ca. We found a general movement of N out of soil organic matter and into aboveground plant biomass with increased Ca. Within soils we found evidence of C loss from recalcitrant soil C fractions with narrow C:N ratios to more labile soil fractions with broader C:N ratios, potentially due to decreases in N availability. The observed reallocation of N from soil to plants over the last three years of the experiment supports the PNL theory that reductions in N availability with rising Ca could initially be overcome by a transfer of N from low C:N ratio fractions to those with higher C:N ratios. Although the transfer of N allowed plant production to increase with increasing Ca, there was no net soil C sequestration at elevated Ca, presumably because relatively stable C is being decomposed to meet microbial and plant N requirements. Ultimately, if the C gained by increased plant production is rapidly lost through decomposition, the shift in N from older soil organic matter to rapidly decomposing plant tissue may limit net C sequestration with increased plant production.     

藻细胞膜电信号对重金属的快速反应研究

为探讨藻细胞膜电信号对重金属离子的响应特征,运用细胞外表面技术和电化学方法研究了淡水藻——大型轮藻(Nitellaflexilis)藻细胞膜电位和膜电阻对汞、镉、铅的快速反应.结果表明,细胞膜电位和膜电阻对汞、镉响应灵敏且快速,30min内即对1μmol·L-1Hg2+、Cd2+表现出超极化和膜电阻增大反应,而5、10μmol·L-1Hg2+、Cd2+则在15min内引起细胞去极化、膜电阻减小,且剂量效应显著.细胞膜电信号对Pb2+的响应浓度为100μmol·L-1,30min内细胞先去极化后超极化,膜电阻持续增大.重金属作用前后相比,高浓度Hg2+、Cd2+(5、10μmol·L-1)导致藻细胞不可逆损伤,而其低浓度所致的损伤可恢复.Pb2+致藻细胞不可逆损伤的最低浓度为500μmol·L-1.对比膜电信号对3种离子的响应特点,发现藻细胞膜电位和膜电阻对Hg2+和Cd2+的响应灵敏度大于Pb2+.     

Comparison of CNT-PVA membrane and commercial polymeric membranes in treatment of emulsified oily wastewater

CNT-PVA membrane was fabricated and compared with polymeric membranes. The separation performance was evaluated by homemade and cutting fluid emulsions. The three membranes show similar oil retention rates. CNT-PVA membranes have higher permeation fluxes compared with polymeric membranes. CNT-PVA membrane shows higher fouling resistance. Membrane separation is an attractive technique for removal of emulsified oily wastewater. However, polymeric membranes which dominate the current market usually suffer from severe membrane fouling. Therefore, membranes with high fouling resistance are imperative to treat emulsified oily wastewater. In this study, carbon nanotube-polyvinyl alcohol (CNT-PVA) membrane was fabricated. And its separation performance for emulsified oily wastewater was compared with two commercial polymeric membranes (PVDF membrane and PES membrane) by filtration of two homemade emulsions and one cutting fluid emulsion. The results show that these membranes have similar oil retention efficiencies for the three emulsions. Whereas, the permeation flux of CNT-PVA membrane is 1.60 to 3.09 times of PVDF membrane and 1.41 to 11.4 times of PES membrane, respectively. Moreover, after five consecutive operation circles of filtration process and back flush, CNT-PVA membrane can recover 62.3% to 72.9% of its initial pure water flux. However, the pure water flux recovery rates are only 24.1% to 35.3% for PVDF membrane and 6.0% to 26.3% for PES membrane, respectively. Therefore, CNT-PVA membrane are more resistant to oil fouling compared with the two polymeric membranes, showing superior potential in treatment of emulsified oily wastewater.     

沉水植物黑藻对沉积物氨氮吸附/释放特征的影响

氮素是主要的湖泊营养盐,而沉水植物作为湖泊生态系统主要的组成部分,对系统中氮素的跨界面迁移有着重要的影响。在实验室模拟条件下,通过沉积物氨氮释放动力学、吸附热力学和吸附动力学实验,研究了沉水植物黑藻(Hydrilla verticilla)对沉积物氨氮吸附/释放特征的影响,得到如下结论:(1)一级动力学反应模型能较好地拟合沉积物氨氮释放的动力学过程,种植沉水植物没有影响氨氮释放的趋势,但增强了沉积物释放氨氮的能力;(2)分别用多个模型对沉积物氨氮吸附热力学和动力学过程进行拟合,结果均表明种植沉水植物以后,沉积物对氨氮吸附的趋势没有影响,但吸附强度有所下降。     

Electroconductive RGO-MXene membranes with wettability-regulated channels: improved water permeability and electro-enhanced rejection performance

● Electroconductive RGO-MXene membranes were fabricated. ● Wettable membrane channels were established between RGO and MXene nanosheets. ● Hydrophilic MXene reduces the resistance of water entering the membrane channels. ● Water permeance of RGO-MXene membrane is 16.8 times higher than that of RGO membrane. ● Electro-assistance can enhance the dye rejection performance of RGO-MXene membrane. Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) membranes are theoretically more conducive to the rapid transport of water molecules in their channels compared with graphene oxide (GO) membranes, as they have fewer oxygen-containing functional groups and more non-oxidized regions. However, the weak hydrophilicity of RGO membranes inhibits water entry into their channels, resulting in their low water permeability. In this work, we constructed wettable RGO-MXene channels by intercalating hydrophilic MXene nanosheets into the RGO membrane for improving the water permeance. The RGO-MXene composite membrane exhibits high pure water permeance of 62.1 L/(m²·h·bar), approximately 16.8 times that of the RGO membrane (3.7 L/(m²·h·bar)). Wettability test results and molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the improved water permeance results from the enhanced wettability of RGO-MXene membrane and increased rate of water molecules entering the RGO-MXene channels. Benefiting from good conductivity, the RGO-MXene membrane with electro-assistance exhibits significantly increased rejection rates for negatively charged dyes (from 56.0% at 0 V to 91.4% at 2.0 V for Orange G) without decreasing the permeate flux, which could be attributed to enhanced electrostatic repulsion under electro-assistance.     

Hydrogen production by nitrogenase as a potential crop rotation benefit

Both climate change and the adverse effects of chemical use on human and environmental health are recognized as serious issues of global concern. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the agricultural sector where release of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane continues to be problematic and where use of nitrogen fertilizer is responsible for negative impacts on both human populations and ecosystems. The manipulation of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) could help alleviate part of the difficulty by decreasing the need for nitrogen fertilizers, which require huge quantities of fossil fuel to produce and contribute to the release of nitrous oxide from soil as well as being responsible for the contamination of drinking water systems and natural habitats. BNF is performed by a variety of microorganisms. One of the most studied examples is the BNF carried out by rhizobial bacteria in symbiosis with their plant hosts such as pea and soybean. Hydrogen gas is an energy-rich, obligate by-product of BNF. Legume symbioses with rhizobia lacking hydrogenase enzymes (which can recycle hydrogen) have traditionally been viewed as energetically inefficient. However, recent studies suggest hydrogen release to soil may be beneficial, increasing soil carbon sequestration and promoting growth of hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria beneficial to plant growth; the alleged superiority of symbiotic performance in rhizobia possessing functional hydrogenases (HUP⁺) over those rhizobia without functional hydrogenases (HUP⁻) has also not been conclusively shown. The structure of the iron-molybdenum cofactor or FeMo-co of nitrogenase (the active site of the enzyme) has been elucidated through X-ray crystallography but the mechanism of nitrogen fixation remains unknown. However, studies of effects of hydrogen production on BNF have revealed potential candidate intermediates involved in the nitrogenase reaction pathway and have also shown the role of hydrogen as a competitive inhibitor of N₂, with hydrogen now considered to be the primary regulator of the nitrogenase electron allocation coefficient. The regulation of oxygen levels within legume root nodules is also being investigated; nitrogen fixation is energetically expensive, requiring a plentiful oxygen supply but too high an oxygen concentration can irreversibly damage nitrogenase, so some regulation is needed. There is evidence from gas diffusion studies suggesting the presence of a diffusion barrier in nodules; leghaemoglobin is another potential O₂ regulator. Possible functions of hydrogenases include hydrogen recycling, protection of nitrogenase from damaging O₂ levels and prevention of inhibitory H₂ accumulation; there is evidence for H₂ recycling only in studies where H₂ uptake has been strongly coupled to ATP production and where this is not the case, it is believed that the hydrogenase acts as an O₂ scavenger, lowering O₂ concentrations. The distribution of hydrogenases in temperate legumes has been found to be narrow and root and shoot grafting experiments suggest the host plant may exert some influence on the expression of hydrogenase (HUP) genes in rhizobia that possess them. Many still believe that HUP⁺ rhizobia are superior in performance to HUP⁻ species; to this end, many attempts to increase the relative efficiency of nitrogenase through the introduction of HUP genes into the plasmids or chromosomes of HUP⁻ rhizobia have been carried out and some have met with success but many other studies have not revealed an increase in symbiotic performance after successful insertion of HUP genes so the role of HUP in increasing parameters such as N₂ fixation and plant yield is still unclear. One advantage of the hydrogen production innate to BNF is that the H₂ evolved can be used to measure N₂ fixation using new open-flow gas chamber techniques seen as superior to the traditional acetylene reduction assay (ARA) conducted in closed chambers, although H₂ cannot be used for field studies yet as the ARA can. However, the ARA is now believed to be unreliable in field studies and it is recommended that other measures such as dry weight, yield and total nitrogen content are more accurate, especially in determining real food production, particularly in the developing nations. Another potential benefit of H₂ release from root nodules is that it stays in the soil and has been found to be consumed by H₂-oxidizing bacteria, many of which show plant growth–promoting properties such as the inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis in the host plant, leading to root elongation and increased plant growth; they may well be promising as biofertilizers if they can be successfully developed into seed inoculants for non-leguminous crop species, decreasing the need for chemical fertilizers. It has been suggested that rhizobia can produce nitrous oxide through denitrification but this has never been shown; it is possible that hydrogen release may provide more ideal conditions for denitrifying, free-living bacteria and so increase production of nitrous oxide that way and this issue will require more study. However, it seems unlikely that a natural system would release nitrous oxide to the same degree that chemical fertilizers have been shown to do.     

Cd^2＋对玉米种子活力的影响及Ca^2＋的拮抗作用

用不同浓度（c）的Cd2＋和Cd2＋＋Ca2＋处理玉米种子，以研究Cd2＋对玉米种子活力的毒害及Ca2＋对Cd2＋的拮抗作用，结果表明：在0～0．5mmol／L的c（Cd2＋）范围内，种子的发芽率、幼苗生长量随c（Cd2＋）的增大而降低，Cd2＋能降低玉米幼苗中超氧物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性，并能增加膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）的含量．用Cd2＋＋Ca2＋处理玉米种子时，Ca2＋能减少以至消除Ca2＋对种子活力和幼苗生长的毒害作用，其中c（Cd2＋）为10mmol／L的拮抗作用明显大于5mmol／L．