再生聚丙烯增韧改性研究

对回收聚丙烯（RPP）进行增韧改性,制备回收聚丙烯,回收胶粉（RPP/WRP）和回收聚丙烯／热塑性弹性体POE（RPP／POE）共混材料,研究两种共混材料的韧性、力学、热、流变性能和形态。结果表明,RPP／WRP改性体系有较好的韧性和耐热性,较高的硬度,属于假塑性流体,回收胶粉可以部分替代POE作为某些制品的增韧剂。     

浅谈胶粉的应用（续二）

(接上期 )3　在塑料工业中的应用3 1　聚乙烯胶粉除用于橡胶中外 ,还可用于多种材料。与塑料共混具有实际意义 ,其可在塑料中任意数量掺用。若以塑料为基材 ,则称为胶粉增韧塑料 ;而以胶粉为基材 ,则称为塑料对胶粉增强 ,胶粉可以和各种塑料 ,如聚乙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯和热塑性弹性体共混 ,经共混后制成的新型材料通过模压、层压、压延、注塑和挤出等成型加工方法制成各种制品。其中聚乙烯是塑料材料中消耗量最大的品种 ,因此 ,胶粉改性聚乙烯具有实际意义。聚乙烯与胶粉共混 ,一般有非硫化型共混和硫化型共混两大类。非硫化型…     

不同弹性体对电子废弃物废PP改性效果的影响

针对废PP(聚丙烯)的抗冲击强度降幅明显的问题,分别采用POE(乙烯-辛烯共聚物)和SBS(苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物)作为增韧剂,对废PP共混改性效果进行了研究. 结果表明:POE和SBS均可有效改善废PP的韧性,提高冲击强度;当弹性体用量为15%(以w计,下同)左右时,其共混体系的冲击变化过程由脆性断裂逐渐向韧性断裂转变;添加16.7%的弹性体时,POE和SBS共混体系的冲击强度可分别达到新PP的2.33和1.90倍,但POE对共混体系的冲击性能改善效果更佳. POE较SBS在废PP基体中分布更为均匀,弹性体用量为16.7%时,PP/POE体系熔体流动速率为17.4g/10min,大于PP/SBS体系(6.21g/10min),即PP/POE体系具有加工优势. 但是添加弹性体后,废PP共混体系的拉伸强度、弯曲强度等指标有所下降,需进一步提高.      

论聚烯烃裂解反应中的油化效果增强效应

在废旧聚烯烃的裂解反应中,聚丙烯的存在,可以提高轻油馏份的收率,增强反应的油化效果,本文称之为聚烯烃裂解反应的增强效应。本文讨论了增强效应产生的机理,可为废旧塑料裂解油化技术的研究和开发提供参考。     

专利资讯

专利名称：玻纤增强聚丙烯塑料废料改性制作中空板原料的生产工艺 本发明涉及一种玻纤增强聚丙烯塑料废料改性应用于中空板的工艺,特征是将玻纤增强聚丙烯废料经烘箱剥离预处理;人工剥离面料,将纯的玻纤增强聚丙烯废料经粉碎,通过双螺杆挤出机挤出为玻纤增强聚丙烯塑料粒;取玻纤增强聚丙烯塑料粒、聚乙烯、阻燃剂、偶联剂和助剂共混,通过双螺杆挤出机挤出为改性混合塑料粒。     

共混塑料在海水中的光降解及海洋环境风险

共混塑料因其用途广泛且价格低廉,生产和使用量逐渐增加,然而共混塑料在海水中光降解及其海洋环境风险尚不明确.选取聚丙烯/热塑性淀粉共混塑料（PP/TPS）和聚乳酸/对苯二甲酸-己二酸丁二醇酯/热塑性淀粉共混塑料（PLA/PBAT/TPS）为研究对象,单一聚合物塑料聚丙烯（PP）和聚乳酸（PLA）作为对照,探究共混塑料在海水中光降解后微塑料（MPs）的形成和物理化学性质的变化.MPs的粒径分布显示,与PP和PLA相比,PP/TPS和PLA/PBAT/TPS光降解后容易产生尺寸更小的颗粒,主要原因是共混塑料机械性能和抗紫外线能力较差.共混塑料光降解后表面出现更多裂纹和褶皱,表面形貌发生明显变化,而PP和PLA变化不明显.ATR-FTIR光谱显示PP/TPS和PLA/PBAT/TPS光降解后热塑性淀粉（TPS）的特征峰减小,表明共混塑料的淀粉组分降解.C 1s光谱表明,老化共混塑料含有更少的—OH,进一步证实了TPS的光降解.以上结果表明PP/TPS和PLA/PBAT/TPS比PP和PLA光降解程度更高,从而产生更多小粒径MPs.综上所述,共混塑料可能比单一聚合物塑料对海洋环境风险更高,对共混塑料的生产和使用应谨慎.     

具有特定拓扑结构的聚烯烃高分子的合成

具有特定拓扑结构的聚合物合成一直是高分子合成化学领域的一个重要研究内容，设计和合成具有特定拓扑结构的聚烯烃高分子更是进一步发掘聚烯烃这一量大面广的通用高分子材料的性能、开拓其新的应用领域的重要手段。在催化剂和聚合方法的研究取得重要进展的基础上，近年来国际上在合成不同拓扑结构（包括嵌段、接枝、梳型和星型）的聚烯烃高分子研究方面发展也较快，所合成的部分高分子亦显示出独特的功能性。本文首先综述不同拓扑结构聚烯烃高分子合成的研究现状，然后结合近期化学所在此领域的研究进展，提出独特的以苯乙烯封端反应性聚烯烃为模块构建拓扑结构聚烯烃的新思路。     

改性氢氧化铝对聚丙烯物理化学性能的影响研究

采用熔融共混的方法将硅烷偶联剂改性后的氢氧化铝(Al(OH)3)填充到聚丙烯(PP)中,得到了Al(OH)3/PP复合材料。通过对Al(OH)3/PP复合材料的物理化学性能进行测试,发现当Al(OH)3的填充质量分数为8%时,聚丙烯的熔融指数由3.69 g/10 min提高至7.71 g/10 min,弯曲强度由28.87 MPa提高到了33.23 MPa,起始分解温度由428.5℃提高到了449.6℃,物理化学等性能与纯聚丙烯相比均有一定的提高。此外,加入Al(OH)3后聚丙烯的起始结晶温度和结晶度都有了一定的提高。     

PVDF阳离子交换膜制备进展研究

总结介绍了目前国内外以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)材料制备阳离子交换膜的研究动态和最新进展,PVDF阳离子交换膜制备的主要方法为接枝法和共混法,接枝法是在PVDF表面生成自由基增长点,共混制膜法是将PVDF与其它无机纳米颗粒或聚合物共混制得离子交换膜.具体介绍了这两种方法的原理和制备实例.多项研究表明对PVDF材料进行等离子体照射、化学处理、臭氧活化接枝以及与无机纳米颗粒、其它聚合物共混处理等方法可制得性能优异的阳离子交换膜,应用前景广阔.     

台湾加强聚烯烃废容器回收

据我国台湾省报纸报道，台湾“环保署”透露，台湾今年把废容器的回收率一律提高到70％。其中用聚乙稀、聚丙烯、玻璃等材料制作的容器，回收率的增幅将达扎％以上。去年台湾玻璃瓶的回收率仅为35％，聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯等容器的回收率为50％，所以当局决定把容器所用的材料统一规范，作出今年废容器回收率一律提高到70％的规定。据报道，台湾今年还将建立废弃物共同基金。有关厂商交纳废弃物处理费，由企业自行组成管理委员会，制定管理规定，以共同推动废弃物资的回收工作。台湾加强聚烯烃废容器回收     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.