Predicted no-effect concentrations for mercury species and ecological risk assessment for mercury pollution in aquatic environment

Mercury(Hg) exists in different chemical forms presenting varied toxic potentials. It is necessary to explore an ecological risk assessment method for different mercury species in aquatic environment. The predicted no-effect concentrations(PNECs) for Hg(Ⅱ) and methyl mercury(Me Hg) in the aqueous phase, calculated using the species sensitivity distribution method and the assessment factor method, were 0.39 and 6.5 × 10-3μg/L, respectively. The partition theory of Hg between sediment and aqueous phases was considered, along with PNECs for the aqueous phase to conduct an ecological risk assessment for Hg in the sediment phase. Two case studies, one in China and one in the Western Black Sea, were conducted using these PNECs. The toxicity of mercury is heavily dependent on their forms,and their potential ecological risk should be respectively evaluated on the basis of mercury species.     

Predicted no-effect concentrations for mercury species and ecological risk assessment for mercury pollution in aquatic environment

Mercury (Hg) exists in different chemical forms presenting varied toxic potentials. It is necessary to explore an ecological risk assessment method for different mercury species in aquatic environment. The predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) for Hg(II) and methyl mercury (MeHg) in the aqueous phase, calculated using the species sensitivity distribution method and the assessment factor method, were 0.39 and 6.5 × 10^− 3 μg/L, respectively. The partition theory of Hg between sediment and aqueous phases was considered, along with PNECs for the aqueous phase to conduct an ecological risk assessment for Hg in the sediment phase. Two case studies, one in China and one in the Western Black Sea, were conducted using these PNECs. The toxicity of mercury is heavily dependent on their forms, and their potential ecological risk should be respectively evaluated on the basis of mercury species.     

Absorption characteristics of elemental mercury in mercury chloride solutions

Elemental mercury （Hg^0） in flue gases can be efficiently captured by mercury chloride （HgCl2） solution. However, the absorption behaviors and the influencing effects are still poorly understood. The mechanism of Hg^0 absorption by HgCl2 and the factors that control the removal were studied in this paper. It was found that when the mole ratio of Cl^- to HgCl2 is 10：1, the Hg^0 removal efficiency is the highest. Among the main mercury chloride species, HgCl3^- is the most efficient ion for Hg^0 removal in the HgCl2 absorption system when moderate concentrations of chloride ions exist. The Hg^0 absorption reactions in the aqueous phase were investigated computationaIIy using Moller-Plesset perturbation theory. The calculated Gibbs free energies and energy barriers are in excellent agreement with the results obtained from experiments. In the presence of SO3^2- and SO2, Hg^2＋ reduction occurred and Hg^0 removal efficiency decreased. The reduced Hg^0 removal can be controlled through increased chloride concentration to some degree. Low pH value in HgCla solution enhanced the Hg^0 removal efficiency, and the effect was more significant in dilute HgCl2 solutions. The presence of SO4^2- and NO3^- did not affect Hg^0 removal by HgCl2.     

总汞、甲基汞和硒在汞暴露大鼠脑、肝、肾中的分布

利用自动汞分析仪、GC-ECD和原子荧光分析了汞污染暴露1,3,7,20,30,90d后,大鼠脑、肝、肾中的总汞、甲基汞和硒的含量.结果表明,总汞、甲基汞含量随暴露时间的延长而显著增加;各组织对总汞和甲基汞蓄积量的顺序是肾>肝>脑;从甲基汞和总汞的比率分析发现,甲基汞很容易透过血脑屏障,并且在脑中有较高的蓄积;硒能够拮抗汞在脑、肝、肾中的蓄积水平.     

Economic benefits from decreased mercury emissions: Projections for 2020

Anthropogenic processes have increased the exposure of humans and wildlife to toxic methyl mercury (MeHg). Mercury emissions will increase by about 25% between 2005 and 2020, if the present trajectory is maintained. A global assessment of societal damages caused by the ingestion of methyl mercury, based merely on loss of IQ (Intelligence Quotient), suggests that the annual cost will be approximately US$3.7 billion (2005 dollars) in 2020. The corresponding cost of damages resulting from the inhalation of methyl mercury is estimated at US$2.9 million (2005 dollars). Under a higher degree of emission control such as in the case of the Extended Emission Control (EXEC) and the Maximum Feasible Technological Reduction (MFTR) scenarios, total emissions could decrease in the period 2005–2020 by about 50–60%. The corresponding annual benefits in 2020 are estimated to be about US$1.8–2.2 billion (2005 dollars). Large economic benefits can be achieved by reducing global mercury emissions.     

沿海城市降水中总汞及汞同位素特征研究

大气汞沉降是汞从排放源进入地表系统最主要的迁移途径,利用汞同位素追踪汞在大气中的迁移转化规律及潜在来源对研究汞的生物地球化学循环具有重要意义.本研究于2012—2013年对厦门市小坪、坂头、鼓浪屿和洪文站点降水中总汞(THg)浓度和汞同位素的变化特征进行了研究.结果表明,厦门降水中THg浓度为1.0～59.4 ng·L~(-1),大气THg湿沉降量为13.1μg·m~(-2)·a~(-1).厦门冷、暖季降水中THg浓度相当,但由于暖季丰沛的降水量,导致暖季THg的湿沉降量约为冷季的2.5倍.降水样品中均表现出负的偶数汞同位素质量分馏(δ~(202)Hg,-2.2‰～-1.5‰)、正的奇数汞同位素非质量分馏(Δ~(199)Hg,0.08‰～0.22‰),以及轻微偏正的偶数汞同位素非质量分馏(Δ~(200)Hg,0.01‰～0.07‰).厦门降水中奇数汞同位素非质量分馏是大气汞液相光致还原反应的结果.偶数汞同位素非质量分馏不明显与其处于较低的纬度有关.厦门降水中δ~(202)Hg接近于厦门当地及贵州燃煤烟气中的δ~(202)Hg值,表明厦门降水中汞可能受到本地或传输过来的燃煤排放的影响.     

Silver impregnated carbon for adsorption and desorption of elemental mercury vapors

The Hg0 vapor adsorption experimental results on a novel sorbent obtained by impregnating a commercially available activated carbon (Darco G60 from BDH) with silver nitrate were reported. The study was performed by using a fundamental approach, in an apparatus at laboratory scale in which a synthetic flue gas, formed by Hg0 vapors in a nitrogen gas stream, at a given temperature and mercury concentration, was flowed through a fixed bed of adsorbent material. Breakthrough curves and adsorption isotherms were obtained for bed temperatures of 90, 120 and 150°C and for Hg0 concentrations in the gas varying in the range of 0.8–5.0 mg/m3. The experimental gas-solid equilibrium data were used to evaluate the Langmuir parameters and the heat of adsorption. The experimental results showed that silver impregnated carbon was very effective to capture elemental mercury and the amount of mercury adsorbed by the carbon decreased as the bed temperature increased. In addition, to evaluate the possibility of adsorbent recovery, desorption was also studied. Desorption runs showed that both the adsorbing material and the mercury could be easily recovered, since at the end of desorption the residue on solid was almost negligible. The material balance on mercury and the constitutive equations of the adsorption phenomenon were integrated, leading to the evaluation of only one kinetic parameter which fits well both the experimentally determined breakthrough and desorption curves.     

我国大气环境中汞污染现状

综述了最近几十年中国大气汞的排放、分布、传输和沉降方面的研究.中国人为源每年汞排放量为世界最高,达到500~700t左右,超过全球人为排放量的25%~30%,并以每年4.2%的速度增加.通过已有观测和模型估算,中国来自自然地表过程(包括裸露地、地表水和森林土壤等)的汞排放量与人为源汞排放量相当,不容忽视.中国城市、农村和偏远地区大气汞浓度分布和变化范围很大,城市地区的总气态汞(TGM)浓度是北美和欧洲地区相似城市类型TGM的1.5~5倍左右;中国城市颗粒态汞(PHg)浓度比北美和欧洲地区高出2个数量级;中国沿海地区和偏远的背景区TGM、PHg和活性汞(RGM)低于中国内地城市地区,但是也明显高于背景值和北美和欧洲地区.相应地,高含量的大气汞浓度导致大量的大气汞沉降到地表,城市地区和背景区大气汞沉降分别比北美地区高出1~2个数量级和1~2倍.     

Volcanic mercury in Pinus canariensis

Mercury (Hg) is a toxic element that is emitted to the atmosphere by both human activities and natural processes. Volcanic emissions are considered a natural source of mercury in the environment. In some cases, tree ring records taken close to volcanoes and their relation to volcanic activity over time are contradictory. In 1949, the Hoyo Negro volcano (La Palma-Canary Islands) produced significant pyroclastic flows that damaged the nearby stand of Pinus canariensis. Recently, 60 years after the eruption, we assessed mercury concentrations in the stem of a pine which survived volcano formation, located at a distance of 50 m from the crater. We show that Hg content in a wound caused by pyroclastic impacts (22.3 μg kg^?1) is an order of magnitude higher than the Hg concentrations measured in the xylem before and after the eruption (2.3 μg kg^?1). Thus, mercury emissions originating from the eruption remained only as a mark—in pyroclastic wounds—and can be considered a sporadic and very high mercury input that did not affect the overall Hg input in the xylem. In addition, mercury contents recorded in the phloem (9.5 μg kg^?1) and bark (6.0 μg kg^?1) suggest that mercury shifts towards non-living tissues of the pine, an aspect that can be related to detoxification in volcanism-adapted species.     

我国煤中汞含量水平及洗选过程汞流向分析

介绍了我国煤中汞含量与分布特征、煤中汞的赋存形态,分析了汞释放对环境的影响以及汞的脱除与控制技术。结果表明:我国(华南)晚三叠世(T3)煤中汞含量最高,平均含量为0.26μg/g;贫煤和无烟煤中汞含量最高,平均含量都超过0.20μg/g。含汞较高的晚三叠世、晚二叠世煤田主要分布于华南各地;多数煤中汞含量在0.300μg/g以下,但华南的江西、广西、贵州等地煤中汞含量总体水平较高;汞的赋存形态可分为有机结合态和无机结合态,煤中汞的控制方法可分为利用前脱汞、利用(燃烧)后脱汞和过程中汞形态转化。提出了煤炭洗选过程汞分布、脱除率和汞平衡等计算公式,指出了煤炭洗选过程中汞迁移行为的主要影响因素。     

在线大气汞分析仪渗透管标定方法研究

为了实现在线大气汞分析仪的自动标定,本文选用商用的汞渗透管,自主设计了渗透恒温装置(控温精度为0.1℃),搭建了大气汞分析仪的标定模块,利用该模块建立了3种标定方法.与本实验组研发的在线大气汞分析仪联用对3种方法进行对比研究.①稀释气法:与经典的渗透管动态配气法相同,通过改变稀释气体流量(1-5 L,精度为20 mL)...     

不同腐殖酸物质对土壤中汞的固定作用及植物吸收的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了不同腐殖酸物质对土壤有机结合态汞、全汞含量及土壤汞生物有效性的影响.结果表明,不同供试腐殖酸物质可以显著增加土壤中有机结合态汞和残留在土壤中汞的含量,降低土壤中汞的挥发量,从而有效降低土壤汞的生物有效性.与加入HgCl2但不施加腐殖酸物质的对照CK2相比,添加腐殖酸钠、提纯后的煤基腐殖酸、土壤腐殖酸、氨化风化煤、风化煤、褐煤、泥炭的处理中油菜对土壤中汞的吸收量分别降低了73.62%、71.11%、63.39%、40.05%、33.61%、22.26%、5.66%.     

Environmental analysis of mercury in China

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小兴安岭天然林不同林分汞含量分布特征与生物质汞库估算

植被主要通过叶片气孔吸收大气气态单质汞,森林植被是大气汞重要的汇.量化森林生物质汞库对了解全球汞循环至关重要.为揭示森林乔木层（乔木层分为树干、树叶、树枝、树根和树皮）、灌木层、草本层和凋落物层（凋落物层分为未分解层（Oi）、半分解层（Oe）和已分解层（Oa））汞含量和汞库分配,本研究选取黑龙江省凉水自然保护区小兴安岭原始林阔叶红松林、次生原始林云冷杉林和次生原始林白桦林3种原始林开展植物和凋落物汞含量和汞库调查.结果表明,乔木层各组织中汞含量遵循树皮 > 树叶 > 树枝 > 树根 > 树干的规律,云冷杉林乔木层汞含量总体上高于阔叶红松林及白桦林乔木层汞含量.凋落物中汞含量排序为Oa > Oe > Oi,原始林阔叶红松林凋落物汞含量高于次生原始林白桦林凋落物汞含量,但低于次生原始林云冷杉林凋落物汞含量.进一步估算生物质总汞库发现云冷杉林、阔叶红松林和白桦林分别为212、192和163 μg·m^-2.乔木层地上部分是森林生物质汞库的主体,其树皮汞库占总汞库的37.4%~43.5%,灌木层和草本层仅占总汞库的1%左右.本研究可为进一步评估森林生态系统在大气汞循环中的作用及预测森林火灾发生时生物质燃烧汞释放潜势提供基础数据.     

Economic analysis of atmospheric mercury emission control for coal-fired power plants in China

Coal combustion and mercury pollution are closely linked, and this relationship is particularly relevant in China, the world's largest coal consumer. This paper begins with a summary of recent China-specific studies on mercury removal by air pollution control technologies and then provides an economic analysis of mercury abatement from these emission control technologies at coal-fired power plants in China. This includes a cost-effectiveness analysis at the enterprise and sector level in China using 2010 as a baseline and projecting out to 2020 and 2030. Of the control technologies evaluated, the most cost-effective is a fabric filter installed upstream of the wet flue gas desulfurization system (FF + WFGD). Halogen injection (HI) is also a cost-effective mercury-specific control strategy, although it has not yet reached commercial maturity. The sector-level analysis shows that 193 tons of mercury was removed in 2010 in China's coal-fired power sector, with annualized mercury emission control costs of 2.7 billion Chinese Yuan. Under a projected 2030 Emission Control (EC) scenario with stringent mercury limits compared to Business As Usual (BAU) scenario, the increase of selective catalytic reduction systems (SCR) and the use of HI could contribute to 39 tons of mercury removal at a cost of 3.8 billion CNY. The economic analysis presented in this paper offers insights on air pollution control technologies and practices for enhancing atmospheric mercury control that can aid decision-making in policy design and private-sector investments.     

Ag-PANI/BiOI光催化剂湿法脱除气态单质汞

采用原位光还原和简易化学吸附法制备出新型的三元Ag负载聚苯胺/碘氧化铋（PANI/BiOI）系列光催化剂,在模拟烟气条件下考察了光催化剂的脱汞性能,研究了Ag负载量、反应温度和烟气成分等对脱汞活性的影响,采用N₂吸附-脱附、XRD、TEM、XPS、DRS等技术对光催化剂的物理化学属性进行表征.结果表明：添加PANI后,光催化剂的Hg⁰去除性能大幅提升.负载4wt%的Ag后,Ag（4%）PANI/Bi OI具有约98%的脱汞性能.无机阴离子NO₃^-、Cl^-和SO₄^2-对光催化剂脱汞性能的抑制作用较小,但CO₃^2-对光催化剂的活性抑制作用较大,脱汞效率明显下降至82%.与PANI/BiOI相比,Ag（4%）PANI/Bi OI的比表面积和总孔容增大,表明Ag纳米颗粒高度分散在PANI/Bi OI的表面.Ag-PANI/BiOI显示出较强的光吸收能力.Ag纳米颗粒的添加能显著增强PANI/Bi OI表面e^--h⁺对的有效分离.光催化剂高效脱汞的原因在于PANI、Bi OI之间良好的带隙匹配和Ag纳米颗粒的表面等离子体共振（SPR）效应.     

湿法脱硫浆液中石膏与汞的结合特性模拟研究

燃煤烟气湿法脱硫石膏中汞的大量富集限制了其应用范围且容易产生汞的二次逃逸问题.因此,本文对脱硫浆液中的汞在固相石膏的迁移转化规律进行了模拟研究,考察了不同操作条件和离子浓度的影响,探求汞进入石膏的量和形态的变化趋势.同时考察了温度、p H、石膏老化时间和结晶方式等对汞与石膏结合特性的影响,并对机理进行了探讨.结果表明,当液相汞浓度从0.16 mg·L-1增加到2.67 mg·L-1时,进入石膏的汞含量相应从0.38 mg·kg-1增加到4.17 mg·kg-1,但其占液相总汞的比例却呈先下降后不变的趋势.当石膏浆液浓度从1%增加到20%时,由液相进入石膏中的汞比例不断上升,但石膏汞含量却不断下降.基于实验结果推测汞与石膏结合的两种方式:石膏的内部包裹作用和石膏的表面吸附作用.另外,酸根离子浓度会改变浆液中游离汞的含量,从而影响石膏中汞的富集量:Cl-和NO-3对汞进入石膏有抑制作用,而SO2-4的存在会起到促进作用;铁、铝阳离子的存在会促进汞进入石膏,钙、镁阳离子对汞的富集基本无影响.     

Estimation of vegetative mercury emissions in China

Vegetative mercury emissions were estimated within the framework of Biogenic Emission Inventory System (BEIS3 V3.11). In this estimation, the 19 categories of U.S. Geological Survey landcover data were incorporated to generate the vegetation-specific mercury emissions in a 81-km Lambert Conformal model grid covering the total Chinese continent. The surface temperature and cloud-corrected solar radiation from a Mesoscale Meteorological model (MM5) were retrieved and used for calculating the diurnal variation...