Spatial variability of isoproturon mineralizing activity within an agricultural field: geostatistical analysis of simple physicochemical and microbiological soil parameters

We assessed the spatial variability of isoproturon mineralization in relation to that of physicochemical and biological parameters in fifty soil samples regularly collected along a sampling grid delimited across a 0.36 ha field plot (40 x 90 m). Only faint relationships were observed between isoproturon mineralization and the soil pH, microbial C biomass, and organic nitrogen. Considerable spatial variability was observed for six of the nine parameters tested (isoproturon mineralization rates, organic nitrogen, genetic structure of the microbial communities, soil pH, microbial biomass and equivalent humidity). The map of isoproturon mineralization rates distribution was similar to that of soil pH, microbial biomass, and organic nitrogen but different from those of structure of the microbial communities and equivalent humidity. Geostatistics revealed that the spatial heterogeneity in the rate of degradation of isoproturon corresponded to that of soil pH and microbial biomass.     

Influence of humic fractions on retention of isoproturon residues in two Moroccan soils

The influence of different fractions of soil organic matter on the retention of the herbicide isoproturon (IPU) has been evaluated. Water and methanol extractable residues of (14)C labeled isoproturon have been determined in two Moroccan soils by beta -counting-liquid chromatography. The quantification of bound residues in soil and in different fractions of soil humic substances has been performed using pyrolysis/scintillation-detected gas-chromatography. Microbial mineralization of the herbicide and soil organic matter has been also monitored. Retention of isoproturon residues after 30-days incubation ranged from 22% to 32% (non-extractable fraction). The radioactivity extracted in an aqueous environment was from 20% to 33% of the amount used for the treatment; meanwhile, methanol was able to extract another 48%. Both soils showed quantities of bound residues into the humin fraction higher than humic and fulvic acids. The total amount of residues retained into the organic matter of the soils was about 65 % of non-extractable fraction, and this percentage did not change with incubation time; on the contrary, the sorption rate of the retention reaction is mostly influenced by the clay fraction and organic content of the soil. Only a little part of the herbicide was mineralized during the experimental time.     

Influence of humic fractions on retention of isoproturon residues in two Moroccan soils

The influence of different fractions of soil organic matter on the retention of the herbicide isoproturon (IPU) has been evaluated. Water and methanol extractable residues of ¹⁴C labeled isoproturon have been determined in two Moroccan soils by β -counting–liquid chromatography. The quantification of bound residues in soil and in different fractions of soil humic substances has been performed using pyrolysis/scintillation-detected gas-chromatography. Microbial mineralization of the herbicide and soil organic matter has been also monitored. Retention of isoproturon residues after 30-days incubation ranged from 22% to 32% (non-extractable fraction). The radioactivity extracted in an aqueous environment was from 20% to 33% of the amount used for the treatment; meanwhile, methanol was able to extract another 48%. Both soils showed quantities of bound residues into the humin fraction higher than humic and fulvic acids. The total amount of residues retained into the organic matter of the soils was about 65 % of non-extractable fraction, and this percentage did not change with incubation time; on the contrary, the sorption rate of the retention reaction is mostly influenced by the clay fraction and organic content of the soil. Only a little part of the herbicide was mineralized during the experimental time.     

Impact of soil water regime on degradation and plant uptake behaviour of the herbicide isoproturon in different soil types

The environmental fate of the worldwide used herbicide isoproturon was studied in four different, undisturbed lysimeters in the temperate zone of Middle Europe. To exclude climatic effects due to location, soils were collected at different regions in southern Germany and analyzed at a lysimeter station under identical environmental conditions. ¹⁴C-isoproturon mineralization varied between 2.59% and 57.95% in the different soils. Barley plants grown on these lysimeters accumulated ¹⁴C-pesticide residues from soil in partially high amounts and emitted ¹⁴CO₂ in an extent between 2.01% and 13.65% of the applied ¹⁴C-pesticide. Plant uptake and ¹⁴CO₂ emissions from plants were inversely linked to the mineralization of the pesticide in the various soils: High isoproturon mineralization in soil resulted in low plant uptake whereas low isoproturon mineralization in soil resulted in high uptake of isoproturon residues in crop plants and high ¹⁴CO₂ emission from plant surfaces. The soil water regime was identified as an essential factor that regulates degradation and plant uptake of isoproturon whereby the intensity of the impact of this factor is strongly dependent on the soil type.     

The fate of isoproturon in a freshwater microcosm with Lemna minor as a model organism

Degradation, bioaccumulation and volatile loss of the 14C-labeled phenylurea herbicide isoproturon (IPU) was examined in a freshwater microcosm with the free floating macrophyte species Lemna minor during a 21-day exposure time. Isoproturon volatilisation was very low with 0.13+/-0.01% of the initially applied herbicide. Only a minor amount of the herbicide was completely metabolised, presumably by rhizosphere microorganisms and released as 14CO2. In total, about 9% isoproturon was removed from the aquatic medium during 21 days. The major portion of the pesticide was removed by bioaccumulation of Lemna minor (5.0+/-0.8%) and the bioconcentration factor (BCF) based on freshweight was 15.8+/-0.2. However, this study indicated a high persistence of IPU in freshwater ecosystems and a potential hazard due to bioaccumulation in non-target species. The novel experimental system of this study, developed for easy use and multiple sampling abilities, enabled quantitatively studying the fate of isoproturon and showed high reproducibility with a mean average (14)C-recovery rate of 97.1+/-0.7%.     

Ecological impacts of the N-viro biosolids land-application for wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium. Ait) production in Nova Scotia

Land application of biosolids from processed sewage sludge may deteriorate soil, water, and plants. We investigated the impact of the N-Viro biosolids land-application on the quality of the soil water that moved through Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzols soil of Nova Scotia (NS) at the Wild Blueberry Research Institute, Debert, NS Canada. In addition, the response of major soilproperties and crop yield was also studied. Wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium. Ait) was grown under irrigated and rainfed conditions in 2008 and 2009. Four experimental treatments including (i) NI: N-Viro irrigated, (ii) NR: N-Viro rainfed, (iii) FI: inorganic fertilizer irrigated, and (iv) FR: inorganic fertilizer rainfed (control) were replicated 4 times under randomized complete block design. Soil samples were collected at the end of each year and analyzed for changes in cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil organic matter (SOM), and pH.Soil water samples were collected four times during the study period from the suction cup lysimeters installed within and below crop root zone at 20 and 40 cm depths, respectively. The samples were analyzed for a range of water quality parameters including conductance, hardness, pH, macro- and micronutrients, and the infectious pathogens Escherichia coli (E. coli) and salmonella. Berries were harvested for fruit yield estimates. Irrigation significantly increased CEC during 2008 and the soil pH decreased from 4.93 (2008) to 4.79 (2009). There were significant influences of irrigation, fertilizer, and their interaction, in some cases, on most of the soil water quality parameters except on the infectious bacteria. No presence of E. coli or salmonella were observed in soil and water samples, reflecting the absence of these bacteria in biosolids used in this experiment. Nutrient concentration in the soil water samples collected from the four treatments were higher in the sequence NI > NR > FI > FR. The irrigation treatment had significant effect on the unripe fruit yield. We conclude that the comparable performance of N-Viro biosolids and the increasing prices of inorganic fertilizers would compel farmers to use economically available N-Viro biosolids that, coupled with the supplemental irrigation, did not deteriorate the studied soil properties, soil water quality, and the wild blueberry yield during this experiment.     

The effects of particle size, organic matter content, crop residues and dissolved organic matter on the sorption kinetics of atrazine and isoproturon by clay soil

Reliable predictions of the fate and behaviour of pesticides in soils is dependent on the use of accurate ‘equilibrium’ sorption constants and/or rate coefficients. However, the sensitivity of these parameters to changes in the physicochemical characteristics of soil solids and interstitial solutions remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate the effects of soil organic matter content, particle size distribution, dissolved organic matter and the presence of crop residues (wheat straw and ash) on the sorption of the herbicides atrazine and isoproturon by a clay soil. Sorption K_d's derived from batch ‘equilibrium’ studies for both atrazine and isoproturon by <2 mm clay soil were approximately 3.5 L/kg. The similarity of K_oc's for isoproturon sorption by the <2 mm clay soil and <2 mm clay soil oxidised with hydrogen peroxide suggested that the sorption of this herbicide was strongly influenced by soil organic matter. By contrast, K_oc's for atrazine sorption by oxidised soil were three times greater than those for <2 mm soil, indicating that the soil mineral components might have affected sorption of this herbicide. No significant differences between the sorption of either herbicide by <2 mm clay soil and (i) <250 μm clay soil, (ii) clay soil mixed with wheat straw or ash at ratios similar to those observed under field conditions, (iii) <2 mm clay soil in the presence of dissolved organic matter as opposed to organic free water, were observed.     

Effects of temperature and water content on degradation of isoproturon in three soil profiles

The phenylurea herbicide isoproturon, 3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (IPU), is widely used to control pre- and post-emergence of grass and broad-leaved weeds in cereal crops. Its degradation in soils is a key process for assessing its leaching risk to groundwater resources. The degradation properties of various samples from surface and subsurface soil (down to 1m depth) of a heterogeneous agricultural field were studied using (14)C-IPU. Laboratory incubations were carried out at 22 and 10 degrees C and at water contents 90% and 50% of the estimated water holding capacity (eWHC) corresponding to water potentials between -56 kPa and -660 MPa. Degradation was found to be more sensitive to water content variations than to temperature variations in the ranges that we used. For surface layers, at 10 and 22 degrees C, the degradation half-life increased by a factor 10 and 15, respectively, when water content decreased from 90% to 50% eWHC. Under optimal degradation conditions (i.e. 22 degrees C and 90% eWHC), 3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-1-methylurea (MDIPU) was the main metabolite in surface samples. At subsurface depths, IPU half-lives were larger than 100 d, IPU was the main compound after 92 d of incubation and the main metabolite was an unidentified polar metabolite. These results suggest a metabolic pathway involving hydroxylations for subsurface materials. IPU degradation was largely affected by water availability in both surface and subsurface horizons. Clay content seemed to play a major role in degradation processes in subsurface soil by determining through sorption IPU availability in soil solution and/or by limiting water availability for microorganisms.     

Application of microbial hot spots enhances pesticide degradation in soils

Through transfer of an active, isoproturon degrading microbial community, pesticide mineralization could be successfully enhanced in various soils under laboratory and outdoor conditions. The microbes, extracted from a soil having high native ability to mineralize this chemical, were established on expanded clay particles and distributed to various soils in the form of microbial "hot spots". Both, diffusion controlled isoproturon mass flow towards these "hot spots" (6microg d(-1)) as well as microbial ability to mineralize the herbicide (approximately 5microg d(-1)) were identified as the main processes enabling a multiple augmentation of the native isoproturon mineralization even in soils with heavy metal contamination. Soil pH-value appears to exert an important effect on the sustainability of this process.     

Estimating the spatial scale of herbicide and soil interactions by nested sampling, hierarchical analysis of variance and residual maximum likelihood

An unbalanced nested sampling design was used to investigate the spatial scale of soil and herbicide interactions at the field scale. A hierarchical analysis of variance based on residual maximum likelihood (REML) was used to analyse the data and provide a first estimate of the variogram. Soil samples were taken at 108 locations at a range of separating distances in a 9 ha field to explore small and medium scale spatial variation. Soil organic matter content, pH, particle size distribution, microbial biomass and the degradation and sorption of the herbicide, isoproturon, were determined for each soil sample. A large proportion of the spatial variation in isoproturon degradation and sorption occurred at sampling intervals less than 60 m, however, the sampling design did not resolve the variation present at scales greater than this. A sampling interval of 20-25 m should ensure that the main spatial structures are identified for isoproturon degradation rate and sorption without too great a loss of information in this field.     

Photocatalytic degradation of isoproturon herbicide over TiO2/Al-MCM-41 composite systems using solar light

The present investigation covers immobilization of TiO2 using a simple solid state dispersion technique over mesoporous Al-MCM-41 support for the treatment of isoproturon herbicide. Catalysts are characterized by XRD, X-ray photo electron spectroscopy (XPS), surface area, UV-Vis diffused reflectance spectra (DRS), SEM and TEM. A detailed photocatalytic degradation study of isoproturon under solar light in aqueous suspensions is reported. The 10 wt% TiO2/Al-MCM-41 composite system found to be optimum with high degradation activity. The reaction follows pseudo-first order kinetics. The parameters like TiO2 loading over Al-MCM-41, amount of catalyst, concentration of substrate, pH effect, durability of the catalyst, activity comparison of TiO2 and Al-MCM-41 supported system are studied. The mineralization of isoproturon is monitored by TOC. Based on the degradation products detected through LC-MS, a plausible degradation mechanism is proposed. The data indicates that TiO2/Al-MCM-41 composite system is an effective photocatalyst for treatment of isoproturon in contaminated water.     

Ecological impacts of the N-viro biosolids land-application for wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium. Ait) production in Nova Scotia

Land application of biosolids from processed sewage sludge may deteriorate soil, water, and plants. We investigated the impact of the N-Viro biosolids land-application on the quality of the soil water that moved through Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzols soil of Nova Scotia (NS) at the Wild Blueberry Research Institute, Debert, NS Canada. In addition, the response of major soilproperties and crop yield was also studied. Wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium. Ait) was grown under irrigated and rainfed conditions in 2008 and 2009. Four experimental treatments including (i) NI: N-Viro irrigated, (ii) NR: N-Viro rainfed, (iii) FI: inorganic fertilizer irrigated, and (iv) FR: inorganic fertilizer rainfed (control) were replicated 4 times under randomized complete block design. Soil samples were collected at the end of each year and analyzed for changes in cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil organic matter (SOM), and pH.Soil water samples were collected four times during the study period from the suction cup lysimeters installed within and below crop root zone at 20 and 40 cm depths, respectively. The samples were analyzed for a range of water quality parameters including conductance, hardness, pH, macro- and micronutrients, and the infectious pathogens Escherichia coli (E. coli) and salmonella. Berries were harvested for fruit yield estimates. Irrigation significantly increased CEC during 2008 and the soil pH decreased from 4.93 (2008) to 4.79 (2009). There were significant influences of irrigation, fertilizer, and their interaction, in some cases, on most of the soil water quality parameters except on the infectious bacteria. No presence of E. coli or salmonella were observed in soil and water samples, reflecting the absence of these bacteria in biosolids used in this experiment. Nutrient concentration in the soil water samples collected from the four treatments were higher in the sequence NI > NR > FI > FR. The irrigation treatment had significant effect on the unripe fruit yield. We conclude that the comparable performance of N-Viro biosolids and the increasing prices of inorganic fertilizers would compel farmers to use economically available N-Viro biosolids that, coupled with the supplemental irrigation, did not deteriorate the studied soil properties, soil water quality, and the wild blueberry yield during this experiment.     

Multi-process herbicide transport in structured soil columns: experiments and model analysis

Model predictions of pesticide transport in structured soils are complicated by multiple processes acting concurrently. In this study, the hydraulic, physical, and chemical nonequilibrium (HNE, PNE, and CNE, respectively) processes governing herbicide transport under variably saturated flow conditions were studied. Bromide (Br-), isoproturon (IPU, 3-(4-isoprpylphenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) and terbuthylazine (TER, N2-tert-butyl-6-chloro-N4-ethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) were applied to two soil columns. An aggregated Ap soil column and a macroporous, aggregated Ah soil column were irrigated at a rate of 1 cm h(-1) for 3 h. Two more irrigations at the same rate and duration followed in weekly intervals. Nonlinear (Freundlich) equilibrium and two-site kinetic sorption parameters were determined for IPU and TER using batch experiments. The observed water flow and Br- transport were inversely simulated using mobile-immobile (MIM), dual-permeability (DPM), and combined triple-porosity (DP-MIM) numerical models implemented in HYDRUS-1D, with improving correspondence between empirical data and model results. Using the estimated HNE and PNE parameters together with batch-test derived equilibrium sorption parameters, the preferential breakthrough of the weakly adsorbed IPU in the Ah soil could be reasonably well predicted with the DPM approach, whereas leaching of the strongly adsorbed TER was predicted less well. The transport of IPU and TER through the aggregated Ap soil could be described consistently only when HNE, PNE, and CNE were simultaneously accounted for using the DPM. Inverse parameter estimation suggested that two-site kinetic sorption in inter-aggregate flow paths was reduced as compared to within aggregates, and that large values for the first-order degradation rate were an artifact caused by irreversible sorption. Overall, our results should be helpful to enhance the understanding and modeling of multi-process pesticide transport through structured soils during variably saturated water flow.     

Factors influencing 2,4-D sorption and mineralization in soil

This study quantified 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] sorption and mineralization rates in five soils as influenced by soil characteristics and nutrient contents. Results indicated that 2.4-D was weakly sorbed by soil, with Freundlich distribution coefficients ranging from 0.81 to 2.89 microg(1 - 1/n) g(-1) mL(1/n). First-order mineralization rate constants varied from 0.03 to 0.26, corresponding to calculated mineralization half-lives of 3 and 22 days, respectively. Herbicide sorption generally increased with increasing soil organic carbon content, but the extent of 2,4-D sorption per unit organic carbon varied among the soils due to differences in soil pH, clay content and/or organic matter quality. Herbicide mineralization rates were greater in soils that sorbed more 2,4-D per unit organic carbon, and that had greater soil nitrogen contents. We conclude that the effect of sorption on herbicide degradation cannot be generalized without a better understanding of the effects of soil characteristics and nutrient content on herbicide behavior in soil.     

Spatial variation in the degradation rate of the pesticides isoproturon, azoxystrobin and diflufenican in soil and its relationship with chemical and microbial properties

The extent of within field variability in the degradation rate of the pesticides isoproturon, azoxystrobin and diflufenican, and the role of intrinsic soil factors and technical errors in contributing to the variability, was investigated in sites on sandy-loam and clay-loam. At each site, 40 topsoil samples were taken from a 160 x 60 m area, and pesticides applied in the laboratory. Time to 25% dissipation (DT25) ranged between 13 and 61 weeks for diflufenican, 5.6 and 17.2 weeks for azoxystrobin, and 0.3 and 12.5 weeks for isoproturon. Variability in DT25 was higher in the sandy-loam in which there was also greatest variability in soil chemical and microbial properties. Technical error associated with pesticide extraction, analysis and lack of model fit during derivation of DT25 accounted for between 5.3 and 25.8% of the variability for isoproturon and azoxystrobin, but could account for almost all the variability for diflufenican. Azoxystrobin DT25, sorption and pH were significantly correlated.     

Effect of pH and the role of organic matter in the adsorption of isoproturon on soils

Equilibrium measurements were carried out with the herbicide isoproturon on natural adsorbents (brown forest-, chernozem-, sandy soils and quartz) in different buffered media (pH 5, 7, 8 phosphate buffer). Adsorption isotherms were fitted by a multi-step adsorption equation providing numerical information used in the environmental propagation models and risk assessment works. In the adsorption of the slightly polar isoproturon the dissolved organic matter of the soil and the pH play an important role. At molecular level, results are interpreted by taking into consideration the hydrophobic interaction and the formation of hydrogen bonds between the surface and the solute. The observed adsorption behavior indicates that the organic matter content of the soils and its soluble fulvic acid, alkaline soluble humic acid and insoluble humin fractions were considerable different. The chernozem soil containing the highest amount of insoluble organic fraction proved to be a very efficient adsorbent. The brown forest and the sandy soils exhibit rather similar adsorbent properties but at pH 7 the latter containing more fulvic acid adsorbs less isoproturon due to the enhanced solubility of the soil organic matter. In alkaline conditions the negatively charged solute and the surface repel each other and the hydrophobic interactions are also weaker than in neutral media.     

Spatial variability in the degradation rate of isoproturon in soil

Thirty samples of soil were taken at 50-m intersections on a grid pattern over an area of 250 x 200 m within a single field with nominally uniform soil characteristics. Incubations of isoproturon (3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) under standard conditions (15 degrees C; -33 kPa soil water potential) indicated considerable variation in degradation rate of the herbicide, with the time to 50% loss (DT50) varying from 6.5 to 30 days. The kinetics of degradation also varied between the sub-samples of soil. In many of them, there was an exponential decline in isoproturon residues; in others, exponential loss was followed by more rapid rates of decline; in a few soil samples, rapid rates of loss began shortly after the start of the incubations. In more detailed studies with soils from a smaller number of sub-sites (20), measurements were again made of isoproturon degradation rate, and the soils were analysed for organic matter content, pH, and nutrient status (N, P, K). Measurements were also made of isoproturon adsorption by the soils and of soil microbial biomass. Patterns of microbial metabolism were assessed using 95 substrates in Biolog GN plates. Soils showing rapid biodegradation were generally of higher pH and contained more available potassium than those showing slower degradation rates. They also had a larger microbial biomass and greater microbial metabolic diversity as determined by substrate utilisation on Biolog GN plates. The implications of the results for the efficacy and environmental behaviour of isoproturon are discussed.     

Impact of biochar application to a Mediterranean wheat crop on soil microbial activity and greenhouse gas fluxes

Biochar has been recently proposed as a management strategy to improve crop productivity and global warming mitigation. However, the effect of such approach on soil greenhouse gas fluxes is highly uncertain and few data from field experiments are available. In a field trial, cultivated with wheat, biochar was added to the soil (3 or 6 kg m⁻²) in two growing seasons (2008/2009 and 2009/2010) so to monitor the effect of treatments on microbial parameters 3 months and 14 months after char addition. N₂O, CH₄ and CO₂ fluxes were measured in the field during the first year after char addition. Biochar incorporation into the soil increased soil pH (from 5.2 to 6.7) and the rates of net N mineralization, soil microbial respiration and denitrification activity in the first 3 months, but after 14 months treated and control plots did not differ significantly. No changes in total microbial biomass and net nitrification rate were observed. In char treated plots, soil N₂O fluxes were from 26% to 79% lower than N₂O fluxes in control plots, excluding four sampling dates after the last fertilization with urea, when N₂O emissions were higher in char treated plots. However, due to the high spatial variability, the observed differences were rarely significant. No significant differences of CH₄ fluxes and field soil respiration were observed among different treatments, with just few exceptions. Overall the char treatments showed a minimal impact on microbial parameters and GHG fluxes over the first 14 months after biochar incorporation.     

Effect of sludge-amendment or nutrient addition on the biodegradation of the herbicide isoproturon in soil

Adding sludge to agricultural soil results in added organic matter, nutrients and metallic and/or organic pollutants. These components may modify the behaviour of pesticides in the soil. We monitored possible changes in the degradation of the herbicide isoproturon (production of CO2 and degradation products) in soil amended with sludge, heavy metals or nitrogen and phosphorus. The treated and control soils were incubated under controlled conditions for 60 days. The nitrogen and phosphorus had the greatest effect on isoproturon degradation, independent of the presence of pollutants. Mineralisation of the herbicide to CO2 was slow and seemed to be linked to a fast degradation and to the accumulation of a complex degradation product that was neither catabolized nor adsorbed, 4,4'-diisopropylazobenzene. This degradation pathway also produced smaller amounts of non-extractable residues. Sewage sludge had no significant effect on isoproturon degradation, despite a large increase of organic matter mineralisation (factor 2).     

Impact of four pesticides on the growth and metabolic activities of two photosynthetic algae

The acute toxicity was determined for soil algae Chlorella kesslerei and Anabaena inaequalis, exposed to pesticides lindane, pentachlorophenol (PCP), isoproturon (IPU), and methyl parathion (MP). Toxicity markers included growth inhibition, chlorophyll biosynthesis, and total carbohydrate content, as a function of dose and time. Concentration response functions (EC50) were estimated by probit data transformation and weighted linear regression analyses. Lindane's toxicity to Chlorella increased sharply with time (EC50 = 7490, 10.3, 0.09 mg L(-1); 24, 48, 72 h), but remained nearly constant through 72 h with Anabaena (8.7-6.7 mg L(-1); 24-72 h). PCP at low concentrations stimulated algal growth and chlorophyll a production, an effect reversed at higher doses. Anabaena was less tolerant of PCP and MP than was Chlorella. The 96-h static EC50 values for Chlorella were: 0.003, 34, 0.05, and 291 mg L(-1) for lindane, PCP, isoproturon, and MP, respectively; for Anabaena, these were 4.2, 0.13, 0.21, and 19 mg L(-1). Carbohydrate production responses were similar to those of cell density (growth) and chlorophyll biosynthesis, with MP having the lowest adverse impact. The overall relative toxicity among the four tested pesticides was: for Chlorella, lindane > IPU > PCP > MP; and for Anabaena, PCP > IPU > lindane > MP. The results confirm that toxicants such as these pesticides may affect individual (though related) species to significantly different degrees.