MnO2/H2SO4溶液同时脱硫脱硝实验

采用MnO2/H2SO4溶液作为吸收液,以Fe3+作为催化剂在自制的鼓泡反应器内,对模拟烟气进行同时脱硫脱硝的实验研究,主要考察MnO2浓度、Fe3+浓度、pH值、反应温度、NO浓度、SO2浓度、氧含量、烟气流量等因素对SO2和NO脱除效率的影响.实验结果表明,MnO2浓度、Fe3+浓度、烟气流量、反应温度、NO浓度、SO2浓度对脱硝率影响显著,pH值、氧含量对脱硝率影响不大.在整个实验范围内脱硫效率总是保持在98%以上,脱硝效率最高达到70.9%.     

一步法烟气浸锰-脱硫的工艺参数及机理

应用一步法烟气浸锰-脱硫的新工艺,考察烟气流量、烟气SO2浓度、吸收时间、液固比及浸出时间等工艺参数对烟气氧化脱硫效果的影响,并运用溶液化学原理,对SO2及Mn2 在溶液中的组分进行了计算,研究Mn2 液相催化氧化烟气脱硫的机理.在吸收液pH值5-6时,锰主要以Mn2 形态存在,Mn2 的存在强化了从HSO-3开始发生的SO2氧化反应.采用菱锰矿为原料,能有效地脱除含SO2烟气中的硫,在实现烟气脱硫的同时自动调节溶液的pH值,并可从浸出液中回收高价值的硫酸锰.在最佳的工艺条件下,仅一步吸收过程,取得了锰浸出率85%,含SO2烟气脱硫率70%以上的效果.     

烟气脱硫菌株的筛选与烟气脱硫效率的影响因素

为了寻找烟道气中SO2的微生物转化方法,为微生物脱硫技术的工业化应用提供一定的技术依据,进行了烟气脱硫菌株的筛选和影响烟气脱硫效率有关因素的实验研究,结果表明,单一菌株中,5-2-1菌株的脱硫效率最高.培养12 d后,脱硫率达67.20%,与单一菌株相比,混合菌株有更好的脱硫能力;重金属、有机物、氟化物质对菌株脱硫能力的影响结果表明,在菌液中添加Fe3 、Mn2 不仅能促进菌株生长,还能提高生物菌株的脱硫能力;通过正交实验得出,影响生物菌株脱硫能力大小的因素顺序为:Fe3 >Mn2 >联苯>SO2 浓度>Cr3 >pb2 >pH,通过F显著性检验得知,Fe3 、Mn2、联苯的作用是显著的.     

电子束脱除烟道气中硫和氮过程的计算机模拟

电子束干法脱硫脱硝的技术可以同时去除烟道气中的NOx与SO2。根据该处理方法建立脱除NOx和SO2的化学反应机理，并使用计算机模拟的方法，考察体系温度、辐照剂量和氨浓度与去除效率的关系。     

赤泥与矿井废水在烟气脱硫中的应用

通过洗脱实验评价了工业废弃物赤泥、矿井废水对二氧化硫(SO2)的吸收能力,并将两者联合制成脱硫剂.实验结果表明,对于SO2含量为20000 mg·m-3的模拟烟气,当赤泥-矿井废水脱硫剂中固体投加浓度从0 mg·L-1提高到800 mg·L-1时,其对SO2的吸收量从372 mg·L-1提高到978 mg·L-1.矿井废水与赤泥的联合使用具有较高的脱硫效率,较低的脱硫成本,可实现以废治废的目的.     

K2SO4的添加对V2O5/AC催化/脱硫剂脱硫活性的促进作用

将K2SO4以等体积浸渍法担载在1wt%的V2O5/AC(V1/AC)催化/脱硫剂上,制备了K担载量分别为0.5wt%和1.0wt%的K2SO4-V1/AC催化剂.结果表明,K2SO4的担载显著促进了V1/AC催化/脱硫剂的脱硫活性,延长了SO2的穿透时间,增加了有效硫容;再生后二次脱硫活性基本得以恢复,促进作用继续保持,因此是该催化/脱硫剂的有效助剂.对于较高的K担载量(1.0%),适度升高再生温度至350℃有助于其二次活性的恢复.另外,在K2SO4担载的V1/AC催化剂上,脱硫过程中有K2SO4的形成,但只是中间产物而不是最终稳定产物,其对V1/AC催化/脱硫剂脱硫活性的促进作用,体现在中间物K2S2O7作为一个运输载体,促进了SO2的氧化产物SO3从催化剂氧化活性中心位置向周围孔道、储存位转移的过程,从而使得SO2的高转化率得以更长时间的保持.     

半焦脱硫剂脱除烟气中的SO_2

烟气脱硫作为净化大气、遏制酸雨的技术,在过去几十年中得到了迅速发展,并且在工业应用上取得了巨大成功,炭法烟气脱硫技术已经在国外得到商业化应用,能够100%脱除烟气中的SO2.国内、外在炭法烟气脱硫的工艺研究和机理探讨方面都做了大量的工作,如以多孔炭为物理吸附剂,通过变温吸附来获得纯SO2;以多孔炭作为催化剂,将SO2催化氧化变为硫酸.     

锅炉脱硫装置的现状与运行中投碱计量方法

介绍了天津市锅炉脱硫治理技术的现状,重点叙述了湿式脱硫装置高效去除SO2的有关技术方法。     

德氏假单胞R-8菌脱硫的“硫饥饿”诱导机理

以专一性脱硫菌德氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas delafieldii)R-8为出发菌株,构建了含有重组质粒pRT-D的重组菌株R-8-D.在不同硫酸盐浓度条件下,研究了R-8和R-8-D脱硫的"硫饥饿"诱导机理.结果表明,在充足的Na2SO4(＞0.023 mmol L-1)条件下,R-8菌首先利用硫酸盐生长,脱硫酶的合成受阻遏,DBT不被利用,而R-8菌处于"硫饥饿"状态(Na2SO4浓度≤0.023 mmol L-1)时,诱导了脱硫酶的合成,能利用DBT生长;Na2SO4在临界浓度以上时,R-8-D菌阻遏了脱硫基因的报告基因lacZ的表达,低于临界浓度时不抑制lacZ表达.本实验结果从细胞和分子水平上证实了R-8菌脱硫属"硫饥饿"诱导类型,并首次确定了脱硫微生物"硫饥饿"诱导的硫酸盐临界浓度为0.023 mmol L-1,为构建高活性的、不受硫酸盐抑制的脱硫工程菌提供了理论依据和技术支持.图10表1参14     

中国北方城市SO_2污染防治策略与总量控制方法

通过对中国北方城市SO2污染的季节性特点进行分析发现,减少采暖燃煤SO2排放,解决采暖期SO2污染,是SO2年日均值达标的关键。而改变采暖期能源结构和采暖方式,将传统燃煤取暖改为清洁能源取暖,提高电厂排放SO2占SO2排放总量中的比例,可以解决大多数北方城市采暖期SO2难以达标的问题。同时,通过电厂脱硫设施建设可有效控制SO2排放总量。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Potential for Electropositive Metal to Reduce the Interactions of Atlantic Sturgeon with Fishing Gear

Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus) populations have been declared either endangered or threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Effective measures to repel sturgeon from fishing gear would be beneficial to both fish and fishers because they could reduce both fishery‐associated mortality and the need for seasonal and area closures of specific fisheries. Some chondrostean fishes (e.g., sturgeons and paddlefishes) can detect weak electric field gradients (possibly as low as 5 Μv/cm) due to arrays of electroreceptors (ampullae of Lorenzini) on their snout and gill covers. Weak electric fields, such as those produced by electropositive metals (typically mixtures of the lanthanide elements), could therefore potentially be used as a deterrent. To test this idea, we recorded the behavioral responses of juvenile Atlantic sturgeon (31–43 cm fork length) to electropositive metal (primarily a mixture of the lanthanide elements neodymium and praseodymium) both in the presence and absence of food stimuli. Trials were conducted in an approximately 2.5 m diameter × 0.3 m deep tank, and fish behaviors were recorded with an overhead digital video camera. Video records were subsequently digitized (x, y coordinate system), the distance between the fish and the electropositive metal calculated, and data summarized by compiling frequency distributions with 5‐cm bins. Juvenile sturgeon showed clear avoidance of electropositive metal but only when food was present. On the basis of our results, we conclude that the electropositive metals, or other sources of weak electric fields, may eventually be used to reduce the interactions of Atlantic sturgeon with fishing gear, but further investigation is needed. El Potencial del Metal Electropositivo para Reducir las Interacciones del Esturión Atlántico con Instrumentos de Pesca Bouyoucos, Bushnell & Brill 13–003     

The role of time and species identities in spatial patterns of species richness and conservation

Many conservation actions are justified on the basis of managing biodiversity. Biodiversity, in terms of species richness, is largely the product of rare species. This is problematic because the intensity of sampling needed to characterize communities and patterns of rarity or to justify the use of surrogates has biased sampling in favor of space over time. However, environmental fluctuations interacting with community dynamics lead to temporal variations in where and when species occur, potentially affecting conservation planning by generating uncertainty about results of species distribution modeling (including range determinations), selection of surrogates for biodiversity, and the proportion of biodiversity composed of rare species. To have confidence in the evidence base for conservation actions, one must consider whether temporal replication is necessary to produce broad inferences. Using approximately 20 years of macrofaunal data from tidal flats in 2 harbors, we explored variation in the identity of rare, common, restricted range, and widespread species over time and space. Over time, rare taxa were more likely to increase in abundance or occurrence than to remain rare or disappear and to exhibit temporal patterns in their occurrence. Space–time congruency in ranges (i.e., spatially widespread taxa were also temporally widespread) was observed only where samples were collected across an environmental gradient. Fifteen percent of the taxa in both harbors changed over time from having spatially restricted ranges to having widespread ranges. Our findings suggest that rare species can provide stability against environmental change, because the majority of species were not random transients, but that selection of biodiversity surrogates requires temporal validation. Rarity needs to be considered both spatially and temporally, as species that occur randomly over time are likely to play a different role in ecosystem functioning than those exhibiting temporal structure (e.g., seasonality). Moreover, temporal structure offers the opportunity to place management and conservation activities within windows of maximum opportunity.     

Main nutrient compounds in food bodies of Mexican <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia</Emphasis> ant-plants

Summary. Myrmecophytic plants use obligate ant mutualists as a constitutive indirect defence mechanism. These plants often produce cellular food bodies (FBs) to nourish their resident ants. Lipids, proteins, and even highly specialised compounds such as glycogen have been reported from FBs, but detailed chemical analyses of FB composition have so far been presented only for Southeast Asian Macaranga and Central American Piper myrmecophytes. Here we report the chemical composition of FBs of five myrmecophytic Acacia (Fabaceae) species from Mexico using HPLC (carbohydrates and proteins) and GC-MS (lipids). Feeding experiments revealed no hints on any use of external food sources by the inhabiting Pseudomyrmex ants. These ants obviously rely completely on FBs and extrafloral nectar provided by their hosts. The total content of nutrients in Acacia FBs was 15-25% of FB dry mass, being much lower than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Proteins were dominating (8-14 % dm) in Acacia FBs and thus were present in higher amounts than in Macaranga FBs, yet in lower amounts than in Piper. Lipids contributed 1-9 % of dry mass, showing a lower proportion than in FBs of Macaranga or Piper. Carbohydrates made up 3-11 % dm, reaching in most Acacia species the same range as observed in Macaranga and in Piper FBs. Water content was 18-24 % of FB fresh mass, and structural tissue obviously made up a much higher proportion in Acacia FBs than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Both characters might represent an adaptation to producing FBs unprotected at the leaf tips under dry conditions. Acacia FBs contain all amino acids and all fatty acids that are considered essential for insects, and their contents of lipids and proteins are higher than in the leaves from which they are ontogenetically derived. This indicates a putatively adaptive enrichment of nutritionally valuable compounds in structures functioning as ant-food.     

Examining the uncertain origin and management role of martens on Prince of Wales Island,Alaska

Conservation biologists are generally united in efforts to curtail the spread of non‐native species globally. However, the colonization history of a species is not always certain, and whether a species is considered non‐native or native depends on the conservation benchmark. Such ambiguities have led to inconsistent management. Within the Tongass National Forest of Alaska, the status of American marten (Martes americana) on the largest, most biologically diverse and deforested island, Prince of Wales (POW), is unclear. Ten martens were released to POW in the early 1930s, and it was generally believed to be the founding event, although this has been questioned. The uncertainty surrounding when and how martens colonized POW complicates management, especially because martens were selected as a design species for the Tongass. To explore the history of martens of POW we reviewed other plausible routes of colonization; genetically and isotopically analyzed putative marten fossils deposited in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene to verify marten occupancy of POW; and used contemporary genetic data from martens on POW and the mainland in coalescent simulations to identify the probable source of the present‐day marten population on POW. We found evidence for multiple routes of colonization by forest‐associated mammals beginning in the Holocene, which were likely used by American martens to naturally colonize POW. Although we cannot rule out human‐assisted movement of martens by Alaskan Natives or fur trappers, we suggest that martens be managed for persistence on POW. More generally, our findings illustrate the difficulty of labeling species as non‐native or native, even when genetic and paleo‐ecological data are available, and support the notion that community resilience or species invasiveness should be prioritized when making management decisions rather than more subjective and less certain conservation benchmarks.