三维溢油预测模型在大连湾的应用

三维溢油预测模型综合考虑了三维流场、剪流、湍流、风导输移和波浪破碎对海上溢油行为的影响，结合大连湾潮流的特点，预测了大连湾溢油的行为和归宿。旨在为大连湾海上溢油应急行动的决策和海岸油污染防范提供信息。     

波浪槽模拟海况检验消油剂的乳化性能

采用波浪槽模拟海浪的运动状况,研究了波浪对消油剂清除海面溢油的作用,检验了海环牌1号消油剂海上使用的乳 化率性能,阐明了消油剂在波浪作用下的乳化分散规律。     

海面溢油分散剂的研制

分散剂是处理海上溢油的主要手段之一，它包含的化学成分能减少溢油和水之间的表面张力，对油膜产生破碎的分散作用，进而使油进入水体中形成水包油乳状液，加速了油膜在海上的扩散和风化过程。为进一步研制和应用该产品，本文详细叙述了分散剂的扩散机理，发展历史，组成及应用，并对已研制的消油剂产品性能，应用特点等进行阐述。     

关于用能量同化波浪作用下溢油乳化的研究思想和思考

介绍加拿大学者用能量概念解决化学实验室锥形瓶或烧杯,水动力学物理模拟实验室水槽以及自然界海岸线波浪破碎等不同尺度下波浪同溢油乳化行为之间关系的同化方法和针对某些特殊问题所采取的措施以及新的尝试.从物理模拟实验室尺度和自然界海岸线尺度提出一些思考问题,并从发展的角度和中国同加拿大研究设备、能力和观点上的差异,提出中国曾经开展的类似研究是否有再度崛起的可能性,使得研究成果成为溢油乳化和溢油清理科学技术的基础,并带动解决冻结水域溢油乳化现象的理论解释.     

日本海洋溢油迁移与转化研究概况——Ⅱ.海洋溢油的乳化

本文综述了日本近年来关于海洋溢油乳化方面的研究概况,侧重介绍石油的油包水型乳化。这些研究表明,石油在风化作用下可形成油水乳化液。表面活性物质和机械搅动作用是石油发生乳化的必要因素。石油的种类不同所形成的乳化液的性质就不同,石油之所以能够发生乳化现象是因为石油本身含有促乳化作用物质。此外,本文还概述了原油奶油冻化的途径、乳化液在海上的行为及其危害。     

利用废铜生产锡青铜金属粉末初探

在炉型ＧＧＷ－０．１５、电流频率为１０００￣２５００赫兹熔炉上，利用废紫铜为主原料，添加预制合金，熔炼成合格６６３锡青铜高温合金熔液，该熔液再经高压气流破碎，高速旋转的机械离心力雾化破碎作用，脱水、干燥、筛分之后，获得平均粒径在３０μｍ左右的锡青铜金属粉末。粒度分布及特性能满足金属粉末制品业及相关行业不同用户的需求。     

交通部鉴定三项环保科研成果

为了满足处理海面溢油,保护海上环境的需要,交通部科学研究院、天津水运工程研究所、秦皇岛水域防污设备厂在大连油脂化学厂、北京市环保所、天津塑料二厂、南开大学、上海塑料制品一厂的大力协作下,经过几年的努力,进行了大量的试验研究,完成了海面溢油处理剂、吸油材料、浮上式围油栏用双面人造革和绞链式接头的研究试制工作。海面溢油处理剂是处理油污染的化学药剂,它可将海面溢油乳化为微小颗粒,分散在     

东海西湖凹陷区溢油行为数值模拟

研究东中国海中日共同开发区附近海域溢油污染的问题,在模拟水动力场的基础上模拟了海上溢油漂移扩散情况。在表层流场和风场的作用下漂移,而油膜的扩展则通过油粒子的随机走动来实现。本文以东海西湖凹陷原油为溢油油种,通过模拟分析不同季节和不同风况下的溢油事故,对溢油油膜的扫海范围进行了分析。     

化学消油剂及其对海洋异养细菌丰度的影响

前言 消油剂亦称乳化分散剂,或广义地称之为石油处理剂。它是当前广泛应用海上溢油处理的一类化学药剂。 早在60年代,世界上一些国家就开始应用消油剂处理海上溢油,但由于最初使用消油剂处理海上溢油时,只注重了消除油污的效果,而没有足够重视对海洋生物的毒性影响,所以曾一度给消油剂处理海上溢油工作造成不良影响。例如,1967年在英国的兰茨恩德海面的七石礁,“托里·卡尼恩”号油轮搁浅,海上溢油达10万吨。为了处理这样大量的溢油,当时曾使用相当量的“消油剂” (确切地说应是“洗净剂”)。但由于这种“消油剂”对海洋生物毒害较大,造成有些海区甚至成为无生物区,为此,英国海洋生物协会等进行了大规模     

海上溢油基于GIS流场计算贴体坐标网格自动生成方法与技术研究

以海上溢油应急反应地理信息系统(GIS)为平台，采用贴体坐标变换，提出一种应用于海上溢油应急反应系统中流场计算的快速贴体网格生成算法，并实现了在GIS平台上自动生成以电子海图上实际海域为背景的贴体坐标网格。该网格生成方法和技术在溢油应急反应系统中，为实现流场计算提供了快速、直观、方便的条件。通过对渤海海域的两个算例表明，本文提出的贴体网格快速生成方法和技术能够满足海上溢油应急反应中流场计算的需要，取得了较好的效果。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.