60%唑醚·代森联水分散粒剂中吡唑醚菌酯在葡萄和土壤中的残留分析

建立了一种固相萃取-反相高效液相色谱检测60%唑醚·代森联水分散粒剂中吡唑醚菌酯在葡萄和土壤中的残留方法.方法的回收率为80.4%-98.4%,变异系数为1.8%-3.8%.最小检出量为2×10-10g,最低检测浓度为0.01 mg·kg-1.消解动态研究表明,吡唑醚菌酯在葡萄和土壤中消解较快,其半衰期分别为3.7-3.8d和8.7-10.2d.最终残留试验表明,60%唑醚·代森联水分散粒剂900mg(a.i.)·kg-1喷雾,4次药后7d,吡唑醚菌酯在葡萄和土壤中的最终残留量分别为0.1585-0.1886mg·kg-1和0.6935-0.7245 mg·kg-1,低于CAC规定吡唑醚菌酯在葡萄中的最高允许残留量(MRL值)2.0 mg·k-1.     

烯肟菌酯在苹果及土壤中的残留动态研究

对烯肟菌酯在苹果和土壤中的残留消解规律和最终残留进行分析,结果表明,烯肟菌酯的最小检出量为4.10×10-13 g,对苹果和土壤中烯肟菌酯的最小检出浓度分别为0.002 mg·kg-1和0.003mg·kg-1,苹果中烯肟菌酯的平均回收率为92.19%-97.69%,变异系数为4.78%-10.71%;土壤中烯肟菌酯平均回收率为100.43%-107.84%,变异系数为2.21%-4.61%.烯肟菌酯在苹果中的消解动态以及最终残留试验显示,烯肟菌酯消解较快,在天津市和合肥市两地苹果中降解的半衰期分别为7.74d和2.91d,土壤中降解的半衰期分别为8.85d和11.09d.在苹果树上按推荐剂量的2倍使用18%氟环唑·烯肟菌酯悬浮剂施药3次,距最后一次施药21d,烯肟菌酯在苹果和土壤中的残留量分别为0.0247mg·kg-1-0.0843mg·kg-1和0.1013mg·kg-1-0.1480mg·kg-1,苹果收获时烯肟菌酯的消解率在90%以上.     

代森锰锌及其代谢物乙撑硫脲在马铃薯和土壤中的残留动态

采用田间试验方法研究代森锰锌及其代谢物乙撑硫脲(ETU)在马铃薯和土壤中的残留动态.气相色谱法定量分析,本方法马铃薯中代森锰锌和ETU的平均回收率分别为85.41%-95.47%和87.71%-92.19%;土壤中代森锰锌和ETU的平均回收率分别为85.61%-103.09%和91.08%-94.46%.结果表明:代森锰锌和ETU在马铃薯茎叶中消解较快,在合肥市和天津市两地其消解半衰期分别为6.41-7.89d和6.16-7.15d;在土壤中的消解半衰期分别为5.26-7.71d和9.80-10.16d.在马铃薯上使用了72%锰锌·霜脲可湿性粉剂,按照推荐剂量的2倍(3240gai·ha-1)最多施药4次,采收期距最后一次施药7d,马铃薯中代森锰锌残留量小于1.0mg·kg-1,ETU小于0.05mg·kg-1.说明该药为低残留、易消解农药.     

氯吡脲在土壤和西瓜中的残留分析

建立了氯吡脲在土壤和西瓜中残留的HPLC分析方法.氯吡脲的添加回收率大于95%,变异系数小于10%,最小检出浓度为5 μg·kg-1,检测限为0.4ng.对西瓜消解动态的研究表明,氯吡脲在西瓜中消解较快,半衰期为1.20-1.67d;使用剂量为20-30mg a.i. ·kg-1水溶液于雌花开放当天或前后一天均匀喷洒瓜胎(或浸瓜胎)一次,西瓜收获时(施药后40d),样品中未检出氯吡脲残留.土壤消解动态研究表明:使用600 mg a.i.·hm-2的剂量对土壤喷雾,氯吡脲在土壤样品中的半衰期为9.87-15.3d;使用300-600mg a.i.·hm-2的剂量对土壤喷雾,西瓜收获时(施药后40d),土壤中均未检出氯吡脲残留.     

灭线磷在稻田土壤和田水中的降解动态和残留分析

采用气相色谱法研究了10%灭线磷GR(颗粒剂,下同)中灭线磷在广东省、湖北省两地水稻田土壤和田水中的残留降解动态和最终残留量.研究结果表明灭线磷在土壤和田水中的添加回收率分别为82.85%～93.70%和85.03%～98.17%.灭线磷在稻田土壤和田水中降解动态符合一级动力学指数模型,在广东省和湖北省稻田土壤中的半衰期分别为9.73 d、10.70 d,田水中的半衰期分别为0.83 d、0.85 d.10%灭线磷GR以(1800 g(a.i.)·m~(-2)和2700 g(a.i .)·hm~(-2)两个剂量施药后,灭线磷在广东省土壤中的最终残留质量分数为0.002 3～0.0034mg·kg~(-1);2700 g(a.i.)·hm~(-2)施药后,灭线磷在湖北省土壤中的最终残留质量分数为0.001 7 mg·kg~(-1),1800 g(a.i.)·hm~(-2)施药后,在土壤中未检测出灭线磷.     

烯啶虫胺在棉花和土壤中的残留及消解动态

采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定烯啶虫胺在棉花和土壤中的残留.烯啶虫胺在棉叶中的平均回收率为99.41%-101.54%,变异系数为2.88%-5.76%;棉籽中烯啶虫胺的平均回收率为79.42%-94.19%,变异系数为1.06%-6.30%;在土壤中的平均回收率为96.68%-105.58%,变异系数为1.40%-4.81%.烯啶虫胺在棉花和土壤中的消解动态以及最终残留结果表明,烯啶虫胺消解较快,在山东省和河南省两地棉叶中的消解半衰期分别为5.75d和5.58d,土壤中的消解半衰期为1.45d和1.35d.在棉花上使用10%的烯啶虫胺水剂,按照最高推荐剂量和最高推荐剂量的1.5倍,施药3次,收获期距最后一次施药21d,烯啶虫胺在棉花和土壤中最终残留量均小于0.006mg·kg-1.     

啶虫脒在甘蓝和土壤中的残留消解动态研究

采用田间试验及气相色谱检测方法,研究了啶虫脒在甘蓝(Brassica oleracea L.var.capitata L.)和土壤中的残留消解动态.结果表明,啶虫脒在甘蓝和土壤中消解较快.在甘蓝中半衰期为1.4～1.6 d,药后3d消解90%以上;在土壤中的半衰期为1.8～1.9 d,药后7 d消解90%以上.3%啶虫脒可湿性粉剂,45、22.5 g·hm-2,施药2次,药后3、5、7 d苹果和土壤中残留量均小于2 mg·kg-1.     

苄·丁可湿性粉剂中丁草胺在稻田土壤和田水中残留动态

采用气相色谱法研究了35%苄·丁可湿性粉剂中丁草胺在2006年和2007年湖北省、广东省2年两地水稻田土壤和水中的残留降解动态和最终残留量.研究结果表明丁草胺在土壤和田水添加回收率分别为82.78%～93.20%和90.31%～93.51%.丁草胺在稻田土壤和田水中降解动态符合一级动力学指数模型,在湖北省和广东省水稻田土壤中的半衰期分别为3.21～3.83 d、2.49～3.66 d,水稻田水中的半衰期分别为1.20～1.66 d、1.13～1.48 d.861 g(a.i.)·hm-2和高剂量1 292 g(a.i.)·hm-2两个剂量施药后丁草胺在稻田土壤中的最终残留量为0.001 0～0.002 9 mg·kg-1.     

霸螨灵在棉花和土壤中的残留降解动态

于2006和2007年在济南和杭州2地进行田间试验,采用液液萃取和高效液相色谱检测方法,研究了霸螨灵在棉叶、棉籽和土壤中的残留降解动态.试验结果表明:本方法中霸螨灵的最低检出浓度为0.01 mg·kg-1(以S/N=3计),霸螨灵添加浓度为0.10、0.50、1.00 mg·kg-1时,其在棉叶、棉籽和土壤中的添加回收率为72.5%～103.1%;霸螨灵在济南和杭州2地的消解趋势基本一致,在棉叶中的半衰期为3.8～4.3 d,在土壤中的半衰期为8.8～9.6 d;霸螨灵在棉籽中的最终残留量均<0.01mg·kg-1,在土壤中的最终残留量<0.01～0.98 mg·kg-1.建议我国将霸螨灵在棉籽中的MRL(最高残留限量)值定为0.1 mg·kg-1.     

新型除草剂硝磺草酮在玉米和土壤中的残留及降解行为

利用高效液相色谱及田间试验方法,建立了硝磺草酮在土壤、玉米和植株中残留分析方法,研究了硝磺草酮在土壤和植株中的消解动态规律以及玉米中的最终残留状况.研究结果表明,在0.1—2.0 mg.kg-1质量浓度范围内,硝磺草酮的仪器响应值与质量浓度呈良好的线性关系,相关系数达到0.999以上.通过外标法定量(0.01—0.5 mg.kg-1),硝磺草酮在土壤、玉米和植株中的添加回收率分别达到75.10%—97.74%、80.08%—107.43%、86.49%—103.38%,其变异系数分别为4.01%—10.42%、3.44%—9.05%和3.06%—6.97%,在土壤、玉米和植株中硝磺草酮最低检出浓度均为0.001 mg.kg-1,该方法的灵敏度和回收率均可满足农药残留分析要求.在天津和南京开展的两年两地田间试验结果表明,硝磺草酮在土壤和植株中的残留消解动态规律符合一级动力学反应模型,硝磺草酮在土壤和植株中的残留消解半衰期分别为3.51—3.83 d和2.97—3.07 d.按推荐剂量和1.5倍推荐剂量在玉米上喷施10%硝磺草酮1次,在收获前20 d和收获时采集玉米样品,硝磺草酮最终残留量均低于方法最低检出浓度0.001 mg.kg-1.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Potential for Electropositive Metal to Reduce the Interactions of Atlantic Sturgeon with Fishing Gear

Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus) populations have been declared either endangered or threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Effective measures to repel sturgeon from fishing gear would be beneficial to both fish and fishers because they could reduce both fishery‐associated mortality and the need for seasonal and area closures of specific fisheries. Some chondrostean fishes (e.g., sturgeons and paddlefishes) can detect weak electric field gradients (possibly as low as 5 Μv/cm) due to arrays of electroreceptors (ampullae of Lorenzini) on their snout and gill covers. Weak electric fields, such as those produced by electropositive metals (typically mixtures of the lanthanide elements), could therefore potentially be used as a deterrent. To test this idea, we recorded the behavioral responses of juvenile Atlantic sturgeon (31–43 cm fork length) to electropositive metal (primarily a mixture of the lanthanide elements neodymium and praseodymium) both in the presence and absence of food stimuli. Trials were conducted in an approximately 2.5 m diameter × 0.3 m deep tank, and fish behaviors were recorded with an overhead digital video camera. Video records were subsequently digitized (x, y coordinate system), the distance between the fish and the electropositive metal calculated, and data summarized by compiling frequency distributions with 5‐cm bins. Juvenile sturgeon showed clear avoidance of electropositive metal but only when food was present. On the basis of our results, we conclude that the electropositive metals, or other sources of weak electric fields, may eventually be used to reduce the interactions of Atlantic sturgeon with fishing gear, but further investigation is needed. El Potencial del Metal Electropositivo para Reducir las Interacciones del Esturión Atlántico con Instrumentos de Pesca Bouyoucos, Bushnell & Brill 13–003     

The role of time and species identities in spatial patterns of species richness and conservation

Many conservation actions are justified on the basis of managing biodiversity. Biodiversity, in terms of species richness, is largely the product of rare species. This is problematic because the intensity of sampling needed to characterize communities and patterns of rarity or to justify the use of surrogates has biased sampling in favor of space over time. However, environmental fluctuations interacting with community dynamics lead to temporal variations in where and when species occur, potentially affecting conservation planning by generating uncertainty about results of species distribution modeling (including range determinations), selection of surrogates for biodiversity, and the proportion of biodiversity composed of rare species. To have confidence in the evidence base for conservation actions, one must consider whether temporal replication is necessary to produce broad inferences. Using approximately 20 years of macrofaunal data from tidal flats in 2 harbors, we explored variation in the identity of rare, common, restricted range, and widespread species over time and space. Over time, rare taxa were more likely to increase in abundance or occurrence than to remain rare or disappear and to exhibit temporal patterns in their occurrence. Space–time congruency in ranges (i.e., spatially widespread taxa were also temporally widespread) was observed only where samples were collected across an environmental gradient. Fifteen percent of the taxa in both harbors changed over time from having spatially restricted ranges to having widespread ranges. Our findings suggest that rare species can provide stability against environmental change, because the majority of species were not random transients, but that selection of biodiversity surrogates requires temporal validation. Rarity needs to be considered both spatially and temporally, as species that occur randomly over time are likely to play a different role in ecosystem functioning than those exhibiting temporal structure (e.g., seasonality). Moreover, temporal structure offers the opportunity to place management and conservation activities within windows of maximum opportunity.     

Main nutrient compounds in food bodies of Mexican <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia</Emphasis> ant-plants

Summary. Myrmecophytic plants use obligate ant mutualists as a constitutive indirect defence mechanism. These plants often produce cellular food bodies (FBs) to nourish their resident ants. Lipids, proteins, and even highly specialised compounds such as glycogen have been reported from FBs, but detailed chemical analyses of FB composition have so far been presented only for Southeast Asian Macaranga and Central American Piper myrmecophytes. Here we report the chemical composition of FBs of five myrmecophytic Acacia (Fabaceae) species from Mexico using HPLC (carbohydrates and proteins) and GC-MS (lipids). Feeding experiments revealed no hints on any use of external food sources by the inhabiting Pseudomyrmex ants. These ants obviously rely completely on FBs and extrafloral nectar provided by their hosts. The total content of nutrients in Acacia FBs was 15-25% of FB dry mass, being much lower than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Proteins were dominating (8-14 % dm) in Acacia FBs and thus were present in higher amounts than in Macaranga FBs, yet in lower amounts than in Piper. Lipids contributed 1-9 % of dry mass, showing a lower proportion than in FBs of Macaranga or Piper. Carbohydrates made up 3-11 % dm, reaching in most Acacia species the same range as observed in Macaranga and in Piper FBs. Water content was 18-24 % of FB fresh mass, and structural tissue obviously made up a much higher proportion in Acacia FBs than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Both characters might represent an adaptation to producing FBs unprotected at the leaf tips under dry conditions. Acacia FBs contain all amino acids and all fatty acids that are considered essential for insects, and their contents of lipids and proteins are higher than in the leaves from which they are ontogenetically derived. This indicates a putatively adaptive enrichment of nutritionally valuable compounds in structures functioning as ant-food.     

Examining the uncertain origin and management role of martens on Prince of Wales Island,Alaska

Conservation biologists are generally united in efforts to curtail the spread of non‐native species globally. However, the colonization history of a species is not always certain, and whether a species is considered non‐native or native depends on the conservation benchmark. Such ambiguities have led to inconsistent management. Within the Tongass National Forest of Alaska, the status of American marten (Martes americana) on the largest, most biologically diverse and deforested island, Prince of Wales (POW), is unclear. Ten martens were released to POW in the early 1930s, and it was generally believed to be the founding event, although this has been questioned. The uncertainty surrounding when and how martens colonized POW complicates management, especially because martens were selected as a design species for the Tongass. To explore the history of martens of POW we reviewed other plausible routes of colonization; genetically and isotopically analyzed putative marten fossils deposited in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene to verify marten occupancy of POW; and used contemporary genetic data from martens on POW and the mainland in coalescent simulations to identify the probable source of the present‐day marten population on POW. We found evidence for multiple routes of colonization by forest‐associated mammals beginning in the Holocene, which were likely used by American martens to naturally colonize POW. Although we cannot rule out human‐assisted movement of martens by Alaskan Natives or fur trappers, we suggest that martens be managed for persistence on POW. More generally, our findings illustrate the difficulty of labeling species as non‐native or native, even when genetic and paleo‐ecological data are available, and support the notion that community resilience or species invasiveness should be prioritized when making management decisions rather than more subjective and less certain conservation benchmarks.