闽江河口互花米草与短叶茳芏湿地土壤无机硫形态分布特征及其影响因素

选择闽江口鳝鱼滩不同淹水环境下两条样带(A样带,远离主潮沟且退潮后无积水;B样带,靠近主潮沟且退潮后有积水)上的短叶茳芏湿地和已被互花米草入侵(入侵前为短叶茳芏湿地)的互花米草湿地为研究对象,探讨不同类型湿地土壤无机硫赋存形态的分布特征及其主控因素.结果表明,B样带上互花米草湿地和短叶茳芏湿地土壤中的水溶性硫(H_2O-S)和吸附性硫(Adsorbed-S)含量总体上低于A样带,而盐酸可溶性硫(HCl-Soluble-S)和盐酸挥发性硫(HCl-Volatile-S)含量则高于A样带.短叶茳芏湿地和互米草湿地土壤中不同形态无机硫的含量在两条样带上整体均表现为HCl-Soluble-SH_2O-SAdsorbed-SHCl-Volatile-S,且二者的总无机硫含量分别占其TS含量的9.02%~15.50%和8.04%~12.73%.与短叶茳芏湿地相比,互花米草入侵分别使A样带土壤中H_2O-S、Adsorbed-S、HCl-Soluble-S、HCl-Volatile-S和总无机硫含量减少了35.2%、36.4%、16.8%、1.8%和26.12%;但使B样带表层土壤的总无机硫含量及0~20 cm土层的HCl-Soluble-S和HCl-Volatile-S含量分别增加了8.34%、15.34%和5.71%.研究发现,非长期淹水条件下,互花米草入侵后可降低湿地土壤有效硫的供给能力;长期淹水条件下,互花米草入侵可通过提高土壤中HCl-Soluble-S的含量增加金属硫化物沉淀,而挥发性硫含量的同步增加则可能对植被生长(特别是根系发育)产生不利影响.     

Limited scope for reproductive senescence in wild populations of a short-lived fish

Senescence in wild populations was long considered negligible but current evidence suggests that it is widespread in natural populations of mammals and birds, affecting the survival and reproductive output of older individuals. In contrast, little is known about reproductive senescence in species with asymptotic growth that can keep increasing their reproductive output as they grow older and larger. Using a cross-sectional study, we tested age-related decline in fecundity and relative allocation to reproduction in five wild populations of an annual killifish, Nothobranchius furzeri (Cyprinodontiformes). We did not detect any decline in absolute female egg production over their short lifespan in the wild. Relative fecundity (egg production controlled for female body mass) tended to decrease with age. This effect was driven primarily by a single population that survived 17 weeks, almost twice as long as the median persistence of the other four study populations. There was no decrease in relative ovary mass while in males, relative testes mass actually increased with age. Intra-population variation in relative ovary mass increased in older females suggesting heterogeneity in individual trajectories of female reproductive allocation. Overall, we demonstrate that annual killifish do not experience significant age-related decline in reproductive functions during their very short lifespan in the wild despite the marked deterioration of gonad tissue detected in captivity.     

互花米草入侵对广西北海光滩大型底栖动物群落的影响

为探讨互花米草入侵对广西北部湾光滩的生态影响,于2012年7月—2013年9月对北海市青山头地区的互花米草群丛和光滩2种生境分别连续进行5次大型底栖动物群落采样,分析不同采样时间和生境下大型底栖动物的物种组成、生物量、总栖息密度、群落生物多样性、群落结构等群落特征. 结果表明:①该区域内大型底栖动物共15种,隶属于4门5纲11科,其中中国绿螂(Glauconome chinensis)占互花米草群丛大型底栖动物个体总数的86.7%,为绝对优势物种;短指和尚蟹(Mictyris brevidactylus)为光滩的优势物种. ②双因素方差分析(two-way ANOVA)结果显示,互花米草入侵光滩后大型底栖动物物种数量显著增加,并且互花米草群丛中中国绿螂个体数量的剧增也显著增加了大型底栖动物的生物量和总栖息密度,而采样时间对大型底栖动物物种数、生物量和总栖息密度的影响不显著;不同生境和采样时间均未对大型底栖动物的多样性指数产生显著影响. ③非度量多维度分析(non-metric multidimensional scaling,NMDS)结果表明,互花米草群丛与光滩的大型底栖动物物种群落相似度较高,但与2012年10月相比,2013年9月互花米草和光滩大型底栖动物群落相似度降低,因此可能随着互花米草入侵时间的增加,其对大型底栖动物群落的影响也不同.      

Identifying a breeding habitat of a critically endangered fish, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acheilognathus typus</Emphasis>, in a natural river in Japan

Freshwater biodiversity has been severely threatened in recent years, and to conserve endangered species, their distribution and breeding habitats need to be clarified. However, identifying breeding sites in a large area is generally difficult. Here, by combining the emerging environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis with subsequent traditional collection surveys, we successfully identified a breeding habitat for the critically endangered freshwater fish Acheilognathus typus in the mainstream of Omono River in Akita Prefecture, Japan, which is one of the original habitats of this species. Based on DNA cytochrome B sequences of A. typus and closely related species, we developed species-specific primers and a probe that were used in real-time PCR for detecting A. typus eDNA. After verifying the specificity and applicability of the primers and probe on water samples from known artificial habitats, eDNA analysis was applied to water samples collected at 99 sites along Omono River. Two of the samples were positive for A. typus eDNA, and thus, small fixed nets and bottle traps were set out to capture adult fish and verify egg deposition in bivalves (the preferred breeding substrate for A. typus) in the corresponding regions. Mature female and male individuals and bivalves containing laid eggs were collected at one of the eDNA-positive sites. This was the first record of adult A. typus in Omono River in 11 years. This study highlights the value of eDNA analysis to guide conventional monitoring surveys and shows that combining both methods can provide important information on breeding sites that is essential for species’ conservation.     

欧美国家盐沼湿地生态恢复的基本观点、技术手段与工程实践进展

在我国,较大面积比例的盐沼湿地已在人为干扰与自然侵蚀的共同作用下,逐渐受损、退化并消亡。最近20 a来,在发达国家特别是美国,随着许多大规模盐沼湿地恢复工程的实施,为生态恢复理论提供了实践与验证的场所,在该领域正在逐渐形成基本观点与技术方法体系,这为我国今后开展类似工作提供了重要参考。本文探讨近年来欧美等国在盐沼湿地生态恢复方面的基本观点包括:受损与退化成因,生态恢复目标,生态恢复主要驱动力等;并总结生态恢复主要技术方法包括基底修复技术,水动力修复技术,植物引种技术等;进一步地以Delaware湾、Jamaica湾、Schelde河口为例介绍欧美等国在盐沼湿地恢复工程方面的最新进展;在此基础上针对我国国情,提出盐沼湿地保护与恢复的建议。     

Body size phenotypes are heritable and mediate fecundity but not fitness in the lepidopteran frugivore Cydia pomonella

The inheritance and functional roles of quantitative traits are central concerns of evolutionary ecology. We report two sets of experiments that investigated the heritability and reproductive consequences of body size phenotypes in a globally distributed lepidopteran frugivore, Cydia pomonella (L.). In our first set of experiments, we tested the hypotheses that (1) body size is heritable and (2) parental body size mediates egg production and offspring survival. Midparent–offspring regression analyses revealed that body mass is highly heritable for females and moderately heritable for males. The contribution of fathers to estimates of additive genetic variance was slightly greater than for mothers. Egg production increased with mean parental size, but offspring survival rates were equivalent. Based on this result, we tested two additional hypotheses in a second set of experiments: (3) male size moderates female egg production and egg fertility and (4) egg production, egg fertility, and offspring survival rate are influenced by female mating opportunities. Females paired with large males produced more eggs and a higher proportion of fertile eggs than females paired with small males. Females with multiple mating opportunities produced more fertile eggs than females paired with a single male. However, egg production and offspring survival rates were unaffected by the number of mating opportunities. Our experiments demonstrate that body mass is heritable in C. pomonella and that size phenotypes may mediate fecundity but not fitness. We conclude that male size can influence egg production and fertility, but female mate choice also plays a role in determining egg fertility.     

排水对若尔盖高寒沼泽CO2和CH4排放通量的影响

建立3块标准样地（天然沼泽、1990s和1970s排水沼泽）,于2014年生长季期间,采用静态箱-快速温室气体分析仪野外原位观测CO₂和CH₄排放通量.结果表明：沼泽排水增加了土壤温度（5,20,45cm）,但降低沼泽水位;1990s[（680±329）mg CO₂/（m²·h）]和1970s排水沼泽[（973±234）mg CO₂/（m²·h）]生态系统CO₂排放通量分别较天然沼泽增加了200%和330%,但CH₄排放通量[（0.78±0.52）mg CH₄/（m²·h）]和[（-0.01±0.02）mg CH₄/（m²·h）]较天然沼泽分别降低了90%和100%;综合考虑两者排放通量,1990s[（186±89）mg C/（m²·h）]和1970s排水沼泽[（265±64）mg C/（m²·h）]生态系统碳（C）排放通量较天然沼泽分别增加了180%和300%.天然沼泽、1990s和1970s排水沼泽生态系统CO₂排放通量与5cm土壤温度存在显著正相关,而仅1990s排水沼泽生态系统CO₂排放通量与水位存在显著负相关.天然沼泽生态系统CH₄排放通量与土壤温度（5,20,45cm）存在显著正相关,但1970s排水沼泽生态系统CH₄排放通量与土壤温度（20,45cm）存在显著负相关,1990s排水沼泽生态系统CH₄排放通量与水位存在显著正相关.沼泽排水显著增加了若尔盖高寒沼泽生态系统C排放通量,降低了沼泽C汇功能,可能增强区域气候变暖.     

乐清湾盐沼湿地有机碳密度及碳储量估算

滨海盐沼湿地是蓝色碳汇的重要组成部分,充分挖掘盐沼湿地碳汇能力对我国应对气候变化具有重要的理论和现实意义。本研究在探明乐清湾盐沼植被分布的基础上,采用野外采样和实验室测定相结合的方式,研究了典型盐沼植被的固碳能力,定量估算乐清湾盐沼湿地的碳储量,并系统地分析了不确定性。结果表明：（1）乐清湾主要优势种为入侵种互花米草,分布面积为3352.87 ha,另有盐地碱蓬、芦苇等本地盐沼植物呈零星分布;（2）互花米草具有强大的固碳能力,其碳密度由地上生物量碳密度、地下生物量碳密度、沉积物碳密度构成,共计（102.97±9.52）Mg C/ha,其中沉积物碳密度的贡献最大,达（91.11±9.49）Mg C/ha;(3)乐清湾互花米草盐沼湿地总碳储量达（345244.99±31935.38）Mg C,不确定性为12.01%。其中,地上生物量碳储量为（16700.11±4814.43）Mg C,地下生物量碳储量为（23076.19±10005.75）Mg C,沉积物碳储量为（305468.70±31823.15）Mg C。研究结果可为海湾盐沼湿地保护提供科学依据,为建立完善的碳储量监测和评估体系提供...     

滨海盐沼水文特征对盐地碱蓬定植过程的影响

为了揭示盐沼水文特征对植物定植的影响,选择黄河三角洲滨海盐沼无植被、具有一定水文梯度的区域,通过定点监测和野外控制实验展开研究。结果表明：（1）潮沟作为盐沼潮水的主要源汇通道,高程和水文特征在垂直潮沟方向上发生显著变化;在时间上,盐沼表面潮汐过程存在干湿季特点;在空间上,淹水频率和淹水时长随高程增加而降低。（2）土壤水盐特征与水文特征相关性不高,但趋势显著：盐度随着距潮沟距离的增加呈上升趋势,含水率则相反。（3）盐地碱蓬（Suaeda salsa）种子捕捉量、萌发率和幼苗存活率随距潮沟距离增加而下降,远离潮沟区域由于种子到达概率较低、萌发和生长条件较差,降低了植物成功定植的概率。     

江苏王港海岸湿地的围垦现状及湿地资源可持续利用

海岸湿地是全球生物生产量最高的生态系统之一,具有极高的资源开发价值和环境调节功能。王港地区是江苏沿海盐沼湿地发育的典型地区之一,随着盐沼湿地围垦的进行,湿地面积减少,环境退化。为了实现盐沼湿地资源的可持续利用,必须改变盐沼湿地开发利用的方式,发展科学的、有利于生态环境健康发展的产业,如开辟科研基地保护区、发展花卉、草坪业、滩涂生态旅游业、建立盐沼林牧复合生态系统、实行盐沼湿地的综合管理等,同时,还要严格执行相关的法律法规。     

互花米草入侵对滨海盐沼土壤甲基汞的影响

本研究跨越11个纬度选取了4个典型滨海盐沼湿地,通过对比分析互花米草湿地和其他盐沼湿地（没有互花米草的本地种单优或者共优群落湿地）的汞（THg）和甲基汞（MeHg）含量特征及环境因子,探究互花米草入侵对我国滨海盐沼湿地土壤甲基汞的影响.结果表明：（1）4个研究区THg含量高低顺序为闽江口（（115.327±18.220）μg/kg） > 杭州湾（（37.792±3.761）μg/kg） > 黄河三角洲（（27.690±4.359）μg/kg） > 盐城（（8.843±1.688）μg/kg）;MeHg含量为杭州湾（（0.589±0.134）μg/kg） > 黄河三角洲（（0.511±0.059）μg/kg） > 闽江口（（0.361±0.065）μg/kg） > 盐城（（0.191±0.027）μg/kg）.（2）综合4个研究区进行分析发现,互花米草入侵对盐沼湿地土壤MeHg和% MeHg的均没有显著影响,但是互花米草入侵著增加了黄河三角洲的MeHg含量（95.0%）.（3）在两种湿地类型中,% MeHg（甲基化率）和THg均呈现极显著的负相关关系,且二者之间的关系存在一个临界值（20~30μg/kg之间）,当THg小于临界值时,% MeHg与环境因子相关性较弱;当THg大于临界值时,% MeHg与环境因子显著相关.本研究从较大的空间尺度回答了互花米草入侵对滨海盐沼湿地甲基汞特征的影响,为全面评价互花米草入侵对我国滨海地区的影响提供了数据支持,为研究滨海滩涂地区汞的迁移转化提供了依据.     

Biogenic silica in intertidal marsh plants and associated sediments

Biogenic silica (BSi) contents in the marsh plants (Phragmites australis, Scirpus mariqueter and Spartina alterniflora) and associated sediments in Chongming Island eastern intertidal flat of the Yangtze Estuary were determined. The BSi contents in P. australis, S. mariqueter and S. alterniflora varied from 25.78–42.74 mg/g, 5.71–19.53 mg/g and 6.71–8.92 mg/g, respectively. Over the entire growth season, P. australis and S. mariqueter were characterized by linear accumulation patterns of BSi. The aboveground biomass (leaves and culms) of the marsh plants generally contained more BSi than underground biomass (roots). BSi contents were relatively higher in dead plant tissues than in live tissues which was probably due to the decomposition and the leaching of labile components of plant tissues such as organic carbon and nitrogen. Comparing with the habitats of S. mariqueter and S. alterniflora, the highest BSi content was recorded in sediments inhabited by P. australis, with an annual average of 15.69 mg/g. Overall, the intertidal marshes in the Yangtze Estuary may act as a net sink of BSi via plant uptake and sedimentary burial.     

基于生境适宜度的成都震后大熊猫生境评价

通过分析大熊猫生境适宜度指标,评价“5\512汶川大地震”对成都地震灾区大熊猫生境的影响并提出恢复措施. 结合大熊猫生境的物理环境、生物环境和压力三方面因素建立评价指标体系,运用层次分析法确定评价指标权重,并利用GIS空间叠加分析对大熊猫生境适宜度进行综合评价,将结果分为最适宜、适宜、较不适宜和不适宜4种类型. 对比地震前后大熊猫生境适宜度变化显示:震后大熊猫生境的景观破碎化程度明显增加,生态廊道受到不同程度的破坏,大熊猫适宜生境面积减少,其中,彭州市龙门山镇变化最大,适宜生境减少2 729.5 hm2;其次为都江堰市虹口乡、龙池镇与彭州市小鱼洞镇,其适宜生境分别减少1 760.4,303.5和241.1 hm2. 针对研究结果,提出恢复重建的优先次序以及需要生态修复的重点区域,给出优先采取工程和生物措施,并辅助以自然恢复的修复手段.      

Analyzing and quantitatively evaluating the organic matter source at different ecologic zones of tidal salt marsh,North Jiangsu Province, China

In order to explore the effect of different ecological zones and their above plants in the organic matter cycling of the whole tidal salt marsh, indicators such as total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), C/N ratio, δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N of surface, core sediments, and plants of tidal salt marshes in North Jiangsu Province are analyzed. Subsequently, distribution regularities of these measurement indicators are discussed, and the biogeochemistry processes between sediments and plants are also analyzed. Lastly, the organic matter sources of different ecologic zones in tidal salt marsh are evaluated, and the organic matter accumulations in different ecologic zones induced by their plants are also compared. These results indicate that TOC, TN, C/N ratio and δ¹³C showed obvious zonal distribution. The organic matter sources are dominated by marine input in the silt flat, artemisia schrenkiana flat, and the transition zone between silt and spartina alterniflora flat, and are controlled by terrigenous input in spartina alterniflora flat. Spartina alterniflora plays an important role in the accumulation of organic matter in the whole tidal salt marshes ecosystem. In the study area, the annually increased TOC, organic matter and TN in the spartina alterniflora, artemisia schrenkiana and reed flats reach 6,451, 12,043 and 536 t, respectively. The amount of TOC, organic matter and TN accumulated in the spartina alterniflora flat is more than that in other ecological zones, which shows that the spartina alterniflora flat exert a non-replaceable effect on the material cycle and exchange in the whole tidal salt marshes ecosystem. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2005, 26(6): 51–56 [译自: 环境科学]     

Intrinsic worker mortality depends on behavioral caste and the queens’ presence in a social insect

According to the classic life history theory, selection for longevity depends on age-dependant extrinsic mortality and fecundity. In social insects, the common life history trade-off between fecundity and longevity appears to be reversed, as the most fecund individual, the queen, often exceeds workers in lifespan several fold. But does fecundity directly affect intrinsic mortality also in social insect workers? And what is the effect of task on worker mortality? Here, we studied how social environment and behavioral caste affect intrinsic mortality of ant workers. We compared worker survival between queenless and queenright Temnothorax longispinosus nests and demonstrate that workers survive longer under the queens’ absence. Temnothorax ant workers fight over reproduction when the queen is absent and dominant workers lay eggs. Worker fertility might therefore increase lifespan, possibly due to a positive physiological link between fecundity and longevity, or better care for fertile workers. In social insects, division of labor among workers is age-dependant with young workers caring for the brood and old ones going out to forage. We therefore expected nurses to survive longer than foragers, which is what we found. Surprisingly, inactive inside workers showed a lower survival than nurses but comparable to that of foragers. The reduced longevity of inactive workers could be due to them being older than the nurses, or due to a positive effect of activity on lifespan. Overall, our study points to behavioral caste-dependent intrinsic mortality rates and a positive association between fertility and longevity not only in queens but also in ant workers.     

Response of gaseous carbon emissions to low-level salinity increase in tidal marsh ecosystem of the Min River estuary, southeastern China

Although estuarine tidal marshes are important contributors to the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, the relationship between carbon dioxide(CO_2), methane(CH_4)emission, and environmental factors, with respect to estuarine marshes, has not been clarified thoroughly. This study investigated the crucial factors controlling the emission of CO_2 and CH_4from a freshwater marsh and a brackish marsh located in a subtropical estuary in southeastern China, as well as their magnitude. The duration of the study period was November 2013 to October 2014. Relevant to both the field and incubation experiments, the CO_2 and CH_4emissions from the two marshes showed pronounced seasonal variations. The CO_2 and CH_4emissions from both marshes demonstrated significant positive correlations with the air/soil temperature(p 0.01), but negative correlations with the soil electrical conductivity and the pore water/tide water Cl-and SO_4~(2-)(p 0.01). The results indicate no significant difference in the CO_2 emissions between the freshwater and brackish marshes in the subtropical estuary, whereas there was a difference in the CH_4 emissions between the two sites(p 0.01). Although future sea-level rise and saltwater intrusion could reduce the CH_4 emissions from the estuarine freshwater marshes, these factors had little effect on the CO_2 emissions with respect to an increase in salinity of less than 5‰. The findings of this study could have important implications for estimating the global warming contributions of estuarine marshes along differing salinity gradients.     

苏北潮滩湿地不同生态带有机质来源辨析与定量估算

对苏北潮滩湿地表层沉积物以及不同生态带柱状沉积物与植被中的TOC、TN、C/N、δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N的含量进行分析,并通过不同的指标进行相互验证,探讨各测量指标的分布规律,分析不同生态带植被和沉积物间的生物地球化学作用,定量估算不同生态带有机物的来源,对比不同生态带及其植被在苏北潮滩湿地有机质富集中的作用.结果表明:TOC、TN、C/N和δ¹³C都表现出了比较明显的地带性分布特征;光滩以及光滩和互花米草过渡带内的有机质来源以海源为主,互花米草滩以陆源为主,盐蒿滩也以海源为主,互花米草对生态系统内的有机质有着重要的贡献;研究区互花米草滩、盐蒿滩和芦苇地内,每年新增的TOC、有机质和TN分别达到了6 451t、16 595t和536t;互花米草滩对TOC、有机质和TN的富集量要远大于其它几个带,在整个潮滩湿地生态系统的物质循环和交换中也发挥着不可替代的作用.     

Increase in membrane thickness during development compensates for eggshell thinning due to calcium uptake by the embryo in falcons

We compared membrane thickness of fully developed eggs with those of non-developed eggs in different endangered falcon taxa. To our knowledge, membrane thickness variation during development has never been examined before in falcons or any other wild bird. Yet, the egg membrane constitutes an important protective barrier for the developing embryo. Because eggshell thinning is a general process that occurs during bird development, caused by calcium uptake by the embryo, eggs are expected to be less protected and vulnerable to breakage near the end of development. Thus, egg membranes could play an important protective role in the later stages of development by getting relatively thicker. We used linear mixed models to explore the variation in membrane thickness (n = 378 eggs) in relation to developmental stage, taxon, female age, mass and identity (73 females), egg-laying sequence (105 clutches) and the study zone. Our results are consistent with the prediction that egg membranes are thicker in fully developed eggs than in non-developed eggs, suggesting that the increase in membrane thickness during development may compensate for eggshell thinning. In addition, our data shown that thicker membranes are associated with larger, heavier and relatively wider eggs, as well as with eggs that had thinner eggshells. Egg-laying sequence, female age and the study zone did not explain the observed variation of membrane thickness in the falcon taxa studied. As we provide quantitative data on membrane thickness variation during development in falcons not subjected to contamination or food limitation (i.e. bred under captive conditions), our data may be used as a reference for studies on eggs from natural populations. Considering the large variation in membrane thickness and the multiple factors affecting on it and its importance in the protection of the embryo, we encourage other researchers to include measurements on membranes in studies exploring eggshell thickness variation.     

紫花含笑适宜生境的保护空缺与人类干扰分析

以紫花含笑地理分布点数据为基础,结合地形和气候数据,使用最大熵（MaxEnt）模型,对紫花含笑的生境适宜度进行了评估,并基于阈值法,将紫花含笑生境分为适宜区和最适宜区,分析了紫花含笑生境适宜区和最适宜区在我国的地理分布、保护现状以及人类干扰状况,结果表明：年均降雨量对紫花含笑的分布影响最为重要,地形因子和温度因子对紫花含笑的分布影响相对较小;紫花含笑的生境最适宜区面积为13.7万km²,适宜区为27.0万km²,分布在22°~30°N,107°~120°E之间.广东、福建、广西、江西和湖南等5个省是紫花含笑生境最适宜分布区面积最广的地区;位于国家级自然保护区内的生境最适宜区和适宜区面积约占总面积的1.9%,大部分适宜生境未得到有效保护;紫花含笑生境适宜区和最适宜区内,林地是最大的土地利用类型,但是各项人类活动也占有相当大的比例.