金属喷涂层在青海盐湖水中的腐蚀初探

喷锌、喷铝、喷锌铝合金三种保护层材料在青海格尔木盐水湖进行1年暴露试验,采用电化学方法研究了该金属喷涂层材料的腐蚀情况,并将其与碳钢的实验结果相对照,初步探讨了其耐蚀机理。     

阳极金属喷涂层在海水中的电化学性能

采用电化学方法,研究了喷涂用锌丝、锌铝合金丝和铝丝及其喷涂层在海水环境中的电化学性能和阴极保护性能;测试了3种喷涂层经实海曝露4年后的极化曲线。结果表明,3种喷涂层材料对碳钢在海水环境中均具有阴极保护效果,但喷锌涂层腐蚀较快,喷铝和喷锌铝合金涂层表面生成氧化膜,腐蚀较小。     

沈阳地区大气腐蚀调查研究

在沈阳市市区及郊区、新民及辽中两县乡村大气中，进行A3钢及锌历时两年的大气暴露试验，绘制了两种材料在沈阳地区的大气腐蚀图，讨论了大气环境因素对材料大气腐蚀的影响规律，并与同期西南酸雨地区的暴露试验结果进行了对比研究。     

新疆伊犁特克斯河山口水库中的材料制品腐蚀研究

目的了解不同涂层体系及金属材料在新疆伊犁特克斯流域的腐蚀行为,为特克斯河流域水利开发提供设计依据。方法通过实地投放金属涂层制品、涂层体系及金属材料,并按周期取样观察对比。结果获得了8种金属涂层、14种金属与封闭涂层、5种富锌涂料体系、10种复合涂层体系、2种碳钢材料和5种不同不锈钢和碳钢面积比偶合件0.5,2 a的试验结果。结论喷锌层是该水库中最适合的金属涂层;环氧封闭是表现最好的封闭涂层;环氧富锌是最好的富锌底漆;氯化橡胶、环氧沥青、环氧面漆、无溶剂耐磨环氧表面良好,适合用作面漆;脂肪族聚氨酯面漆、氟碳面漆不适合用于水下;可复涂聚氨酯用作面漆应视涂层体系谨慎使用;碳钢腐蚀速率和不锈钢与碳钢偶合件面积比之间存在显性的线性关系,不锈钢比例越大,碳钢腐蚀速度越快;镀锌层对钢丝绳有明显的保护作用,比未镀锌钢丝绳腐蚀较轻。     

纯锌在水环境中腐蚀行为

在淡水和海水环境中对纯锌进行实际曝露试验。结果表明,在淡水环境中,锌腐蚀率较小,腐蚀速率随时间延长而减小,生成的腐蚀产物具有一定的保护性能;在海洋环境,锌腐蚀严重,在全浸区1年试样就已腐蚀穿孔,其腐蚀速率随时间延长而减小,但在飞溅区却相反,腐蚀速率随时间延长而增加。     

碱性电池中无汞添加剂的研究

为了寻找碱性电池中取代汞的缓蚀剂，通过腐蚀实验、极化曲线的测量，研究了单质金属Ｉｎ、Ｂｉ和有机物添加剂—硫脲、聚乙二醇和ＣＴＭＢ的联合作用。利用恒电位控制电沉积的方法，研究了这些有机物添加剂对碱液中锌枝晶生长的抑制作用。实验结果表明，在锌粉中加入单质金属—Ｉｎ、Ｂｉ，可以提高锌在碱液中的析氢超电势，减缓锌的腐蚀速度［１，２］。实验结果还证明，Ｉｎ、Ｂｉ和ＣＴＭＢ联合作用，对锌电极的缓蚀效果非常明显，而且，对抑制锌枝晶的生长和防止锌电极的变形也有显著作用。因此，本文认为，这几种添加剂联合使用很有可能成为碱性电池中取代汞的缓蚀剂     

纯锌在热带海洋环境下的大气腐蚀行为及规律

研究了纯锌(99.99%)在海南湿热性海洋大气环境条件下的腐蚀规律,讨论了纯锌在户外暴露下的腐蚀行为.结果表明,纯锌在海南湿热性海洋大气环境条件下非常耐蚀,根据均匀腐蚀10级分类,属于1级,即完全耐蚀的级别;纯锌第1年的腐蚀速率与第2年以后的腐蚀速率有明显差距,根据ISO 9223采用纯锌第1年的腐蚀速率进行环境严酷度评级不够严谨.     

重庆市大气污染对锌材料腐蚀的经济损失分析

简要介绍了材料大气腐蚀经济损失的估算方法,并以2002年为基准年,选择了重庆市主城中心的6个功能区作为代表性区域,运用腐蚀破坏剂量响应函数和使用寿命计算公式对锌材料的腐蚀经济损失进行了定量估算.结果表明,由大气污染腐蚀破坏锌材料造成的年直接经济损失约为4061.7万元,约为同期GDP的0.1%.其中,干沉降对经济损失总量的贡献率在71%～99%之间,均值为92%.     

铝合金在流动海水中的腐蚀行为

对5种铝合金在流动海水中的腐蚀行为进行了研究。研究结果表明：在静止海水中．铝合金的耐蚀性与其自然腐蚀电位值存在一定的相关性，电位越负越耐蚀。在流动海水中，铝合金比普通碳钢和紫铜耐蚀，特别是铝镁系和铝镁锰系合金，可以与90／10铜镍合金媲关。但必须严格避免与电位较正金属偶合使用，越耐蚀的铝合金越容易遭到电偶腐蚀的危害。铝铜系和铝锌镁系合金，由于在流动海水中具有明显的剥落腐蚀敏感性，不宜用于流动海水腐蚀环境。     

上海大气质量与材料腐蚀速度的相关关系

为了研究材料腐蚀速度与大气质量的相关关系，进行了材料暴露试验。结果表明：⑴碳钢、铜、铜合金和大理石等材料，其完全暴露的腐蚀速度约为遮蔽暴露腐蚀速度的1倍；⑵铜、铜合金的腐蚀速度与SO2浓度非常相关，与TSP浓度显著相关，碳钢的腐蚀速度与SO2和TSP浓度也有一定的相关性；⑶铜、铜合金的腐蚀速度与SO4^2-湿沉降强度明显相关，而与NO^-3湿沉降强度无明显相关；⑷碳钢的腐蚀速度约为青天铜的50倍，纯铜的15倍。     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.