共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 570 毫秒
1.
消防标准是消防监督管理工作的重要依据,广义的消防标准包括消防技术规范。消防技术规范与狭义的消防标准在标准化对象、作用、发布部门、文献分类法等诸多方面都有区别;消防技术规范提出了各类建筑物、构筑物必须满足的最低消防要求,并常常大量引用消防标准。我国现行国家强制消防技术规范40部,主要有通用规范和专用规范两大类;38部现行专用规范中标龄超过8年的有20部。为使我国消防技术规范得到更好的贯彻执行,建议国家消防技术规范采用3~5年的修订周期;针对诸如金属幕墙保温系统火灾等现实消防问题及时开展防火研究并尽快将其转化为消防技术规范要求,不断增强规范修订内容的适用性和前瞻性。消防技术规范的强制性条文尚需要从用词准确性和表述完整性等方面进一步加强。同时建议我国消防技术规范针对涉及重大消防安全利益问题的已有建筑或工程项目提出具体的消防要求。 相似文献
2.
事故致因模型是用于事故原因分析和预防的重要理论依据,模型的可操作性是决定事故预防效果的重要影响因素。对目前国内研究较为持续和系统的事故致因"2-4"模型进行了深入研究,以增强其在事故分析时的可操作性。首先,研究了事故致因"2-4"模型中组织内、外部原因的各个阶段原因因素的划分情况;其次,根据得到的各阶段原因因素划分结果,对应用事故致因"2-4"模型分析事故原因的因素进行了编码;最后,以一起重大瓦斯爆炸事故为例,对事故致因"2-4"模型原因因素编码系统的有效性进行了实证研究。划分了事故致因"2-4"模型中的各原因模块中的原因因素,并得到了不安全动作和物态、习惯性不安全行为、安全管理体系、安全文化、外部因素等5个层级原因,确定了基于事故致因"2-4"模型的30个原因因素。对事故原因因素进行系统编码,提高了应用事故致因"2-4"模型进行事故原因分析和事故预防的可操作性,增强了其应用实践性。 相似文献
3.
在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础. 相似文献
4.
为克服传统危险与可操作性(HAZOP)定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if(故障假设)方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。 相似文献
5.
Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems. 相似文献
6.
为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。 相似文献
7.
进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素(气象因子、气候、地形等),进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。 相似文献
8.
Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b). 相似文献
9.
为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。 相似文献
10.
Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
11.
In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported. 相似文献
12.
以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。 相似文献
13.
在系统论与控制论的背景下,定义建筑安全管理作为社会时效系统的控制模型、应用评价方程式,既可以定量地评价各种条件下建筑安全管理的绩效,又可以指导社会与企业建筑安全管理工作,实现建筑安全管理工作科学化与规范化。 相似文献
14.
Background: In 2011, about 30,000 people died in motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) in the United States. We sought to evaluate the causes of prehospital deaths related to MVCs and to assess whether these deaths were potentially preventable. Methods: Miami–Dade Medical Examiner records for 2011 were reviewed for all prehospital deaths of occupants of 4-wheeled motor vehicle collisions. Injuries were categorized by affected organ and anatomic location of the body. Cases were reviewed by a panel of 2 trauma surgeons to determine cause of death and whether the death was potentially preventable. Time to death and hospital arrival times were determined using the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data from 2002 to 2012, which allowed comparison of our local data to national prevalence estimates. Results: Local data revealed that 39% of the 98 deaths reviewed were potentially preventable (PPD). Significantly more patients with PPD had neurotrauma as a cause of death compared to those with a nonpreventable death (NPD) (44.7% vs. 25.0%, P =.049). NPDs were significantly more likely to have combined neurotrauma and hemorrhage as cause of death compared to PPDs (45.0% vs. 10.5%, P <.001). NPDs were significantly more likely to have injuries to the chest, pelvis, or spine. NPDs also had significantly more injuries to the following organ systems: lung, cardiac, and vascular chest (all P <.05). In the nationally representative FARS data from 2002 to 2012, 30% of deaths occurred on scene and another 32% occurred within 1 h of injury. When comparing the 2011 FARS data for Miami–Dade to the remainder of the United States in that year, percentage of deaths when reported on scene (25 vs. 23%, respectively) and within 1 h of injury (35 vs. 32%, respectively) were similar. Conclusions: Nationally, FARS data demonstrated that two thirds of all MVC deaths occurred within 1 h of injury. Over a third of prehospital MVC deaths were potentially preventable in our local sample. By examining injury patterns in PPDs, targeted intervention may be initiated. 相似文献
15.
研究了空气气氛下马尾松和楠木的树叶、树皮和树干试样的热解过程,发现每种试样的热解均包含两步主要的失重过程,在600℃时总失重均达90%以上.利用积分方法建立了适用于所有试样的两阶段一级动力学模型,实验失重曲线较好地符合模型计算出的失重曲线. 相似文献
16.
通过物理共混的方法,将固化剂及消泡剂加入到丙烯酸酯胶粘剂中,从而改善丙烯酸酯胶粘剂织造的无纬布表面粘手及不平整的问题,并利用电子拉力实验机对无纬布进行力学性能测试。研究表明:固化剂的添加可明显提高布样的粘结强度,并且布样的表面不粘手;消泡剂的添加能够明显改善布样的表观质量,布样表面平整、无气泡;添加固化剂可提高布样的力学性能,同时还可提高了材料的防弹性能,子弹穿透层数减少,布样的平均凹陷明显降低,减少了对人体的二次钝伤。 相似文献
17.
为探究如何提高地铁车站应急疏散的效率,以我国近十年来地铁常见事故类型统计为基础,在事故风险分析的前提下,利用风险矩阵和元胞自动机设定应急疏散等级,分析不同事故水平下相应疏散措施。以北京地铁西直门站为实例,使用疏散仿真软件Pathfinder构建模拟环境,对高峰时期下站内最短逃生路径进行疏散模拟;按照事故与疏散的响应过程,从预防次生事故角度出发,针对西直门站疏散过程中可能发生的踩踏事故的诱发因素进行优化;研究拥堵对疏散进度的具体影响,选取使用率较低的M通道设施,进行不同使用率下的多次模拟,得到最优的疏散方案,研究结果可为进一步提高疏散设施利用率、改善应急疏散效果提供技术支持。 相似文献
18.
为了探究密闭空间内通风对气体泄漏扩散过程的影响,基于FLACS模拟软件,对密闭空间内CO2泄漏及排散过程进行模拟,探讨入风口、出风口相对位置对泄漏及排散过程的影响。研究结果表明:入风口高度与出风口高度越高,越有利于CO2气体排散,应急排散时间更短;入风口位于屋顶时,CO2排散效果最好。 相似文献
19.
为对化工企业风险进行评价,根据公共安全三角形理论,从危险源破坏性、目标脆弱性和应急处置可恢复性3个方面建立风险分析模型。在危险源破坏性上,从事故发生可能性和事故后果危险性2个方面进行讨论并得出可能性和危险性系数。在目标脆弱性上,建立人和物的脆弱性计算模型得出目标脆弱性的系数。设立应急管理指标,结合专家评分得出应急处置可恢复性系数。将各系数归一化相乘得到化工安全风险分析整合系数,建立基于危险源破坏性(Destructiveness)、目标脆弱性(Vulnerability)、应急处置可恢复性(Recoverability)的DVR风险分析模型,并进行应用实例分析。结果表明:该模型在化工企业的风险评价中具有一定的实用性。 相似文献
20.
为了深入研究微波辐射条件下功率、辐射时间、渗透率、有效应力之间的关系,采用自行设计的微波辐射含瓦斯煤渗流实验系统,进行了不同微波功率、不同辐射时间条件下的煤样渗透率测量实验。研究结果表明:微波辐射条件下,渗透率与有效应力之间遵循负指数函数关系,拟合结果R2均大于0.98;渗透率随微波功率和辐射时间的增加单调递增,并且在低有效应力区数据增长的线性拟合斜率大于高有效应力区;煤样在微波作用下,相同的能量输入,微波功率越高,煤样渗透率越大;研究结果为微波辐射技术在煤层气开采领域的应用提供理论参考。 相似文献
|