生物稳定塘常规运行状态模拟与分析

利用在系统实验基础上建立的生态学模型对生物稳定塘的常规运行状态进行了模拟和计算,得到以下主要结论:多级塘各塘中的有机碳、无机氮及溶解性总磷浓度均随进水浓度的升高而增大,因而使用多级塘仍须严格控制进水水质;生物稳定塘系统有较高的去除有机氮的能力,但去除总氮的能力有限,出水中无机氮浓度仍较高;藻类含碳、氮、磷对进水浓度变化的响应规律一致,存在一个使藻类生长最佳的营养物浓度,本模拟中该浓度为进水C_(oi)=72.00mg/L,TN_i=23.80mg/L,TP_i=2.46mg/L,藻类浓度的提高有利于溶解性营养物质的去除;菌含碳、氮、磷对进水浓度变化的响应规律服从Monod方程。     

废水稳定塘底泥蓄积规律的分析

通过对底泥来源及组成的分析,认为底泥由可生物降解和不可生物降解两部分组成,并对每部分的蓄积规律及影响因素进行了分析研究,在此基础上建立了稳定塘底泥蓄积公式。根据该公式可得出:①底泥中不可生物降解部分的蓄积与塘运行时间成正比;②可生物降解部分的蓄积存在一个极限值;⑨塘底泥的蓄积与进水水质、水量及塘的运行状况密切相关,同时还受温度的影响。     

稳定塘处理造纸废水的试验研究

本文通过稳定塘生产性试验对造纸废水的稳定塘处理进行研究,对与塘效能有关的主要污染指标随温度的变化规律进行了全面的分析和讨论,论证了稳定塘中各主要污染指标的净化功能及变化规律。     

稳定塘中枝角类的生物指示作用

经实验观察发现,在多级稳定塘的各个级别中,由于水质的差异、枝角类的数量、颜色、个体大小三特性发生规律性变化,所以,可利用枝角类这些特性变化确定稳定塘污水净化的程度。     

多种稳定塘处理污水的比较研究

本文介绍了在实验室模拟条件下,曝气塘,厌氧塘,污泥厌氧塘和兼性塘的污水处理效果。结果表明,曝气塘对去除污水中的BOD_5,总氮和总磷效果较好。     

稳定塘中氧传递规律研究

在稳定塘污水处理过程中,氧是有机物好氧分解的重要组成部分,稳定塘中氧的来源有藻类光合放氧和大气复氧。本研究通过有光无光对比试验、大气复氧试验及对实际稳定塘中运行数据进行总结研究,定量分析藻类光合产氧和大气复氧量,计算在稳定塘中有机物的总去除量中各部分所占的比例,确定出大气复氧是稳定塘中氧传递的主要方式。      

影响氧化塘处理效果的因素分析及对策

针对镇海炼油厂氧化塘污水净化效果低的问题,进行了调查,并分折了影响氧化塘污水净化的五个因素,提出改造氧化塘的初步设想,即把目前单功能氧化塘改造成多级多功能的氧化塘,为今后氧化塘的改造提供参考意见。     

超深厌氧塘的技术特性

超深厌氧塘是一种稳定塘新工艺。与常规厌氧塘相比，具有ＢＯＤ５容积负荷大、占地面积小，受温度影响小的优点。探讨了它的工作机理，本研究确定了负荷、水深和去除率之间的定量关系以供实际应用。     

齐齐哈尔氧化塘改造后净化功能的研究

齐齐哈尔氧化塘是我国北方地区采用氧化塘技术处理城市混合污水的示范工程,现日处理城市混合污水25万吨.本文根据近几年的现场监测数据,分析氧化塘(厌氧塘、兼性塘、生态塘)在冬季和夏季处理城市混合污水的体积负荷、面积负荷和COD、BOD_5、SS在各塘的去除率,推导出COD、BOD_5、SS随距离降解的数学模型和BOD_5与COD的相关模型及这两项指标与温度变化的相关模型;对氧化塘中浮游生物体的群落结构及在氧化塘中的变化规律也进行了研究.与改造前对比,改造后的氧化塘处理城市混合污水的能力明显提高;其面积负荷和体积负荷均为厌氧塘>兼性塘>生态塘,冬季(冰封期),厌氧塘和兼性塘仍有一定的净化作用;COD、BOD_5、SS随距离呈e指数下降;为我国北方地区应用氧化塘技术处理城市混合污水提供了参数.     

新型稳定塘污水处理技术AIPS

由于资金和能源紧张,高效低耗的污水处理技术受到人们的重视。AIPS新型稳定塘是由美国Oswald教授研究开发,并有30a成功经验的污水处理技术。该技术具有低投资,低运行费用、易管理、比普通稳定塘占地少的优点。      

A study on the hydraulics of waste stabilization pond

In this study, tracer tests and organic removal tests were conducted on three different ponds in the purpose of evaluating the influence of the flow velocity and dispersion on the hydraulic efficiency of the pond. The authors have compared the hydraulic flow patterns among ponds with different configurations. Experimental and theoretical analyses were performed. This study indicated that the flow characteristics of square ponds are different from that of baffled ponds; the flow velocity and dispersion are equally important factors which affect the pond hydraulics; the number of inserting baffles can be optimized; and the hydraulic efficiency of multistage ponds is superior to that of baffled ponds.     

ABR反应器的结构参数对流动及混合特性的影响

为了改善ABR反应器的设计和运行,在实验室条件下,通过CFD(computational fluid dynamics,计算流体力学)技术和RTD(停留时间分布)曲线测试技术,分析不同结构参数下ABR反应器的流动和混合特性. 在此基础上,结合理论分析,确定ABR的最佳隔室数量. 结果表明:在反应器有效容积不变的情况下,随着ABR反应器内隔室数量由3个增至6个,ABR反应器内死区容积所占比例由15.51%降至1.87%,Pez(Peclet准数)由8.47升至16.67,N(串联数)由4.80升至8.88;隔室数量由3个增至4个、4个增至5个、5个增至6个时,死区容积所占比例的降幅分别为44.00%、74.50%、15.40%,Pez的增幅分别为36.88%、42.17%、32.57%,而N的增幅则分别为36.07%、1.95%、1.67%. 与5个隔室的ABR反应器相比,6个隔室的ABR反应器在死区容积所占比例、Pez和N等指标上尽管有所改善,但改善幅度已显著降低. 通过理论分析与混合参数模拟结果相结合,共同确定ABR反应器的最佳隔室数量为4个或5个.      

涡漩水流对混凝沉淀效果影响的研究

应用粒子图象测速技术，建立了研究往复隔板絮凝池涡漩流场的室内测试系统，对往复隔板絮凝池拐弯处水流涡漩运动进行了研究，运用粒子图象测速技术，可进行多点同步测量，获得速度随时间变化的平面和空间分布，因该技术是非常接触式的，不干扰流场，故提高了可靠性，使用量测系统软件，对不同方案的涡漩运动进行了分析，并对混凝沉淀效果进行了比较。     

磷在农田溪流中的动态变化

磷是水体富营养化的限制因子,河流系统是农业非点源污染物的主要运移通道,污染物在河流中的持留控制着污染物向受纳水体的输出.本次研究对象是巢湖流域一个长约1.8 km的农田源头溪流六岔河,河流由4个渠道型、1个水塘型和3个河口型断面构成,长度分别为1.3 km、0.15 km和0.36 km.在河流上设置9个监测点研究总磷、磷酸盐和悬浮物在六岔河中的持留空间特征,评价人为严重干扰下的农田溪流在农业非点源污染物运移中的生态功能.结果表明:总磷、磷酸盐、悬浮物在溪流中的持留和释放受溪流的渠道型、水塘型和河口型断面控制,水塘型和河口型断面是污染物持留的主要区域,总磷、磷酸盐和悬浮物在水塘型、河口型断面内的持留量分别占溪流持留量的58%、77%和58%;污染物在降雨-径流过程中的持留是溪流持留的主要部分,总磷、磷酸盐和悬浮物的持留分别占溪流持留量的96%、98%和93%;渠道型断面是溪流最主要的内在污染源,总磷、磷酸盐和悬浮物的释放分别占溪流释放量的93%、99%和94%;养分和悬浮物在渠道型断面中具有不同的持留特性,而位于水塘前的渠道型断面在基流和降雨-径流过程中均能有效地持留污染物.     

Hydraulic characteristics of an anaerobic baffled reactor as onsite wastewater treatment system

The feasibility of using anaerobic baffled reactor(ABR)as onsite wastewater treatment system was discussed.The ABR consisted of one sedimentation chamber and three up-flow chambers in series was experimented under different peak flow factors(PFF of 1 to 6),superficial gas velocities(between 0.6 and 3.1 cm/hr)and hydraulic retention times(HRT)(24,36 and 48 hr).Residence time distribution(RTD)analyses were carried out to investigate the hydraulic characteristics of the ABR.It was found that the PFF resulted in hydraulic dead space.The dead space did not exceed 13% at PFF of 1,2 and 4 while there was 2-fold increase(26%)at PFF of 6.Superficial gas velocities did not result in more(biological)dead space.The mixing pattern of ABR tended to be a completelymixed reactor when PFF increased.Superficial gas velocities did not affect mixing pattern.The effects of PFF on mixing pattern could be minimized by higher HRT(48 hr).The tank-in-series(TIS)model(N=4)was suitable to describe the hydraulic behaviour of the studied system.The HRT of 48 hr was able to maintain the mixing pattern under different flow patterns,introducing satisfactory hydraulic efficiency.Chemical oxygen demand(COD)and total suspended solids(TSS)removals under all flow patterns were achieved more than 85% and 90%,respectively.The standard deviation of effluent COD and TSS concentration did not exceed 15 mg/L.     

粒子图像测速技术在往复隔板絮凝池中的应用

由于往复隔板絮凝池廊道狭窄、絮凝池拐弯水流结构复杂,致使整个流场的量测十分困难。采用了粒子图像测速技术,对其流场进行了量测与相关分析,提高了分析结果的准确性和可靠性。     

Hydrodynamic characteristics of a four-compartment periodic anaerobic ba ed reactor

Periodic anaerobic baffled reactor (PABR) is a novel reactor based on the design concept of anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR). Residence time distribution (RTD) studies on both clean and working reactors at the same hydraulic residence time (HRT) of 2 d were carried out to investigate the dead spaces and mixing patterns in PABRs at different organic loading rates (OLRs) in various switching manners and frequencies.The results showed that the fraction of dead space in PABR was similar to that in ABR,which was low in comparison with other reactor designs.Dead space may be divided into two categories,hydraulic and biological.In RTD studies without biomass,the hydraulic dead space in the PABR run in an"every second"switching manner with T=2 d was the lowest whereas that in the PABR run in a T=∞(ABR) switching manner was the highest.The same trend was obtained with the total dead space in RTD studies with biomass no matter what the OLR was.Biological dead space was the major contributor to dead space but affected decreasingly at higher OLR whichever switching manner the PABR run in.The flow patterns within the PABRs were intermediate between plug-flow and perfectly mixed under all the conditions tested.     

Spatial and temporal variability of agricultural pollutants in an agricultural headwater stream within a multipond system, southeastern China

The spatial and temporal variability of nutrients and suspended solids were investigated for two years in a 1.8 km agricultural headwater stream, located by Chaohu Lake, southeastern China. The stream form was greatly modified by human activities into channelized, pond and estuary shapes. The stream could be divided into 4 channelized reaches(1.3 km), a pond reach(0.15 km) and 3 estuary reaches(0.36 km). It was found that nutrients and TSS concentrations in the stream showed temporal variability, and higher concentrations occurred in months with high precipitation and intensive agricultural activities. And, retention of total nitrogen ( TN ), nitrate ( NO3-N ),ammonium( NH4^ -N) and total suspended solids (TSS) predominantly occurred in the pond reach and estuary reaches with larger width and low current velocity. Pollutants retained in these reaches accounted for more than 50% of those retained in whole stream. The retention mostly happened in the rain-runoff events and it was 7 to 27 times than that in base flow. The results showed that the channelized reach was the most important source for pollutants release under either runoff or base flow, and its release accounted for more than 90% of whole stream release.There was a high spatial variability of nutrients retention in different channelized reaches. The channelized reach directly discharging into the pond did always retain nutrients and TSS under base flow and runoff conditions, whereas the other channelized reaches performed differently in different hydrological conditions. The high spatial and temporal variability of nutrients and TSS in the stream indicated that anthropogenic disturbance of the agricultural headwater stream, such as channelization and excavation, would be expected to decrease the capacity of nutrients retention in the stream.     

多点分区进水厌氧折流板反应器运行效能研究

以4格室单侧进水厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)为对照,研究了分区进水对ABR运行效果的影响.结果表明,在室温条件下,HRT=4 h时,单侧进水ABR对溶解性COD去除率为30%,而分区进水ABR对COD的去除率平均为35%,最高可达45%,COD去除率平均提高5%以上.分区进水ABR各室内生物种群主要以兼性水解酸化菌为主,同时亦存在产甲烷菌.分区进水避免了反应器第1格室内有机负荷过高,挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)过度积累的弊端,改善了反应器后部格室有机基质不足的现象,增强了反应器内微生物的活性,提高了对污染物去除的能力.     

环保疏浚堆场余水处理生产性试验研究

介绍了环保疏浚底泥堆场和强化自然沉淀的设计方法,并针对环保疏浚工期短、产生的余水量大及其悬浮物含量高的特点,对不同余水处理技术进行了对比分析,选择了加药促沉法余水处理工艺,在太湖环保疏浚示范工程堆场进行了生产规模试验.结果表明,在堆场中设置溢流堰和导流墙,改善堆场的水力条件,延长水流路径,有利于颗粒的自由沉降,提高了颗粒在堆场中的沉淀效率.向输泥管投加絮凝剂,使其在输泥管中快速混合,在堆场中反应、沉淀;向堆场出水投加絮凝剂,通过隔板混合池快速混合,折流反应池反应,在沉淀池中沉淀,这2种投药方式都能保证余水达标排放,其中向堆场出水投加絮凝剂的方式加药量少且容易控制出水水质.