环保投资的费用-效益分析

文章讨论了环保投资的费用-效益分析原理,同时给出了环保投资的费用-效益分析步骤及评价技术.     

环保投资的费用-效益分析

文章讨论了环保投资的费用－－效益分析原理，同时给出了环保投资的费用－－效益分析步骤及评价技术。     

中国环境保护投资进展与展望

环保投资是环保工程项目实施的重要保障，为打好污染防治攻坚战、推进美丽中国和生态文明建设提供了有力支撑。本文回顾了近40多年来中国环保投资政策演进历程，将其划分为企业主体阶段（1979—2003年）、政企并重阶段（2004—2012年）、多元投资阶段（2013年至今）。从规模加大、构成丰富、渠道拓展及强化效益四个方面，总结了环保投资主要进展与成效。基于高质量发展不足、回报机制不健全、投资绩效待提高三个角度，识别当前环保投资存在的关键瓶颈。从强化气候投融资、鼓励投资机制创新、加大财政支出力度、促进多元投资、提高投资效益等五个方面，对未来环保投资政策优化方向进行了展望。     

中国环境管理、经济与法学学会 一九八七年国内学术活动计划

据悉,1987年中国环境管理、经济与法学学会的国内学术活动主要有如下几项(具体时间,以会议通知为准): 一、环境保护法体系学术讨论会。主要内容是:1.讨论环保法修改稿;2.探讨适合我国国情的环保立法体系;3.交流环保执法情况。会议时间是今年5月,会议地点是武汉市。二、工业企业环境保护考核指标经验交流会。主要是各省市和部门交流建立考核指标体系的经验。这次会议预计今年6月在秦皇岛市召开。三、环境保护投资效益问题学术讨论会。主要探讨环保投资的性质、范围,环保投资效益的考核方法和历年环保投资效益分析。这次会议将于今年     

国家“十二五”环保产业预测及政策分析

基于最近10年我国环保产业的发展状况,结合环境保护"十二五"规划战略研究,预测了"十二五"全国环境保护投资和环保产业的需求,识别了重点环保产业发展领域的投资需求和技术需求。预测表明,我国"十二五"环保投资约为3.1万亿元,占同期GDP的1.35%,环保产业产值为4.92万亿元,带动治理设施运行服务费用1.05万亿元,环保产业就业512万人。最后提出了"十二五"期间建议重点突破影响环保产业发展"瓶颈"的若干政策。     

市政污泥资源化利用经济效益分析——以珠海市市政污泥堆肥为例

城市化进程不断加快,所产生的市政污泥体量也越来越大,由此带来的污染不可忽视。对市政污泥的成分以及处理过程中存在的问题进行了分析,针对目前常用的污泥填埋法、焚烧法,对其优劣进行分析,认为其并不适用于环保标准越来越高的要求。提出将污泥转化为有机肥的技术措施,实现了市政污泥的资源化利用;利用效益费用法对该措施的经济效益进行分析,得到其净效益为1 779.03万元,经济效益费用比为1.67,该项目具有良好的经济效益。     

关于我国环境保护投资的界定与思考

对比分析了国内外环保投资范围的界定原则,解析了环保投资的内涵,从环保投资的性质、目的和内涵等方面提出了环保投资的界定原则。研究表明,目前我国环保投资统计口径比较混乱,环保投资虚高,且投资结构不尽合理,资金使用效率不高,造成污染治理和生态恢复速度一直滞后于环境污染和生态破坏速度。建议明晰环保投资定位,优化投资结构,明确投资范围,统一统计口径,拓宽投资融资渠道,保障投资金额,加强投资监管,提高投资使用效率,解决现有环境问题。     

关于提高环保设施运转率的探索

为提高环保设施的运转率,充分发挥投资效益,浙江省平湖县采取“硬件软件齐抓,内外约束并重”的对策,严把环保设施验收关,使全县环保设施运转率提高到90％以上。前几年,这个县的一些单位陆续兴建了一些污染治理设施。     

广东省环保产业协会——发挥中介组织作用帮助企业开拓市场

为贯彻国家环保局有关加速环保技术的推广应用,提高科技成果的转化率和环保投资效益,促进环境和经济协调发展的指示精神,广东省环保产业协会积极发挥中介组织作用,帮助广州兴华环保联合公司组织召开全省的兴华环保新技术、新产品专题推广会,收到较好的效果。广州兴华...     

我国水污染防治最佳实用技术的发展分析——兼论我国环保最佳实用技术的开发管理

从技术类型、机理、行业分布、综合效益等方面分析了1992—1996年评定的水污染防治最佳实用技术,讨论了环保最佳实用技术开发管理体制,提出了统筹规划、建立专项开发基金、完善制度建设等建议。     

Collective action: an alternative institutional arrangement for reducing water pollution in an industrial estate in India

This study explores the possibility of collective action as an alternative option for reducing water pollution for a cluster of small-scale industries. A case study of the Nandesari Industrial Estate in Gujarat, India, demonstrates the roles played by different agents, such as affected parties, polluters, non-governmental organizations, regulators and the court. The study empirically estimates the 'benefits' and 'costs' of water pollution abatement for a cluster of 250 small-scale industries at Nandesari, and uses these estimates for a social cost-benefit analysis. Benefits are estimated using the contingent valuation method, with a 'willingness to accept' format for the rural areas, and a 'willingness to pay' format for the urban area of the nearby Vadodara city. The article considers costs of command and control, market-based solutions and the option of common effluent treatment as alternative scenarios. It discusses how collective action and joint abatement at a common effluent treatment plant (CETP) by the 250 industries efficiently comply with the State Pollution Control Board norms, which had not been possible for the factories acting individually over the last 20 years. Finally, a detailed social cost-benefit analysis has been undertaken to estimate the net present social benefits with and without CETP. The cost-benefit analysis shows the economic advantage and social desirability of 'collective action' (joint treatment with CETP institutional arrangement) for water pollution abatement with respect to all possible scenarios comprising shadow prices of investment, foreign exchange, unskilled labour and equity considerations.     

The Benefits and Costs of Noise Reduction

This paper attempts to measure, in a cost-benefit analysis, a stricter noise abatement programme for noise originating from roads in Israel. Using the hedonic price method for three large cities and rural area transactions, a benefit from noise reduction was found. In order to perform a social cost-benefit analysis, a measure of benefit has been derived for 1 km of road and has been compared with the cost of noise reduction under different types of road structure. The results indicate that even though benefits have largely increased when compared to past decades (e.g. 1.2% of an average urban property value per 1 decibel reduction), the decision to insulate a given road is dependent on location and road structure. This raises the normative question of a national vs. regional standard that decision makers should be aware of and such studies could be of help in this respect.     

Resident Motivations and Willingness-to-Pay for Urban Biodiversity Conservation in Guangzhou (China)

The monetary assessment of biodiversity measures the welfare damages brought by biodiversity losses and the cost-benefit analysis of conservation projects in a socio-economic context. The contingent valuation method could include motivational factors to strengthen economic analysis of nature conservation. This study analyzed Guangzhou residents’ motivations and willingness-to-pay (WTP) for an urban biodiversity conservation program in the National Baiyun Mountain Scenic Area (BMSA). The peri-urban natural site, offering refuge to some endemic species, is under increasing development pressures for recreational and residential use. A questionnaire survey was conducted in the Guangzhou metropolitan area during June to October 2007. We interviewed face-to-face 720 stratified sampled households to probe residents’ attitudes towards the city’s environmental issues, motivations for urban nature conservation, and WTP for biodiversity conservation. Principal component analysis identified five motivational factors, including environmental benefit, ecological diversity, nature-culture interaction, landscape-recreation function, and intergenerational sustainability, which illustrated the general economic values of urban nature. Logistic regression was applied to predict the probability of people being willing to pay for the urban biodiversity conservation in BMSA. The significant predictors of WTP included household income and the factor nature-culture interaction. The median WTP estimated RMB149/household (about US$19.5/household) per year and an aggregate of RMB291 million (approximately US$19.5/household) per year and an aggregate of RMB291 million (approximately US38.2 million) annually to support the urban conservation project. Including public motivations into contingent valuation presents a promising approach to conduct cost-benefit analysis of public projects in China.     

环境税与环保制度的协调

排污费改革为环境税是环境保护领域的重大课题,环境税开征必须充分协调好与环境保护制度之间的关系。为协调与环境污染总量控制等环境行政管控制度的关系,应注重加强环境税的合作征管和联合执法,为行政管控提供较为顺畅的信息机制。为协调与排污权交易等环境经济制度的关系,应加强成本效益分析,妥善分配部门间权力与利益,并根据经济社会发展情况处理好地区发展和结构性配置等问题。     

Pricing Public Parks

Admission prices are typically charged for entry to archaeological sites, museums and historic buildings, although rarely to public parks. This study explores the feasibility of introducing an entry charge to a public park in Naples, the Bosco di Capodimonte. It investigates different pricing options: a revenue-maximizing price, a discriminatory price to deal with equity, a 'sufficing' price to cover maintenance costs and a welfare economic social optimal price. The analysis documents the effect of different entry charges on visit numbers and revenue collected, and includes a cost-benefit analysis of the admission price policy. Total consumer surplus is also calculated for the different entry price scenarios.     

Costs and benefits of improving wild salmon passage in a regulated river

This paper presents a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of a trade-off between salmon and hydropower production in the Ume/Vindel River, northern Sweden. A distinctive element of this analysis is that estimated changes in resource conditions are based on detailed river-specific data. A salmon population model was used to develop the scenario and a novel willingness to pay (WTP) question, which caters for uncertainty in a different manner, provided an interval estimate. Non-use values are the major contributors to the benefit (96–517 millions of Swedish kronor (MSEK)) of increasing the stock of wild salmon. Sensitivity analysis suggests that the opportunity costs in terms of lost electricity are typically higher than the estimated benefits.     

Efficiency of energy delivery systems: I. An economic and energy analysis

Energy-return-on-investment (ERI) analysis is a variation of more traditional cost-benefit analyses, a variation that is particularly important in times of diminishing fuel resources. We present a simple set of procedures for ERI analysis and apply those procedures to central New York State, where there is a proposal for a new 870 MW_e coal-fired generating station. We compared the energy and dollar costs of building that facility with the costs of an alternative comprehensive regional program of insulation. The analysis showed that regional insulation was more efficient in conserving energy than the plant was in providing it by at least a factor of 4 in economic terms and by a factor of more than 15 when viewed as energy returned on energy invested.     

THE ENHANCED ROLE OF WATER CONSERVATION IN THE COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF WATER PROJECTS1

The concept of water conservation has increased in importance because of revisions in the rules and procedures for performing cost-benefit analyses of federal water projects. These revisions include a requirement that nonstructural and water conservation measures be incorporated into economic assessments of projects. Project analyses will now proceed as if water supplies were allocated “most effectively,” that is, to their highest valued uses. A related requirement provides that the net benefits of any project should now be valued using willingness to pay measures. A specific cost-benefit methodology accommodating the revisions is constructed and discussed. Informational requirements for applying this methodology are identified. In addition to being consistent with federal mandates, this technique offers important advantages over the traditional “requirements” approach to water supply planning.     

Project appraisal and planning for overdeveloped countries: II. Shadow pricing under uncertainty

In the uncertainty that surrounds the future availability of nonrenewable natural resources and the efficacy of technological advance, the economic costing of resources should be undertaken probabilistically. While optimistic assumptions entail little change from the costing procedures used in conventional cost-benefit analysis, even moderately pessimistic assumptions lead to a much increased cost for nonrenewable resources. These lead in turn to a reappraisal of the value of investment and of the cost ascribed to other factors of production. Even when optimistic assumptions are deemed the more plausible, a utility-maximizing evaluation may still give more emphasis to pessimism.