大气污染物扩散模式的应用研究综述

应用大气污染物扩散模式可以模拟不同尺度、气象、地形条件下工业污染物在大气中的输送与扩散特征,为大气监测、城市环境规划和空气质量预报等工作提供科学依据.归纳了目前广泛应用于模拟工业污染物扩散的模式,着重介绍了近年来国内外对这些模式的主要应用研究进展,比较了各模式在应用上的优缺点,并对大气污染物扩散模式的应用研究前景进行了讨论.     

旋风分离器内高速旋转流场的数值计算方法选择

数值计算方法已成为研究旋风分离器内部流场的重要途径。利用计算流体力学方法对旋风分离器内部气相流场进行了数值模拟研究。分析了不同湍流模型、离散化方式和压力插值方式对旋风分离器内部计算流场的影响,并将所得数值结果与已知的实验数据进行了对比,以期得到最适合的数值模型。结果表明:对于旋风分离器内部复杂流场的流动,运用雷诺应力模型(Low-Re Stress-Omega)能够较好地预测出强制涡中心涡流的运动情况,同时采用SIMPLEC算法、二阶迎风离散化方式和PRESTO压力梯度插补格式能够获得最好的预报结果。     

城市大气质量模式研究进展

本文通过对大气质量模式发展历史的回顾,及其发展趋势的讨论,认为城市大气质量预报模式的建立与发展主要受以下三个动态因素的支配：（１）政府环境管理目标;（２）科学进步;（３）计算机及信息处理和通讯技术。结合三要素就建立我国城市空气质量预报系统框架进行了讨论。     

用计算法和增量计算法验证预测模式的讨论

随着环境影响评价技术的发展，预测模式的验证显得越来越有必要。但一般项目无条件采用风洞模拟或释放示踪剂等方法进行验证。本文介绍在污染源、定点环境大气(水)质量和气象(水文)条件同步实测的前题下，采用计算法和增量计算法验证大气和水环境浓度预测模式。然后筛选出预测与实测浓度间的相关系数在0．7以上，适用于评价项目性质及其所在地气象、水文、地形等因素的预测模式。因而提高了拟建项目投产后，对周围环境影响预测结果的可靠程度。     

修订版大气导则与现行大气导则推荐模式实例对比验证分析

介绍了现行大气导则推荐预测模式的不足及修订版大气导则推荐模式AERMOD与ADMS的特点,并分析了不同推荐模式的功能及适用范围.以美国环境保护署两个试验场(Clifty Creek(简单地形)和Epri Bowline(建筑物下洗))的数据资料为基础,分别用修订版大气导则推荐模式AERMOD与ADMS及现行大气导则推荐模式计算小时浓度、日均浓度及年均浓度,并采用统计法(最大值比较法、高端值比较法、相对偏差比较法)和图形法(Q-Q对比图)进行模式比较分析.结果表明,在简单地形下,3种预测模式小时浓度预测精度接近,修订版大气导则推荐模式在可靠性上要优于现行大气导则推荐模式;在考虑建筑物下洗的复杂条件下,AERMOD、ADMS模式的预测结果普遍比现行大气导则推荐模式要好;现行大气导则推荐模式无法应用于计算建筑物下洗的模拟条件.     

AERMOD在国内环境影响评价中的实例验证与应用

AERMOD是美国环保局推出的新一代空气质量模式系统,它由AERMET(气象数据预处理器)、AERMAP(地形数据预处理器)和AERMOD(大气扩散模型)3部分组成.结合宁波市北仑区域大气环境影响评价,对该模式系统进行模式验证,并应用于实际预测评价.验证结果表明,在采用适当的模型参数时,该系统预测值与实际监测值具有很好的一致性,SO2、NO2日均最高浓度预测准确率分别达到64.3%和85.7%.最后结合实际预测评价工作,提出AERMOD模式系统在国内环境影响评价工作中的优势及不足.     

山东省空气质量预报平台设计及其预报效果评估

基于排放源处理(SMOKE)模型、综合空气质量(CMAQ)模型与气象预报(WRF)模型初步搭建山东省空气质量预报平台,利用污染物在线监测数据和气象站观测数据检验预报平台的预报效果。结果表明,预报平台气象模块的预测效果与文献研究结果较一致;由CMAQ模型对2014年济南、淄博、烟台、威海的SO2、NO2、PM2.5质量浓度进行预测,SO2、NO2、PM2.5预报平均值分别在17.65~48.97、18.69~45.43、34.97~79.15μg/m3;SO2、NO2、PM2.5预报值与监测值的相关系数在0.52~0.74,标准化平均偏差、标准化平均误差、平均相对偏差、平均相对误差分别在-34.00%~-5.73%、11%~47%、-25.00%~-10.21%、20%~42%,预报平台具有良好的预报性能。最后,对未来空气质量数值预报平台的发展提出建议。     

日用品中化学物质影响的评价模型

人类暴露在日用消费品的各种化学物质中而受其影响，M.P.van．Veen建议用一个含普遍意义的框架模式对化学物质的暴露和吸收进行评价。该模式包括4个组分：潜在的暴露、吸收、个人途径和接触情形。由于组合了这4个组分，不论何种方式和何种产品，该模式均能定量地描述其影响情况。他还以含甲基氯仿溶剂的鞋子产品为例加以说明。同时，他利用该模式为荷兰公众健康与国家级环保研究所开发了一个电脑软件。该模式具有重要意义，因为其包括了一个空间组分和接触功能而扩展了以前的模式。日用品中化学物质影响的评价模型@舟人     

循环流化床烟气脱硫塔入口结构改进的数值模拟

采用商用Fluent软件提供的k-ε湍流模型对循环流化床脱硫塔内部流场进行了数值模拟,重点考察入口结构对脱硫塔内气相速度分布均匀性的影响,并用速度不均匀度定量描述了流场的均匀性。结果表明,当前使用90°弯管进气结构的脱硫塔内部流场存在明显的不均匀性,主要是入口处气流90°转向造成的。为此采用组合弯管进气结构代替90°弯管进气结构,以改善脱硫塔内流场不均匀性。入口结构改为组合弯管进气结构后,脱硫塔内流场不均匀性得到很大改善,速度分布的不均匀度明显减小,因此组合弯管进气结构有利于烟气与脱硫剂的充分混合反应,提高脱硫效率。     

“环境减灾”一箭双星

“环境与灾害监测预报小卫星星座”A、B两颗卫星于2008年9月6日11时25分在太原卫星发射中心发射升空。卫星投入使用后,将实现灾害与环境的快速监测和预报,对我国的防灾减灾起到不可替代的作用。     

柴油机微粒捕集器复合再生性能及其场协同分析

基于柴油机微粒捕集器瞬态复合再生机理,建立了CFD三维仿真模型,并利用漩涡破碎燃烧模型和场协同数学模型对柴油机微粒捕集器瞬态复合再生过程的速度矢量和温度梯度进行了数值模拟和场协同分析,结果表明,再生时间为175 s时的微粒捕集器过滤体后端壁面峰值温度达到1 184 K,且其过滤体内速度矢量和温度梯度的协同度最好,最优燃烧再生区域所占最大比值为0.58,表明此时微粒捕集器过滤体内再生燃烧速率最大,其再生效率最高。     

内循环厌氧反应器多相流流场的三维数值分析

利用数值模拟的方法,引入欧拉双流体多相流模型及标准k-s紊流模型,模拟计算内循环厌氧反应器的三相流三维流场,并通过改变污泥颗粒密度及进水流量,针对固相流速及固含率的变化情况,分析条件的改变对流场的影响。研究结果表明,应用数值模拟方法可以获得内循环厌氧反应器内的流场特征;污泥颗粒密度及进水流量的改变对于反应器内污泥颗粒的流速及分布的均匀性有较为明显的影响。模拟结果对反应器的应用及优化设计具有一定的参考价值。     

建筑物对高架点源大气污染物扩散影响的模拟研究

运用数值方法对城市中高架点源排放大气污染物的扩散规律进行了模拟研究,在计算区域内建立了三维数学模型,并将拉格朗日法描述的颗粒轨道模型耦合到风场。本研究计算了地面风速为3 m/s时的大气流场,并模拟研究了该风场条件下气体污染物的扩散和固体颗粒污染物的运动轨迹。通过分析模拟结果,给出了高架点源中排放的气体污染物的扩散区域和固体颗粒污染物运动轨迹的变化规律。     

Modeling transport and fate of nitrogen from urea applied to a near-trench paddy field

A simple but comprehensive model is developed to quantify N losses from urea applied to a near-trench paddy field, considering all the N-transformations such as urea hydrolysis, volatilization, nitrification, denitrification, and all the important transportations like runoff, lateral seepage, vertical leaching and crop uptake. Seasonal average data of field observations for three crop seasons were used for model calibration and validation, which showed that ammonia volatilization accounted for 26.5-29.4% of the applied N and N uptake by crop occupied 38.2-44.8%, while N losses via surface runoff, vertical leaching and lateral seepage varied from 5.6-7.7%, 4.0-4.9% to 5.0-5.3% of the applied N, respectively. These observed results were well predicted by our model, indicating that the model performed effectively at quantifying N losses via individual processes in a wide range of urea application rates and benefit for developing water and fertilizer management strategies for near-trench paddy fields.     

基于大涡模拟的旋风分离器内流场数值模拟研究

为了研究旋风分离器内流场的运动状况,借助Fluent软件,采用大涡模拟,基于曲线坐标系的SIMPLEC算法,对切向入口的Stairmand旋风分离器内流场进行了三维数值模拟研究。数值结果表明,大涡模拟适合于三维强旋流的流场模拟,分离器内部的流动空间可分为内、外2个流动区域,在不同的流动区域中,气体压力、速度场的分布有较大的差异。而且压力分布与速度分布不是绝对的轴对称分布。数值模拟结果对其设计优化研究有一定的应用价值。     

Numerical simulation of flow and dispersion around an isolated cubical building: The effect of the atmospheric stratification

The aim of this work is to investigate atmospheric flow and dispersion of contaminants in the vicinity of single buildings under different stability conditions. The mathematical model used is based on the solution of equations of conservation of mass, linear momentum and energy with the use of a non-standard κ–? turbulence model. The modifications proposed in the κ–? model are the inclusion of the Kato and Launder correction in the production of turbulent kinetic energy and the use of a modified wall function. Results are presented of numerical simulations of dispersion around a cubical obstacle, under neutral, stable and unstable atmospheric conditions. Experimental data from wind tunnel and field trials obtained by previous authors are used to validate the numerical results. The numerical simulation results show a reasonable level of agreement with field and wind tunnel concentration data. The deviation between model results and field experimental data is of the same order as the deviation between field and wind tunnel data.     

Electrokinetic ion transport through unsaturated soil: 2. Application to a heterogeneous field site

Results of a field demonstration of electrokinetic transport of acetate through an unsaturated heterogeneous soil are compared to numerical modeling predictions. The numerical model was based on the groundwater flow and transport codes MODFLOW and MT3D modified to account for electrically induced ion transport. The 6-month field demonstration was conducted in an unsaturated layered soil profile where the soil moisture content ranged from 4% to 28% (m3 m(-3)). Specially designed ceramic-cased electrodes maintained a steady-state moisture content and electric potential field between the electrodes during the field demonstration. Acetate, a byproduct of acetic acid neutralization of the cathode electrolysis reaction, was transported from the cathode to the anode by electromigration. Field demonstration results indicated preferential transport of acetate through soil layers exhibiting higher moisture content/electrical conductivity. These field transport results agree with theoretical predictions that electromigration velocity is proportional to a power function of the effective moisture content. A numerical model using a homogeneous moisture content/electrical conductivity domain did not adequately predict the acetate field results. Numerical model predictions using a three-layer electrical conductivity/moisture content profile agreed qualitatively with the observed acetate distribution. These results suggest that field heterogeneities must be incorporated into electrokinetic models to predict ion transport at the field-scale.     

机械絮凝池内部流场数值模拟和絮凝效果分析

通过对机械絮凝池内不同进水流量和不同桨板转速的流场分别进行数值模拟,计算得到湍动能k和湍动耗散率ε等水力参数,并结合混凝实验分析水流对絮凝效果的影响。结果表明:湍动能k和湍动耗散率ε可以作为评价絮凝是否充分的标准;机械絮凝池最佳水力停留时间为18 min;平均k值为0.00613～0.00212 m2/s2,平均ε值为0.00869～0.00199 m2/s3时,机械絮凝池装置的絮凝效果比较理想。     

Field-scale operation of methane biofiltration systems to mitigate point source methane emissions

Methane biofiltration (MBF) is a novel low-cost technique for reducing low volume point source emissions of methane (CH₄). MBF uses a granular medium, such as soil or compost, to support the growth of methanotrophic bacteria responsible for converting CH₄ to carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O). A field research program was undertaken to evaluate the potential to treat low volume point source engineered CH₄ emissions using an MBF at a natural gas monitoring station. A new comprehensive three-dimensional numerical model was developed incorporating advection-diffusive flow of gas, biological reactions and heat and moisture flow. The one-dimensional version of this model was used as a guiding tool for designing and operating the MBF. The long-term monitoring results of the field MBF are also presented. The field MBF operated with no control of precipitation, evaporation, and temperature, provided more than 80% of CH₄ oxidation throughout spring, summer, and fall seasons. The numerical model was able to predict the CH₄ oxidation behavior of the field MBF with high accuracy. The numerical model simulations are presented for estimating CH₄ oxidation efficiencies under various operating conditions, including different filter bed depths and CH₄ flux rates. The field observations as well as numerical model simulations indicated that the long-term performance of MBFs is strongly dependent on environmental factors, such as ambient temperature and precipitation.