石墨烯掺杂分子筛负载氧化铁芬顿催化降解苯酚影响因素的研究

通过水热晶化法制备了石墨烯掺杂介孔分子筛MCM-41复合载体,利用该载体浸渍负载氧化铁制备了非均相芬顿催化剂gh-MCM-41-Fe.以苯酚为模拟有机废水,考察了催化剂和H2O2投加量、水质因素(苯酚初始浓度、反应温度和水中腐殖酸和草酸)等对gh-MCM-41-Fe芬顿催化降解苯酚效能的影响.结果表明,当苯酚初始浓度为100 mg·L-1,催化剂在60 min催化降解苯酚去除率高达97.6%,COD去除率为65.9%,反应符合准一级反应动力学模型;苯酚降解速率随着催化剂和H2O2投加量的增加而增加,但投加过多会消耗·OH自由基从而不利苯酚降解过程;苯酚初始浓度从10 mg·L-1增至100 mg·L-1,苯酚降解速率相应降低,但体系中H2O2及·OH自由基的有效利用率反而增加;反应温度对于苯酚废水降解率和COD去除率影响不大,反应表观频率因子为105.68 min-1,表观活化能为18.43 k J·mol-1;腐殖酸和草酸对苯酚废水降解和COD去除均有抑制作用.     

TiO2/SBA-15介孔复合材料的制备及光催化性能研究

为增大半导体TiO_2的比表面积,进而提升其光催化性能,同时改善其不易回收的缺陷,该研究以价格便宜、来源广泛的钛铁矿为原料,具有高度有序介孔结构的SBA-15分子筛为载体,通过后合成水解法并调控不同的煅烧温度制得TiO_2/SBA-15复合材料,采用X射线衍射、紫外-可见漫反射光谱、比表面分析仪对样品进行表征。此外,在紫外光照射下,以甲基橙为模拟降解物,考察样品煅烧温度、光催化反应温度对催化效率的影响,对比TiO2/SBA-15复合材料与商用P25的催化效果,分析甲基橙溶液的矿化程度及催化剂的稳定性,并结合活性物种捕获实验提出TiO_2/SBA-15光催化降解甲基橙的机制。结果表明:煅烧温度对催化剂的晶型、比表面积和晶粒大小具有显著影响,煅烧温度为550℃时TiO2/SBA-15的比表面积高达386 m2/g,该催化剂在3 h内对甲基橙的降解率为85.1%,溶液矿化率达62.9%。TiO_2/SBA-15和商用P25光催化甲基橙均符合准一级反应,速率常数分别为0.633 1 h~(-1)和0.350 6 h~(-1),TiO_2/SBA-15复合材料有效提高了光催化活性并维持良好的稳定性。在该光催化体系中,h+和·O_2是起主导作用的活性物种,·OH的影响较小。     

磁微球负载硝基锌卟啉光催化剂的制备及催化性能研究

以氯化血红素为原料,制备了磁负载的硝基锌卟啉光催化剂.同时,利用热重分析仪(TG)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和振动磁强计(VSM)对催化剂进行了表征,发现制备的催化剂负载率为32.06%,催化剂为粒径均一的球形壳-核结构,具有良好的磁性.其次,研究了催化剂的催化降解性能.结果表明,磁负载硝基锌卟啉光催化剂在可见光下,对水中的双酚A(BPA)、对硝基苯酚(PNP)等均有90%以上的去除率;对于活性红染料废水的降解也取得了83.67%的降解率.自由基捕获实验证明,电子(e-)、羟基自由基(·OH)、空穴(h+)和氧自由基(O-·2)是降解反应中重要的活性物种.最后通过GC-MS等手段对降解机理进行了研究.     

ZnTiO3-TiO2复合光催化剂的制备及光催化降解有机污染物机制分析

TiO_2光催化剂因无毒无害而在光催化降解污染物领域有巨大潜力.但由于TiO_2的光生电子空穴复合较快,量子效率较低,限制了它的广泛使用.在本研究中,通过溶胶-凝胶(Sol-Gel)法制备了ZnTiO_3-TiO_2异质结复合光催化剂,分析了配比和煅烧温度对材料光催化性能的影响,以甲基橙(MO)溶液为模拟污染物进行光催化降解,探讨了其催化效果及效率提升的机制.结果表明,在紫外光照射下,ZnTiO_3与TiO_2比值为0. 3时,在600℃下煅烧3 h后,其催化效果最佳且表现出良好的化学稳定性.通过光电流测试和电子自旋共振波谱仪的检测结果,证明复合光催化剂的光生电子和空穴复合率降低,从而提高了光催化活性.     

TiO2复合催化剂弱光催化降解模拟海水中苯酚及其催化活性的影响

为了获得适用于海水中有机污染物光降解催化剂,分别选用纳米SiO_2粒子和氧化石墨烯GO为载体,利用吸附相反应技术并结合热处理过程制备了基于TiO_2的复合催化剂,研究了弱光(光强小于1mW·cm~(-3))激发下复合催化剂光催化降解模拟海水中苯酚.结果表明,吸附相反应技术结合焙烧得到的La~(3+)掺杂TiO_2-SiO_2,表面亲水性较强和对苯酚吸附能力较弱,难以克服盐离子的干扰并有效降解模拟海水中高浓度苯酚.而吸附相反应技术结合醇溶剂热还原处理后,La~(3+)掺杂TiO_2-SiO_2催化剂表面亲水性显著减弱,但该催化剂在模拟海水中不能形成稳定的悬浮体系.吸附相反应技术得到的TiO_2-GO和La~(3+)掺杂TiO_2-GO中,TiO_2粒子粒径小于10nm且均匀负载于GO的表面.醇溶剂热还原处理可使TiO_2形成晶型结构,从而提高其催化活性,同时还能将GO表面的含氧基团还原,降低催化剂表面亲水性.从而提升催化剂对苯酚的吸附能力和对盐离子的抗干扰能力.另外,还原GO与小粒径TiO_2粒子紧密结合,使光生电子能很快转移至还原GO表面,增大光生电荷分离率,进一步提升催化剂的光降解性能.     

Cu2O@ZnO复合光催化剂对难生物降解有机物的光降解

通过改进的浸渍-还原-空气氧化法成功制备了Cu₂O@ZnO复合光催化剂,考察Cu₂O@ZnO对对硝基苯酚（PNP）和聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）2种不同化学结构污染物的光催化效果,同时探究了催化剂的稳定性和降解机制.结果表明,在模拟太阳光照射下,当铜锌物质的量比为0.15时,Cu₂O@ZnO复合光催化剂具有最佳的光催化降解性能,其中对硝基苯酚的光催化降解率为98.2%,聚丙烯酰胺光催化降解率为99.7%.基于X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、光致发光（PL）光谱、紫外-可见（UV-Vis）吸收光谱等表征手段可以推断,Cu₂O和ZnO形成Ⅱ型异质结,有效地抑制光生电子空穴对的复合.自由基捕获实验指出超氧自由基和空穴为主要活性物种,经过4次循环使用后光催化剂仍具有很高的光催化性能.     

含铜尖晶石催化剂在苯酚催化湿式氧化降解中铜溶出的研究

利用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Cu0.10Zn0.90Al1.90Fe0.10O4尖晶石结构催化剂,并用于苯酚的催化湿式氧化降解反应,考察了催化剂在H2-TPR实验中的氧化-还原性能,苯酚作为还原剂、反应温度和苯酚,催化剂质量比对铜离子溶出量的影响.结果表明,在较低反应温度或较高苯酚/催化剂质量比的情况下,被还原的催化剂活性组分不易被再氧化是导致铜离子大量溶出的主要因素.当反应温度较高和苯酚/催化剂质量比较低时,铜离子溶出量显著减少.在190℃、苯酚浓度为4.29 g·L-1、催化剂用量为25 g·L-1的条件下反应2 h,铜离子溶出量仅为0.96 mg·L-1.     

g-C_3N_4/TiO_2复合光催化剂的制备及酸化改性

以偏钛酸和三聚氰胺为原料,经煅烧制备g-C_3N_4/TiO_2复合纳米光催化剂,研究不同原料配比、煅烧温度和升温速率等制备条件对其可见光催化性能的影响,并采用UV-Vis DRS、FT-IR、XRD、TEM和PL等方法对催化剂进行表征。在可见光条件下,用制备的复合催化剂降解亚甲基蓝,考察了催化剂酸化改性处理对亚甲基蓝光降解效率的影响。结果表明:当m(偏钛酸)∶m(三聚氰胺)为1∶4、煅烧温度为500℃、升温速率为10℃/min时,g-C_3N_4/TiO_2复合纳米材料对20 mg/L亚甲基蓝的可见光降解效率最高,其3 h时降解率可达99.64%。经酸化改性处理后的催化剂,其电子空穴复合率被有效降低,光催化性能得到提高。此外,光催化机理的研究表明,·O_2~-是降解过程中起主要作用的活性物质。     

粒子电极对苯酚废水的电催化降解

以溶胶-凝胶法制备了负载型复合金属氧化物Mn-Sn-Sb/γ-Al₂O₃粒子电极,用该粒子电极取代平板电极,对苯酚水溶液进行了电催化降解的研究,并考察了pH,电解质浓度,槽电压,进水ρ(苯酚),反应温度和气体流量等因素对苯酚去除率的影响.结果表明,当反应温度为25 ℃,pH为6.4,气体流量为0.5 L/min,槽电压为6.5 V,电解质浓度为0.025 mol/L时,电催化降解质量浓度为200 mg/L的苯酚水溶液150 min,苯酚去除率为94.0%,催化活性较高.提高进水ρ(苯酚),会使反应表现为自抑制作用;提高温度有利于苯酚电催化氧化的进行,但会增加石墨电极损耗和催化剂溶出量,因此在选择电催化氧化温度时要考虑设备的耐蚀性和电极的稳定性.      

TiO2光催化氧化苯酚动力学研究

以中压汞灯为光源,研究了苯酚在ＴｉＯ２水悬浮液中降解动力学,考察了苯酚在起始浓度,气相氧浓度,催化剂投加量（ＴｉＯ２）光强度以及催化剂煅烧温度对苯酚光解速率的影响,揭示了苯酚多相光催化氧化反应的特点,反应过程符合表现一级动力学规律,气相氧的影响为一级,苯酚初始浓度的影响为负一级,在一定光强度下,催化剂的投加量存在一最值值,说明有效光强度,气相氧以及催化剂投加量是光催化氧化反应的关键因素,适当地热处     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.