利用等速采样原理克服动压平衡型烟尘采样仪在寒冷地区不能正常工作的问题

根据等速采样原理,探讨在标准状态下,采样体积的计算公式.当气温在0℃以下采样时,略去累计流量计、流量计前压力表、流量计前温度表,即不再用上述仪表测得参数求算采样体积,实现了冬季采样又简化了设备的结构.     

大气固定污染源低浓度颗粒物采样及分析技术研究进展

简述了我国现阶段大气固定污染源颗粒物监测中遇到的问题及低浓度颗粒物采样与分析技术研究的必要性,归纳了国外低浓度颗粒物采样分析技术要点,包括大体积采样、滤筒上游采样设备堆积颗粒物的回收、有效称重步骤的确立等,并对我国开展低浓度颗粒物采样及分析技术研究提出了相关建议.     

负压式水质采样器的研制及应用

概述了我国目前水质采样技术规范和水质采样器的现状 ;阐述了负压式水质采样器的结构组成、工作原理及采样方法。该采样器不需电源、携带方便 ,可有效地控制采样深度并实现分层采样。     

污染源废气中二噁英监测采样应注意的几个问题

解析废气中二噁英监测采样的现状及不足,针对生活垃圾焚烧炉(炉排炉)、蓄热式焚烧炉(RTO)和危险废物焚烧炉(回转窑)3种不同类型焚烧炉,考察了采样过程中烟道类型、采样时间和采样时间间隔不同对二噁英监测的影响。结果表明,在水平烟道和垂直烟道采样测得二噁英排放浓度水平相当,有垂直烟道时,优先在垂直烟道采样;间隔采样和连续采样二噁英测定结果基本一致,为了便于操作,建议均采用连续采样方式;采样时间上,生活垃圾焚烧炉应保证超过1 h,蓄热式焚烧炉以2 h左右为宜;间歇投料危险废物焚烧炉应尽量满足2 h以上,条件不许可时,可通过增加采样流量缩短采样时间保证采样量,并在危险废物完全燃烧前结束采样工作。     

主动采样法采集博物馆空气中微量污染气体

根据博物馆污染气体的种类,对气体主动采样法进行了采样器种类、吸收液种类和浓度、吸收液体积的选择。验证了气体采样流量、采样时间与气体采样浓度的线性关系,确定了酸性和碱性污染气体的主动采样方法,为监测文物保存环境污染气体提供了可行方法。     

大气连续采样质量保证初探

阐述了建立大气连续采样质量保证考核办法的必要性,介绍了大气连续采样质量保证考核办法的建立依据、考核内容、组织实施、应用举例及取得的成效,对如何做好大气连续采样的质量保证工作进行了初步探讨     

生物气溶胶采样技术研究进展

介绍了沉降法、撞击法和静电场吸附法等3种常见生物气溶胶采样技术的基本原理及各自的优缺点,指出其发展趋势为建立复合式、大流量联合采样技术及小活性粒子的采样技术,实现生物气溶胶的快速自动化采样.     

无线遥控水质自动采样系统的研发与应用

针对现行废水污染源采样中存在的问题,综合应用无线通信、自动控制、信息处理等现代技术,研发无线遥控水质自动采样系统。该系统集常规采样、质控采样、比对采样、超标采样等功能于一体,并可实现采样全程的远程无线遥控,大大增强废水采样的客观性、代表性、公正性,提高工作效率和快速反应能力。     

不同采样方法测算结果的分析与比较

通过瞬时采样、等时采样、等比例采样测算结果的分析和比较 ,说明用等比例采样法采集水样并核定出污染物的排放总量 ,解决了水样的代表性问题。     

浅谈水质采样的关键性质量控制措施

水质采样过程中的质量控制,包含采样前的准备工作和采样过程中的质量控制。文章通过对水质采样各个环节的阐述,提出了水质采样全过程中的关键性质量控制措施,以确保所采样品具有代表性、可比性、完整性和准确性,使监测结果更加准确可靠。     

气相和颗粒物中邻苯二甲酸酯的采样与检测技术

对邻苯二甲酸酯的性质及其在环境空气中的存在状态、样品采集技术与分析方法进行了综述,侧重介绍了样品的采集、净化、采样效率和采样与分析全过程的质量控制。     

Evaluating the effectiveness of routine water quality monitoring in Miyun reservoir based on geostatistical analysis

This study used geographic information system techniques and geostatistics methods to evaluate the effectiveness of routine water quality monitoring in the western segment of the Miyun reservoir in Beijing. Methodologies as well as the sampling design are evaluated. The single-layer evaluation and three integrated evaluation methods including principal component analysis (PCA), ordinary kriging (OK)_Mean, and Mean_Layers were used to validate the effectiveness of evaluation methods, and the effectiveness of each sampling design was validated by comparing their errors. Results indicated that, while a single-layer evaluation only shows the trophic state of water at a specific level, an integrated evaluation synthetically analyzes and evaluates the trophic state of the entire water body. Furthermore, results of the integrated analysis show that a PCA method is more accurate and can represent the trophic state of the entire water body. The OK_Mean and Mean_Layers methods are only able to represent the mean level for trophic state of the entire water body but cannot reflect local trophic state and distribution details. Although methods used in the routine monitoring of Miyun reservoir have some similarities to the OK_Mean and Mean_Layers methods, their range of errors and uncertainty are greater because of a lack of detailed spatial continuous information. The analysis on the number of sampling points shows that, within a certain range of error, minor changes of sampling points will have no obvious impact on the monitoring results. For the routine monitoring of western Miyun reservoir, using only three to five sampling points for monitoring is inadequate. According to our analysis, it is more appropriate to use at least ten sampling points for monitoring these areas.     

Workplace monitoring of hydrogen peroxide using titanyl-coated sorbents

The current methods of sampling hydrogen peroxide, based on bubbling in acid solutions (titanium tetrachloride or titanium oxysulfate), are unsuitable for personal sampling. An alternative medium has been developed: silica gel coated with titanium oxysulfate. Sample tubes of this new sampling medium are suitable for personal sampling. The sampling performance is the same as that of the methods based on bubbling, but the tubes must be desorbed as soon as possible, even if the spectrophotometric analysis can be postponed. Special emphasis has been placed on the possible interference by peracetic acid, which is currently used in conjunction with hydrogen peroxide in the food industry.     

燃煤电厂烟气中汞的采集与分析方法

汞的测试技术包括采样和分析两部分,其中汞含量的分析方法已经相对比较成熟,限制测试技术发展的诸多问题主要来源于取样过程。根据不同的取样方式,将现有测试技术分为湿式采样分析法、干式采样分析法以及在线分析技术3种,重点介绍了3种方法的采样原理、系统构成、过程的影响因素以及适用范围。最后针对CVAAS、CVAFS、AES 3种汞含量测定技术在Hg CEMS测试系统中的应用进行了对比介绍。     

被动采样在水体中有机污染监测的应用:以PAHs为例

半透膜采样技术是一种可原位、连续、动态监测水环境中非极性、弱极性有机污染物的被动采样技术,已在国内外发展20余年,但在环境监测中使用很少。从半透膜被动采样特点、采样器构造入手,着重对应用该技术的环节进行剖析,同时涉及被动采样结果及其评价方法。最后以多环芳烃（PAHs）为例,综述了近年来SPMD技术监控水体中非极性、弱极性有机污染物的常用分析技术及其发展。     

Volatile Organic Compounds: Sampling Methods and Their Worldwide Profile in Ambient Air

The atmosphere is a particularly difficult analytical system because of the very low levels of substances to be analysed, sharp variations in pollutant levels with time and location, differences in wind, temperature and humidity. This makes the selection of an efficient sampling technique for air analysis a key step to reliable results. Generally, methods for volatile organic compounds sampling include collection of the whole air or preconcentration of samples on adsorbents. All the methods vary from each other according to the sampling technique, type of sorbent, method of extraction and identification technique. In this review paper we discuss various important aspects for sampling of volatile organic compounds by the widely used and advanced sampling methods. Characteristics of various adsorbents used for VOCs sampling are also described. Furthermore, this paper makes an effort to comprehensively review the concentration levels of volatile organic compounds along with the methodology used for analysis, in major cities of the world.     

煤气化过程中气态污染物采样分析的研究进展

通过考察气态污染物采样方法的基本原理,对比分析国内外常压采样系统和加压采样系统的设计特征,选择煤气化过程中5种常见气态污染物为分析对象,列举常用的化学分析法和仪器分析法,为加压气化装置采样系统的设计提供参考材料和建议,归纳了一些有助于提高气态污染物检测数据可靠性的措施,希望能为煤气化过程中（特别是加压煤气化过程中）气态污染物采样系统的设计提供思路和借鉴。     

地下水采样方法比对研究

选取3种地下水采样方法开展方法比对研究。通过系统分析监测数据,指出了3种方法所采水样在基本水质参数、无机离子、金属、挥发性有机物以及感官类指标等项目监测上的显著差异,指出了各种方法的适用性并分析原因。结果表明:与贝勒管法、潜水泵法相比,低流速法有效地解决了采样操作过程中易产生的曝气问题;对井内水体扰动较小,降低了水样浊度;减小了井内水位的大幅度泄降,避免了不同层位间污染物的迁移及周边水和井内滞水的交叉污染;节约了场地操作时间和后期污水处理所需花费。因此,低流速法在采取代表性水质样品方面更具方法优势。     

地表水水样自然沉降放置试验与讨论

本文用四种方式对地表水样品的自然沉降在采样环节还是在分析环节进行实验,对BOD5、CODMn、CODcr之类分析时不需对样品进行预处理的项目有一定影响,自然沉降在分析环节的监测结果低于在采样环节的监测结果;对氨氮、总磷之类分析时需对样品进行预处理的项目影响几率基本持平。     

Non-intrusive characterization methods for wastewater-affected groundwater plumes discharging to an alpine lake

Streams and lakes in rocky environments are especially susceptible to nutrient loading from wastewater-affected groundwater plumes. However, the use of invasive techniques such as drilling wells, installing piezometers or seepage meters, to detect and characterize these plumes can be prohibitive. In this work, we report on the use of four non-intrusive methods for this purpose at a site in the Rocky Mountains. The methods included non-invasive geophysical surveys of subsurface electrical conductivity (EC), in-situ EC measurement of discharging groundwater at the lake-sediment interface, shoreline water sampling and nutrient analysis, and shoreline periphyton sampling and analysis of biomass and taxa relative abundance. The geophysical surveys were able to detect and delineate two high-EC plumes, with capacitively coupled ERI (OhmMapper) providing detailed two-dimensional images. In situ measurements at the suspected discharge locations confirmed the presence of high-EC water in the two plumes and corroborated their spatial extent. The nutrient and periphyton results showed that only one of the two high-EC plumes posed a current eutrophication threat, with elevated nitrogen and phosphorus levels, high localized periphyton biomass and major shifts in taxonomic composition to taxa that are commonly associated with anthropogenic nutrient loading. This study highlights the need to use non-intrusive methods in combination, with geophysical and water EC-based methods used for initial detection of wastewater-affected groundwater plumes, and nutrient or periphyton sampling used to characterize their ecological effects.