提取方法对土壤可溶性有机碳测定结果的影响

为验证浸提条件对土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)浸提量的影响,选择具有代表性的3种土地利用方式的土壤进行实验,研究土样处理方式、提取时间、水土比、提取剂种类和振荡次数等提取条件对DOC浸提量的影响。结果表明:土样处理方式影响DOC浸提量的大小顺序为:风干过2 mm筛鲜样过1 mm筛过2 mm筛过5 mm筛不过筛,风干过2 mm筛的DOC提取量是鲜样不过筛的2.4倍,且各处理之间DOC浸提量差异性达显著水平(P0.05);DOC的浸提量随振荡时间变化不是特别明显,振荡4 h后基本达到平衡;土壤DOC浸提量随水土比的增加而增大,呈显著的线性关系;浸提剂种类对土壤DOC浸提量影响显著,4种提取剂提取出来的DOC量的大小顺序为:DOC(80℃,H_2O)DOC(25℃,0.5 mol·L~(-1) NaHCO_3)DOC(25℃,0.5 mol·L~(-1) K_2SO_4)DOC(25℃,H_2O);单次提取量随提取次数增加而降低,累积提取量随浸提次数增加而升高,且累积提取的DOC量与浸提次数呈极显著正相关。建议采用过2 mm筛的土壤鲜样,提取剂用25℃去离子水,水土比采用5∶1,连续振荡4 h后一次过滤测定土壤DOC含量。本研究有助于增强不同研究结果之间DOC数据的可比性,也有利于推动土壤DOC测定标准的完善。     

土壤有效Cd浸提剂对Cd的浸提机制

研究比较了六种浸提剂(1mol/l NH_4OAc,1mol/l NH_4NO_3,0.005mol/l DTPA-TEA,0.1mol/l HCl,0.1mol/l CaCl_2,0.1mol/l NaNO_3)在不同土壤条件下对土壤Cd的浸提规律。从浸提剂的特性及pH缓冲能力等角度讨论了其对土壤Cd的浸提机制。结合盆栽试验中植株吸Cd量的相关分析表明,不同浸提剂均有其适合的土壤条件反映Cd的生物有效性,但相对地,0.1mol/l CaCl_2可能是适应性最广的土壤有效Cd浸提剂。     

广东主要水稻土有效磷钾联合提取剂的选择研究

用Mehlich 3(M_3)、Olsen、Bray 1、Bray 2和醋酸铵(AA)对广东主要水稻土的有效磷、钾进行测定比较。结果表明,M_3-P在pH4.5—7.5的土壤上与Bray1-P显著相关,在pH7.5—8.5的土壤上则与Olsen-P的关系显著。在54种不同土壤上,M_3和AA提取的有效钾量基本相等。经过六年来大面积的应用,取得了良好的效果,表明M_3提取剂适宜作为广东主要水稻土的有效磷、钾联合提取剂。     

珠江三角洲稻田土壤砷及其向水稻籽粒迁移特征

采集珠江三角洲区域水稻(Oryze sativa L.)植株的根系、秸秆、稻谷和对应的耕层土壤(0～15锄)样品,分析土壤和水稻植株中砷含量,初步研究土壤砷与土壤基本理化性质的关系及砷在土壤-水稻系统中的迁移规律.结果表明,土壤砷含量在1.83～18.14 mg·kg~(-1)之间,土壤砷与土壤有机质、砂粒含量呈显著负相关,与土壤粉粒含量呈显著正相关.糙米中的砷含量在0.21～0.43mg·kg~(-1)之间,均未超过国家食品卫生标准(0.7mg·kg~(-1)),砷在水稻植株中的分布规律为根>秸秆>颖壳>糙米.糙米砷含量与秸秆砷含量呈极显著正相关,与秸秆中P/As、Si/As摩尔比呈极显著负相关,因此,降低秸秆中As的积累、增加秸秆中P、Si的积累可降低水稻籽粒中的砷含量.     

不同方法对南方几种土壤阳离子交换性质的测定比较

分別采用1mol L~(-1) NH_4OAC淋洗法,0.1mol L~(-1)BaCl_2捕掳交换法,6.667×10~(-3)mol L~(-1)Co(NH_3)_6Cl_3提取法以及电荷测定法测定了南方几种不同性质的土壤的阳离子交换性质。结果表明,酸性土壤的阳离子交换量具有不定性,NH_4OAC法的结果很高,而其它方法的结果显著偏低,但方法间仍存在显著差异。不过,各法对微酸性、中性土壤的测定结果无显著差异。与NH_4OAC法相比,BaCl_2法得到较多的Ca,而Co法则交换出较少的K。各法的浸提液pH间虽存在差异,但彼此间有良好的统计相关性。Co法测定的CEC值与交换性阳离子总和较为吻合,其浸提液pH与pH_(KCl)、pH_(CaCl_2)有良好的线性关系。看来,不同方法对酸性土壤阳离子交换量的测定差异主要来自測定过程中介质pH条件及离子强度不同所浸出的交换性酸的多寡。本文认为,Co(NH_2)_6Cl_3法可以作为这些土壤阳离子交换性质测定的例行方法。     

蔬菜地土壤有效态重金属提取方法的比较

实地采集土壤进行盆栽试验,研究用5种提取剂提取的土壤有效态重金属含量与大白菜吸收量间的关系。结果表明,采用化学提取方法测得的可提取态重金属含量比重金属总量更能有效预测大白菜吸收的重金属量,并以CaC l2和NH4OAc 2种提取剂最为有效。将土壤重金属总量与pH值2项指标结合起来考虑可较好地预测大白菜对土壤重金属的吸收。     

土壤中镉铜复合污染对水稻生长效应影响

本文通过盆栽试验研究土壤中镉铜复合污染对水稻生长效应的影响,并探讨了有效态铜、镉的提取剂。结果表明,2.5％醋酸可作为酸性水稻土有效态铜、镉的提取剂,土壤含镉5mg/kg对铜的水稻产量效应未有影响,但糙米含镉量超标。     

硒对水稻镉含量及其在亚细胞中的分布的影响

通过元素含量测定与亚细胞分离的方法,分析水稻镉在不同器官、组织之间的差异分布特征,从微观水平上阐释硒增强水稻镉耐受能力的机理,阐明硒降低稻米镉累积量的作用机理。研究结果显示,(1)随着硒浓度的增加,植株各营养器官干物重均增加。在2、4、8和16 mg·kg~(-1) Cd质量分数处理时,1.2 mg·kg~(-1) Se处理的糙米干物质量比Se空白处理分别增加了6.81%、7.73%、14.24%和49.62%。(2)当土壤镉质量分数在2~16 mg·kg~(-1)时,水稻各营养器官和糙米、精米中镉含量随土壤镉浓度的增高而显著增加。未施硒时,4、8和16 mg·kg~(-1) Cd处理糙米中镉质量分数分别为0.23、0.37和0.57 mg·kg~(-1),均超过我国国家食品安全标准中稻米镉的限量(0.20 mg·kg~(-1))。(3)相同镉浓度下,随着硒浓度的增加,水稻各营养器官和糙米、精米的镉含量和镉积累量均显著下降,4、8 mg·kg~(-1) Cd处理组中,糙米的镉含量均低于0.20 mg·kg~(-1),且1.2 mg·kg~(-1) Se处理优于0.4和0.8 mg·kg~(-1) Se处理。(4)镉在水稻各器官中的分配比例为:根系茎叶糙米精米。随着硒浓度的增加,镉在精米中的分配比例下降。结论:硒能够通过调整镉在水稻不同器官中的分配比例,降低稻米中的镉含量;而硒元素对镉毒害的抑制作用,可能是通过细胞对镉的区室化分隔而实现的。     

水稻根表胶膜的浸提及其元素测定方法

选择柠檬酸钠作为络合剂,比较了碳酸氢钠、乙酸钠二种缓冲体系下,盐酸羟胺、抗坏血酸和1/2盐酸羟胺 1/2抗坏血酸组合对水稻根表铁、锰的浸提能力.结果表明,水稻根表铁、锰浸提量与还原剂种类和缓冲体系的pH值有关.在六种浸提剂中,抗坏血酸-柠檬酸钠-乙酸钠(ACA)浸提水稻根表铁、锰的浸提量最大,为57307mg·kg-1和1689mg·kg-1,相当于DCB浸提水稻根表铁、锰浸提量的99%和109%.ICP测定浸提液中铁、锰、磷、硫等的变异系数也低于DCB浸提的同类元素.因此,推荐ACA-ICP作为水稻根胶膜浸提与元素测定方法.     

水稻根茬还田对土壤及稻米中镉累积的影响

当前中国红壤地区镉污染严重。水稻根茬还田一方面可以提高土壤肥力,另一方面会对土壤及作物中Cd产生影响。然而不同剂量根茬还田对土壤镉有效性及水稻镉吸收的影响尚不清楚。选取中国南方地区典型地带性土壤(红壤),通过水稻盆栽试验,对比了CaCl₂提取法和薄膜梯度扩散技术(DGT法)两种土壤有效态Cd的测定方法,研究了不同剂量水稻根茬还田(质量分数分别为0.24%、0.48%、0.72%)下土壤及水稻中镉质量分数的变化及其影响因素。水稻根茬还田后,0.48%、0.72%处理中土壤有效态Cd质量分数较对照显著增加,增幅为8.2%—88.2%;3种剂量根茬还田,稻根Cd含量显著增加2.0—4.0倍;稻米中Cd含量随着根茬还田量的增加而呈现先降低后增加的趋势,根茬还田量为0.24%时,稻米Cd含量较对照降低30.6%,根茬还田量为0.72%时,稻米含量Cd显著增加54.2%(P<0.05)。根茬还田量高于0.48%会加剧稻米Cd污染风险。相关性分析显示,DGT和CaCl₂提取法测定的土壤有效态Cd含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.904,P<0.01)...     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.