环境污染对染色体的影响

一、坏境污染对人体染色体的影响。1.遗传与变异染色体是遗传物质的载体,它的化学成分主要是脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)和蛋白质、DNA是一种高分子聚合物,它主要存在于动植物细胞核的染色体内。DNA 是脱氧核糖、磷酸和碱基共同构成的脱氧核苷酸多聚体。它具有四种核苷酸碱基,即A(腺嘌呤)、G(鸟嘌呤)、T(胸腺嘧啶)和 C (胞嘧啶)。双链 DNA 分子中的两条链以反向平行的方式形成一个双螺旋结构。生命的遗传信息贮存在 DNA 内。DNA 是     

海洋表层沉积物及其非水解有机质级分对菲和壬基酚的吸附

选择5个南海表层沉积物及其非水解有机质(NHC)级分作为研究对象,应用元素分析、二氧化碳和氮气吸附技术及X射线光电子光谱(XPS)表征,同时研究了其对菲和壬基酚的吸附行为.沉积有机质的有机碳含量与吸附能力之间存在显著的正相关关系,表明沉积有机质在吸附疏水性有机污染物(HOCs)过程中的重要作用.同时,沉积有机质的吸附能力和微孔体积之间也存在显著的正相关,表明微孔填充机理在菲和壬基酚的吸附中扮演着重要角色.此外,NHC级分的表面羧酸碳含量与其对菲和壬基酚的吸附能力之间存在显著的正相关,表明沉积有机质与π供体之间存在较强的π-π电子供受体作用.本研究综合考虑了沉积有机质和HOCs间的多种作用机理(疏水作用、微孔填充和π-π电子供受体作用),有助于进一步理解沉积有机质与有机污染物之间的吸附机制,对于水环境的治理与修复具有重要意义.     

有机粘土疏水性吸附过程的分子模拟:烷基碳原子数和有机物logK_(ow)的影响

基于从分子尺度上解析改性剂烷基碳原子数和有机物疏水性对有机粘土吸附能力的影响机制,以从头算的量子化学计算方法(MP2/6-31g(d))模拟了有机粘土在水溶液中的吸附过程.通过计算吸附前后几何构型、能量、化学键和电荷分布等参数的变化,分析了影响有机粘土疏水性吸附的关键因素,并对疏水性吸附作用力的化学本质进行了初步探讨.计算结果表明,烷基碳原子数增加对提高有机物吸附能的作用并不显著,长链烷基提高有机粘土吸附容量的真正原因在于其可提供更多的有机物吸附位.有机物的疏水性(以正辛醇-水分配系数logKow表征)是影响疏水性吸附过程的关键因子,水分子的引力作用对疏水性吸附具有决定性影响,理论上解释了普遍存在的有机物吸附量与logKow呈正相关的实验现象.疏水性吸附力的作用前提是有机物为疏水性,即当水分子的引力作用较弱时疏水性作用力才可以表现出来;而对于亲水性有机物,疏水性吸附力会被水分子的引力所抵消,吸附强度减弱.模拟红外光谱和电荷分布结果表明,吸附前后无化学键断裂和电子得失的发生,只有原子电荷密度的微小变化,据此推测疏水性吸附力以分子间弱相互作用力——London色散力为主.     

菲对湘江沉积物吸附镉的影响

制备了镉单独污染和镉-菲复合污染的模拟水样,研究了菲对湘江沉积物吸附模拟水样中镉的动力学和热力学特征的影响,并进一步研究了在不同水样pH和ρ(沉积物)下,菲存在与否及ρ(菲)对沉积物吸附镉的影响.结果表明,无论菲存在与否,湘江沉积物吸附镉的热力学数据均能够用Langmuir方程拟合,相关系数达到0.99以上,属单分子层吸附;动力学数据均可用拉格朗日二级动力学方程拟合,相关系数接近1;以化学吸附过程为主,且在湘江沉积物上的吸附均以快速吸附为主;但是菲的存在削弱了沉积物对镉的吸附能力,提高了镉的解吸率.在试验范围内随着水样pH逐渐增大,菲对沉积物吸附镉的影响越小;ρ(菲)越大,沉积物对镉的吸附量越小;菲对沉积物吸附镉的影响主要是由于菲与镉竞争沉积物颗粒矿物之间的孔隙以及甲醇化的菲分子与颗粒的结合掩蔽了颗粒物表面的部分极性基团两方面原因造成的.      

危险化学品活性反应危害及混配危险的规则研究(Ⅱ)

第四类芳香烃 活性特点: 芳香烃化合物的分子里至少含有6个碳原子,并且含氢的比例较脂肪类化合物少得多,为共轭环状结构,非常稳定.     

重金属污染的长春水田黑土对菲的吸附作用

以菲为多环芳烃(PAHs)代表物,研究了Pb、Zn、Cu污染后黑土对PAHs的吸附作用.结果表明,分配作用是黑土吸附菲的主要机制,无论重金属污染与否,黑土对菲的等温吸附曲线均呈线性.实验条件下,重金属污染后黑土对菲的吸附作用明显增强,且随重金属含量提高,黑土对菲的吸附系数(Kd)和有机碳标化的吸附系数(Koc)增大.由于重金属的“键桥”作用,黑土吸附菲的平衡溶液中水溶性有机质(DOM)浓度降低,土壤固相有机质含量略有增加(不超过原有有机质含量的0.53%).计算了这部分增加的固相有机质对菲的吸附系数K_Ph/soc,并分析了溶液中DOM对土壤吸附菲的影响.结果显示,溶液中DOM浓度变化及其与菲的结合作用对重金属影响土壤吸附菲的贡献甚微;而K_Ph/soc值则比土壤原有有机质对菲的吸附系数K_d值大2～3个数量级,这是重金属污染导致土壤吸附作用增强的根本原因.     

活性焦表面化学性质对其脱硫性能的影响

在氧气及水蒸汽存在的情况下 ,烟道气中低浓度的SO2 被活性焦吸附并被催化氧化为硫酸 .考察了活性焦表面化学性质对其脱硫性能的影响 .结果表明 ,活性焦的微孔面积及表面碱性位含量是影响其脱硫能力的主要因素 .同时 ,由XPS数据可知 ,随着活性焦表面的氧含量的减少 ,离域π电子 (Cπ)趋于活跃 ,活性焦的碱性增加 ,证实了碳原子平面层上的离域π电子 (Cπ)是影响活性焦脱硫能力的主要因素 .     

利用层叠苯环π—π相互作用改善废水处理中酞菁催化剂的自氧化弊端

提出以聚苯乙烯树脂为载体的四磺酸酞菁钴催化剂固载化方法,通过聚苯乙烯聚合物中的苯环与酞菁分子上的18π电子大环体发生π-π相互作用,改善四磺酸酞菁钴在过氧化氢存在条件下易自氧化降解的弊端.结果表明,由D201大孔强碱性阴离子交换树脂负载的四磺酸酞菁钴催化剂催化过氧化氢氧化50mg/L的染料C.I.Acid Blue 25的去除效率可达99%以上,并且循环套用后去除效率保持稳定,有效提高了四磺酸酞菁钴的催化活性与催化寿命.     

菲在大庆黑钙土有机-矿质复合体上的吸附与解吸

利用超声分散法提取了黑龙江大庆黑钙土中不同粒级有机-矿质复合体,并测定了其基本理化性质.其中粘粒复合体的有机质含量最高,比表面积以及阳离子交换容量最大.研究了多环芳烃菲在不同粒级有机-矿质复合体上的吸附和解吸行为.结果表明,菲在各粒级有机-矿质复合体上的吸附和解吸等温线均符合Freundlich方程,随粒径减小,有机-矿质复合体对菲的吸附容量以及吸附的非线性程度都增加.菲在有机-矿质复合体上的解吸表现出明显的滞后现象.高有机质含量的粘粒有机-矿质复合体对菲的吸附和持留能力均较强.      

磁性氧化石墨烯/壳聚糖制备及其对磺胺嘧啶吸附性能研究

采用一步溶剂热法制备磁性氧化石墨烯/壳聚糖三元复合材料(GO/CS/Fe_3O_4).复合材料的表征结果显示,GO/CS/Fe_3O_4含有丰富含氧官能团,氧化石墨烯片层上均匀负载四氧化三铁磁性粒子,分散到水中的磁性复合材料在外加磁场的作用下,具有良好的磁分离效果.选择磺胺嘧啶为目标污染物考察复合材料吸附性能.结果表明,吸附动力学符合拟二级动力学模型,吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型,在295、303、313 K温度下最大吸附量分别为53.30、60.56、79.23 mg·g~(-1),吸附热力学参数表明GO/CS/Fe_3O_4对磺胺嘧啶的吸附是以物理吸附为主的自发吸热反应.通过不同pH条件下吸附量和Zeta电位分析吸附机理,证明π-π电子共轭效应及静电吸附是复合材料吸附磺胺嘧啶过程中的主导作用力.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.