灾害学杂志1996年～1998年度所刊论文获奖情况汇编

编号作　者论　文　名　称刊　　期获奖情况1 许炳南陈世平 贵州农业“两旱”的气候特征及其防御 1 997年 1 2卷 2期贵州省科技进步三等奖2 丁宗洲安从俊湖北省碘缺乏病流行特征及防御对策 1 996年 1 1卷 4期湖北省科技进步三等奖3郭达志盛业华等地貌对矿区环境、灾害的影响与对策 1 996年 1 1卷 3期劳动部科技进步三等奖4孙振华上海市城市人为灾害的灰色预测 1 996年 1 1卷 2期上海市科技进步二等奖5石玉成石窑防震减灾与文物保护 1 998年 1 3卷 4期国家文物局科技进步四等奖6杜兴信等 渭河下游洪水、地震灾害综合风险分析与损失评估1 997…     

阿旗地震局落实短临跟踪责任

内蒙古赤峰市阿鲁科尔沁旗自2003年8月16日发生5．9级地震后，阿旗地震台作为监测地震活动的重点台站，时刻保持高度的警惕性，于2006年修订短临跟踪方案，科学细化相关责任，分解落实到人，建立群测群防有效预防的新机制，充分发挥专业优势和地域优势，进一步完善了观测人员岗位责任制，以岗定责，以责定奖，以奖促效，努力构筑全社会科学防御体系。     

河南省1942—1943年旱,风,蝗灾害略考

有史以来，河南水旱灾害频繁，不绝于书。１９４２～１９４３年河南又出现了特大旱灾，其灾情之重，范围之广，为近代史罕见。加上蝗蝻为患，干热风肆虐，造成麦秋绝大部分绝收，灾民饿死达数百万人。根据当时的有关资料，初步探讨，提供历史借鉴。     

脲酶抑制剂对EICP防风固沙效果的影响研究

植物源脲酶诱导碳酸钙沉积(EICP)的固化技术因其环境友好且经济高效，能够在荒漠风积沙表面形成固化层，起到防风固沙作用，逐渐被应用于土地荒漠化和沙化治理。然而，碳酸钙在土体表面的快速沉积，产生孔喉效应，使碳酸钙积淀在土体表面，造成固化深度浅、固化效果不均匀。为此，使用脲酶抑制剂延缓尿素水解，实现对碳酸钙沉淀生成速率的调控，进而优化土体表面固化效果，提高其防风固沙能力。结果表明，NBPT 的添加能有效延缓尿素水解速率，降低初期碳酸钙的生成速率，但不影响碳酸钙最终生成量。NBPT 的抑制效果与浓度、混合时间关系密切，浓度越高，混合时间越短，其抑制效果就越好。与未处理试样相比，无论是否添加 NBPT，经 EICP 处理的试样抗风蚀性均明显提高。向 EICP 溶液中添加 NBPT 能有效改善土体固化层表面强度、厚度和碳酸钙分布，浓度为 0.1 g/L 固化效果最佳。SEM 和 XRD 试验结果显示，添加 NBPT 后，碳酸钙晶体形貌多为球状和针簇状，而这种针簇状晶体之间的相互交织与嵌套可提高 EICP 固化效果。     

黄河下游历史泥沙灾害的宏观特征及其与流域因素及人类活动的关系(Ⅰ)──历史气候及植被因素的影响

以历史上黄河下游的决溢频率为泥沙灾害的代用指标；研究了黄河下游历史泥沙灾害的宏观特征．研 究表明，气候因素对黄河下游决溢频率有深远的影响．隋唐以前，天然植被尚未遭到显著破坏，当湿润指标 增大时，有利于植被的生长，故黄河下游决溢频率减小．１０世纪以后，二者的关系与此相反，当湿润指标增 大时，决溢频率也增大，反之亦然．每世纪大旱年颁次与每世纪决溢频次之间呈明显正相关，说明目前受到 各方面广泛关注的黄河下游“小水大灾”现象，在历史上已经存在．干旱时期中，河槽萎缩，一旦大水来 临，很容易发生决溢．以华山松树木年轮指数为气温的代用指标，研究了气温变化与决溢频率变化的关系， 结果表明，在５０ａ的尺度上，当气温降低时，决溢频率增大，反之亦然．人类活动是影响黄河下游泥沙灾害 的重要因素．     

内蒙古草地蝗虫生存与繁殖对气候变化的响应

在内蒙古典型草原区和荒漠草原区，形成了一些具有特殊生态适应性的蝗虫种群，这些种群随气候变化而消长。冬季低温对蝗卵的越冬不利，而入秋后寒潮或强冷空气出现日期的早晚，对蝗虫卵的威胁远远高于冬季低温的影响。春季如果出现一次性大于等于20mm的降雨，使0～20cm的土壤层水分含量剧增，则蝗卵容易发生霉烂而死亡。如果再出现强降温天气，对虫体更有致命的影响；相反，如果春季温度适宜，则降水就成为关键。春季降雨过少，既不利于蝗虫的破土出壳，又不利于出土蝗蝻取食，而在适宜温度范围内每旬有3～10mm的降水，则蝗卵发育最快，出土成虫率最高。蝗蝻至成虫期，最低温度的持续升高，更加接近蝗蝻生长所需的最适温度，此时蝗蝻遭遇致死温度的几率就越来越小。     

哈尔滨市降水形势对大气污染物浓度稀释的影响

大量的观测事实和分析表明，随着季节的变化，降水对大气污染物浓度稀释的影响是比较复杂的。冬季，降雪越多，严重污染出现的概率越大；降雪时的天气往往风速小，湿度大，空气层结较稳定，扩散能力较弱。春季，降水对污染物浓度的影响就大一些，降水对PM10有较大的稀释作用，尤其对NO2稀释的影响更大一些，高湿的低温东风雨水对污染物浓度有降低的作用。夏季，降水大于等于10．0mm时高温高湿降水对污染物的稀释作用较大。秋季，高湿气压降低，降水10mm以下，对污染物浓度有降低的作用。     

运动营养学 只要健康不要伤害

国人运动风气渐起，除了体坛盛事“北京奥运”引人瞩目外，假日安排户外休闲活动的人们也不在少数。然而，对于运动员或是运动量大的人们来说，在运动过程中，不正确的运作，过度运动，都将对身体造成一定程度的伤害。     

筑堤拦水及其隐患

公元前2350年中原地区洪水复发，黄河两岸平原成为一片汪洋。尧帝命令颛项之孙鲧专治水患。鲧大兴徒众，用石头和泥土垒成堤坝拦住洪水，作九仞之城，聚民居住。洪水来时，居民漂没。鲧又力事堙塞，九载无成。舜帝见鲧延误大事，将他处死，命令他的儿子禹为司空，付以治水之任，继续治水。禹离开刚刚结婚4天的妻子，四处奔走，总结父亲治水失败的教训和寻求根治水患的办法。在他父亲老帮手的治水实践中找到了“相地势之高下，定疏凿宣泄之法”。     

减少泥沙沿岸搬运 延缓拦门沙的淤积速度──米草生态工程在防治黄河改道中的作用初探

黄河口水动力作用的最显著特点是径流方向（ＷＥ）和潮流方向（ＳＮ）近于垂直。这一特点有利于三角洲的横向扩展［１］，但另一方面，由于沿岸流异常发育，加快了河口沉积速度，促进了拦门沙的发育，使河口处的河床抬高，泄流不畅，不利于黄河口外水下河道的自然下切延伸，最终诱发改道。米草生态工程可以通过防止泥沙沿岸搬运，降低海水含沙量，从而降低拦门沙的发育速度，保护黄河水下河道，最终起到降低河口变动频率，防治黄河改道的作用。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。