农田土壤中微囊藻毒素污染特征及风险评价

蓝藻水华释放的微囊藻毒素(MCs)通过灌溉、堆肥沤田等途径进入农田土壤造成污染.采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱串联质谱方法(HPLC-MS/MS)研究了滇池周边35个代表性农田土壤样品中3种典型微囊藻毒素(MC-LR、MC-RR、MC-YR)的含量、分布特征及风险水平.结果表明,MCs检出率为85.7%,总含量为n.d.~7.8μg/kg,平均含量为1.6 μg/kg,其中MC-RR检出率(82.9%)和含量(n.d.~5.3μg/kg)最高. 3种MCs的健康风险和生态风险均在可接受范围内,健康风险以MC-YR最大,生态风险以MC-LR最大.儿童以口腔暴露MCs为主,成人以皮肤暴露MCs为主,儿童暴露MCs的健康风险高于成人.     

洋河水库微囊藻毒素及产毒株种群丰度的时空分布特征

在洋河水库设置6个采样点,于2015年5—10月采集水样,利用高效液相色谱测定了微囊藻毒素(MC-LR、MC-RR、MC-YR)的浓度,并采用基于mcy A和mcy B基因的荧光定量PCR技术检测产毒蓝藻与产毒微囊藻种群.同时,分析了水体中微囊藻毒素浓度和组成的时空分布特征,以及产毒蓝藻与产毒微囊藻丰度的动态变化.结果表明,洋河水库微囊藻毒素(Microcystins,MCs)浓度范围为0.24~10.99μg·L~(-1);水体中产毒蓝藻占总蓝藻种群丰度的7%~55%,产毒微囊藻占总微囊藻种群丰度的8%~59%,是主要的产毒蓝藻;微囊藻毒素浓度与产毒株种群丰度时空分布特征一致,季节变化规律为夏季秋季春季,空间分布表现为西洋河口附近区域高于东洋河口附近区域;而微囊藻毒素组成无显著时空差异,均以MC-RR和MC-LR 2种亚型为主.Pearson相关分析显示,产毒微囊藻种群丰度及其比例是影响微囊藻毒素浓度变化的主要因素,且其与总磷和叶绿素a浓度呈显著正相关(p0.01).     

太湖水中微囊藻毒素的测定及其分布特征

为了调查太湖水体中微囊藻毒素的污染程度,运用固相萃取-高效液相色谱技术测定了微囊藻毒素(MC-RR,MC-LR)的含量水平。该方法线性范围0.2～5 mg/L,相关系数大于0.99,2种藻毒素的最低检测限分别为0.05μg/L(MC-RR)和0.048μg/L(MC-LR)。结果表明,夏季太湖水体中MCs总体含量高于冬季;微囊藻毒素MC-LR的含量大于MC-RR。总体上看来,太湖北部(梅梁湾)水域中藻毒素的污染比其它区域水体严重。     

微囊藻毒素的提取纯化及制备方法研究

蓝藻水华污染所带来的主要危害是由毒蓝藻向水体中释放多种不同类型的微囊藻毒素(Microcystis,MCs),其中微囊藻毒素MC-LR和MC-RR是我国富营养化水体中最主要的2种藻毒素.为解决对MCs进行深入研究中的MCs纯品缺少问题,迫切需要研究1种有效提取.纯化、制备MCs的方法.以天然水华蓝藻为原料,建立了以甲醇溶液提取、固相萃取和半制备色谱分离为主要步骤的微囊藻毒素提取、纯化和制备的方法.通过优化提取、分离和制备条件,制备了一定量的微囊藻毒素MC-LR和MC-RR高纯度样品.样品经HPLC鉴定分析,纯度可达98%以上.干燥后可得2种微囊藻毒素纯品分别为MC-RR121.1μg,MC-LR62.8μg.     

基于太湖微囊藻毒素的叶绿素a阈值研究

以探讨叶绿素a(Chl-a)阈值为主要目的于2013年6~10月间每月在太湖采样,通过固相萃取超高效液相色谱串联质谱法对水体中3种微囊藻毒素(MC-LR、MC-RR、MC-YR)进行检测.利用SPSS软件分析各种形态的微囊藻毒素(MCs)与总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、Chl-a、高锰酸盐指数等富营养指标的相关性,分析了MC-LR、MCs与Chl-a的关系.结果表明,太湖MCs污染较严重,其浓度的空间分布特征为:梅梁湾>贡湖、西部沿岸区>湖心区>胥湖区、南部湖区,并以MC-LR浓度最高;相关性分析表明MC-LR、MC-RR、MC-YR及MCs均与高锰酸盐指数、TN、TP、Chl-a呈极显著正相关(P<0.01).结合饮用水中MC-LR和MCs的标准限值分析得出,太湖Chl-a的阈值是12.26 mg·m-3,与美国北卡罗莱纳州湖泊的Chl-a标准值比较属于安全阈值,具有一定的科学性.     

鞘氨醇单胞菌USTB-05对微囊藻毒素的生物降解

研究了云南滇池水华蓝藻细胞中微囊藻毒素(MCs)的分析和鞘氨醇单胞菌USTB-05在细胞水平和酶水平下对MC-YR、RR和LR的生物降解.结果表明,云南滇池水华蓝藻细胞中MC-YR、RR和LR的含量分别为0.16, 0.96, 0.47mg/g.在初始浓度分别为19.5mg/L MC-YR、79.5mg/L MC-RR和43.6mg/L MC-LR下,鞘氨醇单胞菌USTB-05在2d内可将上述3种MCs全部降解,鞘氨醇单胞菌USTB-05粗酶液可以以更快的速率对MC-YR、MC-RR和MC-LR进行高效酶催化降解,在10h内可以将初始浓度分别为14.8mg/L MC-YR、28.4mg/L MC-RR和19.5mg/L MC-LR全部降解.同时发现了MC-YR降解过程中的2个中间和1个最终代谢产物.     

洱海水华期间饮用水源区产毒微囊藻和微囊藻毒素-LR的分布特征

水华期间微囊藻毒素的释放会严重影响洱海饮用水源水质安全.应用荧光定量PCR结合酶联免疫法快速检测洱海水华高发秋季(8—11月)主要旅游区和饮用水源地产毒微囊藻丰度和微囊藻毒素LR浓度.结果表明,荧光定量PCR方法能够快速定量洱海中总微囊藻种群和产毒微囊藻丰度,并且能有效预测洱海水体产毒潜能.洱海总微囊藻平均丰度为8.15×10~6copies·L~(-1),9月份均值最高,产毒微囊藻平均丰度为6.42×10~5copies·L~(-1),也于9月达到最高值,占总微囊藻的比例为1.0%~69.8%,水温和TP显著影响洱海总微囊藻丰度,低温、低P是洱海微囊藻水华的限制因子.洱海毒素峰值期为10月上旬,期间水源地微囊藻毒素和胞外微囊藻毒素全部检出,叶绿素a显著影响总微囊藻毒素和胞外微囊藻毒素分布,说明在一定程度上Chl a值能预测水体微囊藻释放的毒素风险.洱海总微囊藻毒素LR最高值达2.17μg·L~(-1),已超过集中式生活饮用水地表水源地对MC-LR的限值(1.0μg·L~(-1)),表明水华期间洱海饮用水水源安全问题不容忽视.     

微囊藻毒素HPLC快速检测方法研究

该研究在传统的微囊藻毒素HPLC分析方法的基础上,通过优化选择色谱柱、流动相和流速的方法,建立了一种快速分析微囊藻毒素的HPLC检测体系。采用该检测体系,微囊藻毒素变体MC-RR、MC-LR的保留时间分别为(2.609±0.007)min和(2.959±0.009)min(n=5),MC-LR、MC-RR在0.4~100μg/m L的浓度范围内线性关系良好。与传统的HPLC检测方法相比,微囊藻毒素分析时间被大大缩短,具较好的应用前景。     

一株降解微囊藻毒素菌种的鉴定及其活性研究

从巢湖水体中分离出一株能够降解微囊藻毒素(MCs)的菌株M9,通过生理生化实验以及16S rDNA序列比对和序列分析,表明该菌株16S rDNA的全序列与吉氏库特菌kurthia gibsonii的相似性达99%.研究了pH值、外加碳源、氮源以及金属离子对菌株M9降解MCs活性的效应,发现菌株M9降解MCs的最适pH值为7.0.乙醇可显著提高MCs的降解活性,在48h内对微囊藻毒素RR(MC-RR)和微囊藻毒素LR(MC-LR)的降解率分别达到70.0%和81.4%.以硫酸铵为氮源时该菌株对MC-RR和MC-LR的降解率最高,分别为70.4%和80.9%.金属离子Cu2+、Zn2+和Mn2+对菌株M9降解MCs有明显的促进作用,48h时MC-RR和MC-LR的降解率分别达到了85%和93%以上;而Fe3+和Mg2+对降解过程的促进作用不如Cu2+、Zn2+和Mn2+.     

大孔吸附树脂分离纯化微囊藻毒素

以5%醋酸为提取剂从滇池有毒蓝藻中提取了微囊藻毒素,经磁力搅拌、离心、过滤后得到MCs粗提液. 此粗提液先后2次通过筛选后的大孔吸附树脂D101,用不同浓度的乙醇-水溶液洗脱后,获得纯度为82.6%、82.1%、62.5%的MC-RR、MC-YR和MC-LR.另外,条件实验结果表明,pH值＝3时,D101对MCs的吸附性能最佳.实验建立了一种安全、高效、低成本的分离纯化MCs的方法.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.